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Bakinowska E, Olejnik-Wojciechowska J, Kiełbowski K, Skoryk A, Pawlik A. Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease-The Role of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysregulation, Gut Dysbiosis, and microRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8474. [PMID: 39126043 PMCID: PMC11313360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder associated with a decline in kidney function. Consequently, patients with advanced stages of CKD require renal replacement therapies, such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. Various conditions lead to the development of CKD, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis, among others. The disease is associated with metabolic and hormonal dysregulation, including uraemia and hyperparathyroidism, as well as with low-grade systemic inflammation. Altered homeostasis increases the risk of developing severe comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases or sarcopenia, which increase mortality. Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive decline in muscle mass and function. However, the precise mechanisms that link CKD and the development of sarcopenia are poorly understood. Knowledge about these linking mechanisms might lead to the introduction of precise treatment strategies that could prevent muscle wasting. This review discusses inflammatory mediators, metabolic and hormonal dysregulation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and non-coding RNA alterations that could link CKD and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (J.O.-W.); (K.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Joanna Olejnik-Wojciechowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (J.O.-W.); (K.K.); (A.S.)
- Independent Laboratory of Community Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (J.O.-W.); (K.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anastasiia Skoryk
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (J.O.-W.); (K.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (J.O.-W.); (K.K.); (A.S.)
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Al-Dajani AR, Hou QK, Kiang TKL. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for the Quantitation of p-Cresol Sulfate and Indoxyl Sulfate in Human Matrices: Biological Applications and Diagnostic Potentials. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:743. [PMID: 38931865 PMCID: PMC11206749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IxS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are toxic uremic compounds with documented pathological outcomes. This review critically and comprehensively analyzes the available liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods quantifying IxS and pCS in human matrices and the biological applications of these validated assays. Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until December 2023 to identify assays with complete analytical and validation data (N = 23). Subsequently, citation analysis with PubMed and Scopus was utilized to identify the biological applications for these assays (N = 45). The extraction methods, mobile phase compositions, chromatography, and ionization methods were evaluated with respect to overall assay performance (e.g., sensitivity, separation, interference). Most of the assays focused on human serum/plasma, utilizing acetonitrile or methanol (with ammonium acetate/formate or formic/acetic acid), liquid-liquid extraction, reverse phase (e.g., C18) chromatography, and gradient elution for analyte separation. Mass spectrometry conditions were also consistent in the identified papers, with negative electrospray ionization, select multiple reaction monitoring transitions and deuterated internal standards being the most common approaches. The validated biological applications indicated IxS and/or pCS were correlated with renal disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes, with limited data on central nervous system disorders. Methods for reducing IxS and/or pCS concentrations were also identified (e.g., drugs, natural products, diet, dialysis, transplantation) where inconsistent findings have been reported. The clinical monitoring of IxS and pCS is gaining significant interest, and this review will serve as a useful compendium for scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tony K. L. Kiang
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.R.A.-D.); (Q.K.H.)
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Spathakis M, Dovrolis N, Filidou E, Kandilogiannakis L, Tarapatzi G, Valatas V, Drygiannakis I, Paspaliaris V, Arvanitidis K, Manolopoulos VG, Kolios G, Vradelis S. Exploring Microbial Metabolite Receptors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An In Silico Analysis of Their Potential Role in Inflammation and Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:492. [PMID: 38675452 PMCID: PMC11054721 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites produced by dysbiotic intestinal microbiota can influence disease pathophysiology by participating in ligand-receptor interactions. Our aim was to investigate the differential expression of metabolite receptor (MR) genes between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), healