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Holvec S, Barchet C, Lechner A, Fréchin L, De Silva SNT, Hazemann I, Wolff P, von Loeffelholz O, Klaholz BP. The structure of the human 80S ribosome at 1.9 Å resolution reveals the molecular role of chemical modifications and ions in RNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:1251-1264. [PMID: 38844527 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The ribosomal RNA of the human protein synthesis machinery comprises numerous chemical modifications that are introduced during ribosome biogenesis. Here we present the 1.9 Å resolution cryo electron microscopy structure of the 80S human ribosome resolving numerous new ribosomal RNA modifications and functionally important ions such as Zn2+, K+ and Mg2+, including their associated individual water molecules. The 2'-O-methylation, pseudo-uridine and base modifications were confirmed by mass spectrometry, resulting in a complete investigation of the >230 sites, many of which could not be addressed previously. They choreograph key interactions within the RNA and at the interface with proteins, including at the ribosomal subunit interfaces of the fully assembled 80S ribosome. Uridine isomerization turns out to be a key mechanism for U-A base pair stabilization in RNA in general. The structural environment of chemical modifications and ions is primordial for the RNA architecture of the mature human ribosome, hence providing a structural framework to address their role in healthy states and in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Holvec
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Barchet
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antony Lechner
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR9002, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Léo Fréchin
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Nimali T De Silva
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Hazemann
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Wolff
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR9002, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ottilie von Loeffelholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno P Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR, Illkirch, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Mishra RK, Sharma P, Khaja FT, Uday AB, Hussain T. Cryo-EM structure of wheat ribosome reveals unique features of the plant ribosomes. Structure 2024; 32:562-574.e3. [PMID: 38458197 PMCID: PMC7616111 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants being sessile organisms exhibit unique features in ribosomes, which might aid in rapid gene expression and regulation in response to varying environmental conditions. Here, we present high-resolution structures of the 60S and 80S ribosomes from wheat, a monocot staple crop plant (Triticum aestivum). While plant ribosomes have unique plant-specific rRNA modification (Cm1847) in the peptide exit tunnel (PET), the zinc-finger motif in eL34 is absent, and uL4 is extended, making an exclusive interaction network. We note differences in the eL15-helix 11 (25S) interaction, eL6-ES7 assembly, and certain rRNA chemical modifications between monocot and dicot ribosomes. In eukaryotes, we observe highly conserved rRNA modification (Gm75) in 5.8S rRNA and a flipped base (G1506) in PET. These features are likely involved in sensing or stabilizing nascent chain. Finally, we discuss the importance of the universal conservation of three consecutive rRNA modifications in all ribosomes for their interaction with A-site aminoacyl-tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar Mishra
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru PIN-560012, India
| | - Prafful Sharma
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru PIN-560012, India
| | - Faisal Tarique Khaja
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru PIN-560012, India
| | - Adwaith B Uday
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru PIN-560012, India
| | - Tanweer Hussain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru PIN-560012, India.
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3
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Sklias A, Cruciani S, Marchand V, Spagnuolo M, Lavergne G, Bourguignon V, Brambilla A, Dreos R, Marygold S, Novoa E, Motorin Y, Roignant JY. Comprehensive map of ribosomal 2'-O-methylation and C/D box snoRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2848-2864. [PMID: 38416577 PMCID: PMC11014333 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
During their maturation, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are decorated by hundreds of chemical modifications that participate in proper folding of rRNA secondary structures and therefore in ribosomal function. Along with pseudouridine, methylation of the 2'-hydroxyl ribose moiety (Nm) is the most abundant modification of rRNAs. The majority of Nm modifications in eukaryotes are placed by Fibrillarin, a conserved methyltransferase belonging to a ribonucleoprotein complex guided by C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (C/D box snoRNAs). These modifications impact interactions between rRNAs, tRNAs and mRNAs, and some are known to fine tune translation rates and efficiency. In this study, we built the first comprehensive map of Nm sites in Drosophila melanogaster rRNAs using two complementary approaches (RiboMethSeq and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing) and identified their corresponding C/D box snoRNAs by whole-transcriptome sequencing. We de novo identified 61 Nm sites, from which 55 are supported by both sequencing methods, we validated the expression of 106 C/D box snoRNAs and we predicted new or alternative rRNA Nm targets for 31 of them. Comparison of methylation level upon different stresses show only slight but specific variations, indicating that this modification is relatively stable in D. melanogaster. This study paves the way to investigate the impact of snoRNA-mediated 2'-O-methylation on translation and proteostasis in a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Sklias
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Cruciani
- Center For Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, Epitranscriptomics and RNA sequencing (EpiRNA-Seq) Core Facility (UAR2008/US40 IBSLor) and UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Mariangela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Guillaume Lavergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Bourguignon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, Epitranscriptomics and RNA sequencing (EpiRNA-Seq) Core Facility (UAR2008/US40 IBSLor) and UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Alessandro Brambilla
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim, Norway
| | - René Dreos
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven J Marygold
- FlyBase, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Maria Novoa
- Center For Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, Epitranscriptomics and RNA sequencing (EpiRNA-Seq) Core Facility (UAR2008/US40 IBSLor) and UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Yves Roignant
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Holm M, Natchiar SK, Rundlet EJ, Myasnikov AG, Watson ZL, Altman RB, Wang HY, Taunton J, Blanchard SC. mRNA decoding in human is kinetically and structurally distinct from bacteria. Nature 2023; 617:200-207. [PMID: 37020024 PMCID: PMC10156603 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
In all species, ribosomes synthesize proteins by faithfully decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide sequences using aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. Current knowledge of the decoding mechanism derives principally from studies on bacterial systems1. Although key features are conserved across evolution2, eukaryotes achieve higher-fidelity mRNA decoding than bacteria3. In human, changes in decoding fidelity are linked to ageing and disease and represent a potential point of therapeutic intervention in both viral and cancer treatment4-6. Here we combine single-molecule imaging and cryogenic electron microscopy methods to examine the molecular basis of human ribosome fidelity to reveal that the decoding mechanism is both kinetically and structurally distinct from that of bacteria. Although decoding is globally analogous in both species, the reaction coordinate of aminoacyl-tRNA movement is altered on the human ribosome and the process is an order of magnitude slower. These distinctions arise from eukaryote-specific structural elements in the human ribosome and in the elongation factor eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) that together coordinate faithful tRNA incorporation at each mRNA codon. The distinct nature and timing of conformational changes within the ribosome and eEF1A rationalize how increased decoding fidelity is achieved and potentially regulated in eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Holm
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S Kundhavai Natchiar
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Emily J Rundlet
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander G Myasnikov
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Dubochet Center for Imaging (DCI), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoe L Watson
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roger B Altman
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hao-Yuan Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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5
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Barozzi C, Zacchini F, Asghar S, Montanaro L. Ribosomal RNA Pseudouridylation: Will Newly Available Methods Finally Define the Contribution of This Modification to Human Ribosome Plasticity? Front Genet 2022; 13:920987. [PMID: 35719370 PMCID: PMC9198423 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In human rRNA, at least 104 specific uridine residues are modified to pseudouridine. Many of these pseudouridylation sites are located within functionally important ribosomal domains and can influence ribosomal functional features. Until recently, available methods failed to reliably quantify the level of modification at each specific rRNA site. Therefore, information obtained so far only partially explained the degree of regulation of pseudouridylation in different physiological and pathological conditions. In this focused review, we provide a summary of the methods that are now available for the study of rRNA pseudouridylation, discussing the perspectives that newly developed approaches are offering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, CRBA, Universita di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, CRBA, Universita di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sidra Asghar
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, CRBA, Universita di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, CRBA, Universita di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Bologna, Italy
- Departmental Program in Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Changes in the Transcriptome Caused by Mutations in the Ribosomal Protein uS10 Associated with a Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116174. [PMID: 35682850 PMCID: PMC9181716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of mutations in the RPS20 gene encoding the ribosomal protein uS10 have been found to be associated with a predisposition to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We transfected HEK293T cells with constructs carrying the uS10 minigene with mutations identical to those mentioned above and examined the effects of the produced proteins on the cellular transcriptome. We showed that uS10 with mutations p.V50SfsX23 or p.L61EfsX11 cannot be incorporated into 40S ribosomal subunits, while the protein with the missense mutation p.V54L functionally replaces the respective endogenous protein in the 40S subunit assembly and the translation process. The comparison of RNA-seq data obtained from cells producing aberrant forms of uS10 with data for those producing the wild-type protein revealed overlapping sets of upregulated and downregulated differently expressed genes (DEGs) related to several pathways. Among the limited number of upregulated DEGs, there were genes directly associated with the progression of CRC, e.g., PPM1D and PIGN. Our findings indicate that the accumulation of the mutant forms of uS10 triggers a cascade of cellular events, similar to that which is triggered when the cell responds to a large number of erroneous proteins, suggesting that this may increase the risk of cancer.
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Laughlin ZT, Nandi S, Dey D, Zelinskaya N, Witek MA, Srinivas P, Nguyen HA, Kuiper EG, Comstock LR, Dunham CM, Conn GL. 50S subunit recognition and modification by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribosomal RNA methyltransferase TlyA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120352119. [PMID: 35357969 PMCID: PMC9168844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120352119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) methylation status can alter the activity of diverse groups of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. These modifications are typically incorporated by a single methyltransferase that acts on one nucleotide target and rRNA methylation directly prevents drug binding, thereby conferring drug resistance. Loss of intrinsic methylation can also result in antibiotic resistance. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes sensitized to tuberactinomycin antibiotics, such as capreomycin and viomycin, due to the action of the intrinsic methyltransferase TlyA. TlyA is unique among antibiotic resistance-associated methyltransferases as it has dual 16S and 23S rRNA substrate specificity and can incorporate cytidine-2′-O-methylations within two structurally distinct contexts. Here, we report the structure of a mycobacterial 50S subunit-TlyA complex trapped in a postcatalytic state with a S-adenosyl-L-methionine analog using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy. Together with complementary functional analyses, this structure reveals critical roles in 23S rRNA substrate recognition for conserved residues across an interaction surface that spans both TlyA domains. These interactions position the TlyA active site over the target nucleotide C2144, which is flipped from 23S Helix 69 in a process stabilized by stacking of TlyA residue Phe157 on the adjacent A2143. Base flipping may thus be a common strategy among rRNA methyltransferase enzymes, even in cases where the target site is accessible without such structural reorganization. Finally, functional studies with 30S subunit suggest that the same TlyA interaction surface is employed to recognize this second substrate, but with distinct dependencies on essential conserved residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane T. Laughlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Suparno Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Debayan Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Natalia Zelinskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Marta A. Witek
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Pooja Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ha An Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Chemistry Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Emily G. Kuiper
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Christine M. Dunham
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Graeme L. Conn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Ribosomal RNA 2'- O-methylations regulate translation by impacting ribosome dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117334119. [PMID: 35294285 PMCID: PMC8944910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117334119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe presence of RNA chemical modifications has long been known, but their precise molecular consequences remain unknown. 2'-O-methylation is an abundant modification that exists in RNA in all domains of life. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) represents a functionally important RNA that is heavily modified by 2'-O-methylations. Although abundant at functionally important regions of the rRNA, the contribution of 2'-O-methylations to ribosome activities is unknown. By establishing a method to disturb rRNA 2'-O-methylation patterns, we show that rRNA 2'-O-methylations affect the function and fidelity of the ribosome and change the balance between different ribosome conformational states. Our work links 2'-O-methylation to ribosome dynamics and defines a set of critical rRNA 2'-O-methylations required for ribosome biogenesis and others that are dispensable.
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9
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Motorin Y, Helm M. RNA nucleotide methylation: 2021 update. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1691. [PMID: 34913259 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among RNA modifications, transfer of methylgroups from the typical cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine by methyltransferases (MTases) to RNA is by far the most common reaction. Since our last review about a decade ago, the field has witnessed the re-emergence of mRNA methylation as an important mechanism in gene regulation. Attention has then spread to many other RNA species; all being included into the newly coined concept of the "epitranscriptome." The focus moved from prokaryotes and single cell eukaryotes as model organisms to higher eukaryotes, in particular to mammals. The perception of the field has dramatically changed over the past decade. A previous lack of phenotypes in knockouts in single cell organisms has been replaced by the apparition of MTases in numerous disease models and clinical investigations. Major driving forces of the field include methylation mapping techniques, as well as the characterization of the various MTases, termed "writers." The latter term has spilled over from DNA modification in the neighboring epigenetics field, along with the designations "readers," applied to mediators of biological effects upon specific binding to a methylated RNA. Furthermore "eraser" enzymes effect the newly discovered oxidative removal of methylgroups. A sense of reversibility and dynamics has replaced the older perception of RNA modification as a concrete-cast, irreversible part of RNA maturation. A related concept concerns incompletely methylated residues, which, through permutation of each site, lead to inhomogeneous populations of numerous modivariants. This review recapitulates the major developments of the past decade outlined above, and attempts a prediction of upcoming trends. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008/US40 IBSLor, EpiRNA-Seq Core Facility, Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Lei K, Lin S, Yuan Q. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs): Critical roles in mRNA translation and diseases. Genes Dis 2021; 10:126-134. [PMID: 37013049 PMCID: PMC10066336 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As key components of the ribosome and the most abundant RNA species, the rRNAs are modified during ribosome formation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a conserved RNA modification occurring on different RNA species including rRNAs. Recently, it has been reported that ZCCHC4 and METTL5 are methyltransferases that mediate m6A modification of human 28S and 18S rRNA, respectively. The newly discovered biological functions of the two methyltransferases include regulation of mRNA translation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, stress response, and other biological processes. Both of them, especially METTL5, have been proved to be associated with a variety of diseases such as intellectual disability, cancer, congenital dysplasia and have potential clinical application as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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11
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Höfler S, Lukat P, Blankenfeldt W, Carlomagno T. Eukaryotic Box C/D methylation machinery has two non-symmetric protein assembly sites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17561. [PMID: 34475498 PMCID: PMC8413462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Box C/D ribonucleoprotein complexes are RNA-guided methyltransferases that methylate the ribose 2'-OH of RNA. The central 'guide RNA' has box C and D motifs at its ends, which are crucial for activity. Archaeal guide RNAs have a second box C'/D' motif pair that is also essential for function. This second motif is poorly conserved in eukaryotes and its function is uncertain. Conflicting literature data report that eukaryotic box C'/D' motifs do or do not bind proteins specialized to recognize box C/D-motifs and are or are not important for function. Despite this uncertainty, the architecture of eukaryotic 2'-O-methylation enzymes is thought to be similar to that of their archaeal counterpart. Here, we use biochemistry, X-ray crystallography and mutant analysis to demonstrate the absence of functional box C'/D' motifs in more than 80% of yeast guide RNAs. We conclude that eukaryotic Box C/D RNPs have two non-symmetric protein assembly sites and that their three-dimensional architecture differs from that of archaeal 2'-O-methylation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Höfler
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Peer Lukat
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre of Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre of Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Teresa Carlomagno
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.
- Group of NMR-Based Structural Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre of Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany.
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12
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Jaafar M, Paraqindes H, Gabut M, Diaz JJ, Marcel V, Durand S. 2'O-Ribose Methylation of Ribosomal RNAs: Natural Diversity in Living Organisms, Biological Processes, and Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1948. [PMID: 34440717 PMCID: PMC8393311 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that ribosomes, the translational machineries, can display a distinct composition depending on physio-pathological contexts. Thanks to outstanding technological breakthroughs, many studies have reported that variations of rRNA modifications, and more particularly the most abundant rRNA chemical modification, the rRNA 2'O-ribose methylation (2'Ome), intrinsically occur in many organisms. In the last 5 years, accumulating reports have illustrated that rRNA 2'Ome varies in human cell lines but also in living organisms (yeast, plant, zebrafish, mouse, human) during development and diseases. These rRNA 2'Ome variations occur either within a single cell line, organ, or patient's sample (i.e., intra-variability) or between at least two biological conditions (i.e., inter-variability). Thus, the ribosomes can tolerate the absence of 2'Ome at some specific positions. These observations question whether variations in rRNA 2'Ome could provide ribosomes with particular translational regulatory activities and functional specializations. Here, we compile recent studies supporting the heterogeneity of ribosome composition at rRNA 2'Ome level and provide an overview of the natural diversity in rRNA 2'Ome that has been reported up to now throughout the kingdom of life. Moreover, we discuss the little evidence that suggests that variations of rRNA 2'Ome can effectively impact the ribosome activity and contribute to the etiology of some human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Marcel
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, CEDEX 08, F-69373 Lyon, France; (M.J.); (H.P.); (M.G.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Sébastien Durand
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, CEDEX 08, F-69373 Lyon, France; (M.J.); (H.P.); (M.G.); (J.-J.D.)
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13
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Abula A, Li X, Quan X, Yang T, Liu Y, Guo H, Li T, Ji X. Molecular mechanism of RNase R substrate sensitivity for RNA ribose methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4738-4749. [PMID: 33788943 PMCID: PMC8096214 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA 2′-O-methylation is widely distributed and plays important roles in various cellular processes. Mycoplasma genitalium RNase R (MgR), a prokaryotic member of the RNase II/RNB family, is a 3′-5′ exoribonuclease and is particularly sensitive to RNA 2′-O-methylation. However, how RNase R interacts with various RNA species and exhibits remarkable sensitivity to substrate 2′-O-methyl modifications remains elusive. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of MgR in apo form and in complex with various RNA substrates. The structural data together with extensive biochemical analysis quantitively illustrate MgR’s ribonuclease activity and significant sensitivity to RNA 2′-O-methylation. Comparison to its related homologs reveals an exquisite mechanism for the recognition and degradation of RNA substrates. Through structural and mutagenesis studies, we identified proline 277 to be responsible for the significant sensitivity of MgR to RNA 2′-O-methylation within the RNase II/RNB family. We also generated several MgR variants with modulated activities. Our work provides a mechanistic understanding of MgR activity that can be harnessed as a powerful RNA analytical tool that will open up a new venue for RNA 2′-O-methylations research in biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudureyimu Abula
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Quan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hangtian Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tinghan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
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14
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Plassart L, Shayan R, Montellese C, Rinaldi D, Larburu N, Pichereaux C, Froment C, Lebaron S, O'Donohue MF, Kutay U, Marcoux J, Gleizes PE, Plisson-Chastang C. The final step of 40S ribosomal subunit maturation is controlled by a dual key lock. eLife 2021; 10:61254. [PMID: 33908345 PMCID: PMC8112863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing premature interaction of pre-ribosomes with the translation apparatus is essential for translational accuracy. Hence, the final maturation step releasing functional 40S ribosomal subunits, namely processing of the 18S ribosomal RNA 3' end, is safeguarded by the protein DIM2, which both interacts with the endoribonuclease NOB1 and masks the rRNA cleavage site. To elucidate the control mechanism that unlocks NOB1 activity, we performed cryo-electron microscopy analysis of late human pre-40S particles purified using a catalytically inactive form of the ATPase RIO1. These structures, together with in vivo and in vitro functional analyses, support a model in which ATP-loaded RIO1 cooperates with ribosomal protein RPS26/eS26 to displace DIM2 from the 18S rRNA 3' end, thereby triggering final cleavage by NOB1; release of ADP then leads to RIO1 dissociation from the 40S subunit. This dual key lock mechanism requiring RIO1 and RPS26 guarantees the precise timing of pre-40S particle conversion into translation-competent ribosomal subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Plassart
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ramtin Shayan
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Dana Rinaldi
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Natacha Larburu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Froment
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Lebaron
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Françoise O'Donohue
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institut für Biochemie, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Celia Plisson-Chastang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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15
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Wang J, Natchiar SK, Moore PB, Klaholz BP. Identification of Mg 2+ ions next to nucleotides in cryo-EM maps using electrostatic potential maps. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:534-539. [PMID: 33825713 PMCID: PMC8025889 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) can produce maps of macromolecules that have resolutions that are sufficiently high that structural details such as chemical modifications, water molecules and bound metal ions can be discerned. However, those accustomed to interpreting the electron-density maps of macromolecules produced by X-ray crystallography need to be careful when assigning features such as these in cryo-EM maps because cations, for example, interact far more strongly with electrons than they do with X-rays. Using simulated electrostatic potential (ESP) maps as a tool led us to re-examine a recent cryo-EM map of the human ribosome, and we realized that some of the ESP peaks originally identified as novel groups covalently bonded to the N7, O6 or O4 atoms of several guanines, adenines or uridines, respectively, in this structure are likely to instead represent Mg2+ ions coordinated to these atoms, which provide only partial charge compensation compared with Mg2+ ions located next to phosphate groups. In addition, direct evidence is provided for a variation in the level of 2'-O ribose methylation of nucleotides in the human ribosome. ESP maps can thus help in identifying ions next to nucleotide bases, i.e. at positions that can be difficult to address in cryo-EM maps due to charge effects, which are specifically encountered in cryo-EM. This work is particularly relevant to nucleoprotein complexes and shows that it is important to consider charge effects when interpreting cryo-EM maps, thus opening possibilities for localizing charges in structures that may be relevant for enzymatic mechanisms and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
| | - S. Kundhavai Natchiar
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Peter B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Bruno P. Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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16
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RNA Metabolism Guided by RNA Modifications: The Role of SMUG1 in rRNA Quality Control. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010076. [PMID: 33430019 PMCID: PMC7826747 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications are essential for proper RNA processing, quality control, and maturation steps. In the last decade, some eukaryotic DNA repair enzymes have been shown to have an ability to recognize and process modified RNA substrates and thereby contribute to RNA surveillance. Single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1) is a base excision repair enzyme that not only recognizes and removes uracil and oxidized pyrimidines from DNA but is also able to process modified RNA substrates. SMUG1 interacts with the pseudouridine synthase dyskerin (DKC1), an enzyme essential for the correct assembly of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing. Here, we review rRNA modifications and RNA quality control mechanisms in general and discuss the specific function of SMUG1 in rRNA metabolism. Cells lacking SMUG1 have elevated levels of immature rRNA molecules and accumulation of 5-hydroxymethyluridine (5hmU) in mature rRNA. SMUG1 may be required for post-transcriptional regulation and quality control of rRNAs, partly by regulating rRNA and stability.
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17
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Marcel V, Kielbassa J, Marchand V, Natchiar KS, Paraqindes H, Nguyen Van Long F, Ayadi L, Bourguignon-Igel V, Lo Monaco P, Monchiet D, Scott V, Tonon L, Bray SE, Diot A, Jordan LB, Thompson AM, Bourdon JC, Dubois T, André F, Catez F, Puisieux A, Motorin Y, Klaholz BP, Viari A, Diaz JJ. Ribosomal RNA 2'O-methylation as a novel layer of inter-tumour heterogeneity in breast cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa036. [PMID: 34316693 PMCID: PMC8210124 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epitranscriptomics studies unravelled that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 2′O-methylation is an additional layer of gene expression regulation highlighting the ribosome as a novel actor of translation control. However, this major finding lies on evidences coming mainly, if not exclusively, from cellular models. Using the innovative next-generation RiboMeth-seq technology, we established the first rRNA 2′O-methylation landscape in 195 primary human breast tumours. We uncovered the existence of compulsory/stable sites, which show limited inter-patient variability in their 2′O-methylation level, which map on functionally important sites of the human ribosome structure and which are surrounded by variable sites found from the second nucleotide layers. Our data demonstrate that some positions within the rRNA molecules can tolerate absence of 2′O-methylation in tumoral and healthy tissues. We also reveal that rRNA 2′O-methylation exhibits intra- and inter-patient variability in breast tumours. Its level is indeed differentially associated with breast cancer subtype and tumour grade. Altogether, our rRNA 2′O-methylation profiling of a large-scale human sample collection provides the first compelling evidence that ribosome variability occurs in humans and suggests that rRNA 2′O-methylation might represent a relevant element of tumour biology useful in clinic. This novel variability at molecular level offers an additional layer to capture the cancer heterogeneity and associates with specific features of tumour biology thus offering a novel targetable molecular signature in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marcel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Janice Kielbassa
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Marchand
- UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-INSERM-Lorraine University, Biopôle, 9 avenue de la forêt de haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Kundhavai S Natchiar
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hermes Paraqindes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Flora Nguyen Van Long
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Lilia Ayadi
- UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-INSERM-Lorraine University, Biopôle, 9 avenue de la forêt de haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Bourguignon-Igel
- UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-INSERM-Lorraine University, Biopôle, 9 avenue de la forêt de haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Piero Lo Monaco
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Déborah Monchiet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Scott
- Predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies Group, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, INSERM 981, Université Paris Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Susan E Bray
- Tayside Tissue Bank, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandra Diot
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Lee B Jordan
- Department of Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Thierry Dubois
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies Group, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, INSERM 981, Université Paris Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Yuri Motorin
- UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-INSERM-Lorraine University, Biopôle, 9 avenue de la forêt de haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno P Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
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18
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Höfler S, Carlomagno T. Structural and functional roles of 2'-O-ribose methylations and their enzymatic machinery across multiple classes of RNAs. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:42-50. [PMID: 32610226 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RNA complexity is augmented by numerous post-transcriptional modifications, which influence RNA function by modulating its structure and interactome. One prominent modification is methylation at the ribose 2'-hydroxyl group. 2'-O-methylation has been found in all RNA classes, with rRNA and tRNA being extensively modified. The exact function of 2'-O-methylation at specific RNA sites is still not understood, with a few notable exceptions. The relevance of 2'-O-methylation for cell survival and well-being is proven by the large effort that the cell spends in maintaining a diverse and highly regulated methylation machinery. Here, we review the current knowledge on the impact of 2'-O-methylation on structure and function of different RNAs as well as on the factors determining substrate specificity in the enzymatic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Höfler
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Carlomagno
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Helmholz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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19
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Li D, Wang J. Ribosome heterogeneity in stem cells and development. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202001108. [PMID: 32330234 PMCID: PMC7265316 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation control is critical to regulate protein expression. By directly adjusting protein levels, cells can quickly respond to dynamic transitions during stem cell differentiation and embryonic development. Ribosomes are multisubunit cellular assemblies that mediate translation. Previously seen as invariant machines with the same composition of components in all conditions, recent studies indicate that ribosomes are heterogeneous and that different ribosome types can preferentially translate specific subsets of mRNAs. Such heterogeneity and specialized translation functions are very important in stem cells and development, as they allow cells to quickly respond to stimuli through direct changes of protein abundance. In this review, we discuss ribosome heterogeneity that arises from multiple features of rRNAs, including rRNA variants and rRNA modifications, and ribosomal proteins, including their stoichiometry, compositions, paralogues, and posttranslational modifications. We also discuss alterations of ribosome-associated proteins (RAPs), with a particular focus on their consequent specialized translational control in stem cells and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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20
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Rajan KS, Zhu Y, Adler K, Doniger T, Cohen-Chalamish S, Srivastava A, Shalev-Benami M, Matzov D, Unger R, Tschudi C, Günzl A, Carmichael GG, Michaeli S. The large repertoire of 2'-O-methylation guided by C/D snoRNAs on Trypanosoma brucei rRNA. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1018-1039. [PMID: 32250712 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1750842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite Trypanosoma brucei cycles between insect and mammalian hosts, and is the causative agent of sleeping sickness. Here, we performed genome-wide mapping of 2'-O-methylations (Nms) on trypanosome rRNA using three high-throughput sequencing methods; RibOxi-seq, RiboMeth-seq and 2'-OMe-seq. This is the first study using three genome-wide mapping approaches on rRNA from the same species showing the discrepancy among the methods. RibOxi-seq detects all the sites, but RiboMeth-seq is the only method to evaluate the level of a single Nm site. The sequencing revealed at least ninety-nine Nms guided by eighty-five snoRNAs among these thirty-eight Nms are trypanosome specific sites. We present the sequence and target of the C/D snoRNAs guiding on rRNA. This is the highest number of Nms detected to date on rRNA of a single cell parasite. Based on RiboMeth-seq, several Nm sites were found to be differentially regulated at the two stages of the parasite life cycle, the insect procyclic form (PCF) versus the bloodstream form (BSF) in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shanmugha Rajan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yinzhou Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Katerina Adler
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tirza Doniger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Smadar Cohen-Chalamish
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Moran Shalev-Benami
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Donna Matzov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Unger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Christian Tschudi
- Departmentof Epidemiology and Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arthur Günzl
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Gordon G Carmichael
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Shulamit Michaeli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel
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21
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Targeting the Human 80S Ribosome in Cancer: From Structure to Function and Drug Design for Innovative Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030629. [PMID: 32151059 PMCID: PMC7140421 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human 80S ribosome is the cellular nucleoprotein nanomachine in charge of protein synthesis that is profoundly affected during cancer transformation by oncogenic proteins and provides cancerous proliferating cells with proteins and therefore biomass. Indeed, cancer is associated with an increase in ribosome biogenesis and mutations in several ribosomal proteins genes are found in ribosomopathies, which are congenital diseases that display an elevated risk of cancer. Ribosomes and their biogenesis therefore represent attractive anti-cancer targets and several strategies are being developed to identify efficient and specific drugs. Homoharringtonine (HHT) is the only direct ribosome inhibitor currently used in clinics for cancer treatments, although many classical chemotherapeutic drugs also appear to impact on protein synthesis. Here we review the role of the human ribosome as a medical target in cancer, and how functional and structural analysis combined with chemical synthesis of new inhibitors can synergize. The possible existence of oncoribosomes is also discussed. The emerging idea is that targeting the human ribosome could not only allow the interference with cancer cell addiction towards protein synthesis and possibly induce their death but may also be highly valuable to decrease the levels of oncogenic proteins that display a high turnover rate (MYC, MCL1). Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an advanced method that allows the visualization of human ribosome complexes with factors and bound inhibitors to improve our understanding of their functioning mechanisms mode. Cryo-EM structures could greatly assist the foundation phase of a novel drug-design strategy. One goal would be to identify new specific and active molecules targeting the ribosome in cancer such as derivatives of cycloheximide, a well-known ribosome inhibitor.
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22
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Nachmani D, Bothmer AH, Grisendi S, Mele A, Bothmer D, Lee JD, Monteleone E, Cheng K, Zhang Y, Bester AC, Guzzetti A, Mitchell CA, Mendez LM, Pozdnyakova O, Sportoletti P, Martelli MP, Vulliamy TJ, Safra M, Schwartz S, Luzzatto L, Bluteau O, Soulier J, Darnell RB, Falini B, Dokal I, Ito K, Clohessy JG, Pandolfi PP. Germline NPM1 mutations lead to altered rRNA 2'-O-methylation and cause dyskeratosis congenita. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1518-1529. [PMID: 31570891 PMCID: PMC6858547 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA modifications are emerging as key determinants of gene expression. However, compelling genetic demonstrations of their relevance to human disease are lacking. Here, we link ribosomal RNA 2'-O-methylation (2'-O-Me) to the etiology of dyskeratosis congenita. We identify nucleophosmin (NPM1) as an essential regulator of 2'-O-Me on rRNA by directly binding C/D box small nucleolar RNAs, thereby modulating translation. We demonstrate the importance of 2'-O-Me-regulated translation for cellular growth, differentiation and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, and show that Npm1 inactivation in adult hematopoietic stem cells results in bone marrow failure. We identify NPM1 germline mutations in patients with dyskeratosis congenita presenting with bone marrow failure and demonstrate that they are deficient in small nucleolar RNA binding. Mice harboring a dyskeratosis congenita germline Npm1 mutation recapitulate both hematological and nonhematological features of dyskeratosis congenita. Thus, our findings indicate that impaired 2'-O-Me can be etiological to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Nachmani
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne H Bothmer
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Grisendi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aldo Mele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dietmar Bothmer
- Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Zittau, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuele Monteleone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ke Cheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assaf C Bester
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Guzzetti
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin A Mitchell
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes M Mendez
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Pozdnyakova
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria-Paola Martelli
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tom J Vulliamy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Modi Safra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Schraga Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Luzzatto
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Olivier Bluteau
- INSERM UMR944 and CNRS UMR7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- INSERM UMR944 and CNRS UMR7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Inderjeet Dokal
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John G Clohessy
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Motorin Y, Marchand V. Detection and Analysis of RNA Ribose 2'-O-Methylations: Challenges and Solutions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120642. [PMID: 30567409 PMCID: PMC6316082 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribose 2'-O-methylation is certainly one of the most common RNA modifications found in almost any type of cellular RNA. It decorates transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) (and most probably small nucleolar RNAs, snoRNAs), as well as regulatory RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and finally, eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Due to this exceptional widespread of RNA 2'-O-methylation, considerable efforts were made in order to precisely map these numerous modifications. Extensive studies of RNA 2'-O-methylation were also stimulated by the discovery of C/D-box snoRNA-guided machinery, which insures site-specific modification of hundreds 2'-O-methylated residues in archaeal and eukaryotic rRNAs and some other RNAs. In this brief review we discussed both traditional approaches of RNA biochemistry and also modern deep sequencing-based methods, used for detection/mapping and quantification of RNA 2'-O-methylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Motorin
- UMR7365 IMoPA, Biopôle, CNRS-Lorraine University, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Virginie Marchand
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Biopôle, CNRS-Lorraine University-INSERM, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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24
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Vadivel Gnanasundram S, Fåhraeus R. Translation Stress Regulates Ribosome Synthesis and Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123757. [PMID: 30486342 PMCID: PMC6321632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome and protein synthesis are major metabolic events that control cellular growth and proliferation. Impairment in ribosome biogenesis pathways and mRNA translation is associated with pathologies such as cancer and developmental disorders. Processes that control global protein synthesis are tightly regulated at different levels by numerous factors and linked with multiple cellular signaling pathways. Several of these merge on the growth promoting factor c-Myc, which induces ribosome biogenesis by stimulating Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III transcription. However, how cells sense and respond to mRNA translation stress is not well understood. It was more recently shown that mRNA translation stress activates c-Myc, through a specific induction of E2F1 synthesis via a PI3Kδ-dependent pathway. This review focuses on how this novel feedback pathway stimulates cellular growth and proliferation pathways to synchronize protein synthesis with ribosome biogenesis. It also describes for the first time the oncogenic activity of the mRNA, and not the encoded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Inserm UMRS1162, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France.
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Building 6M, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
- ICCVS, University of Gdańsk, Science, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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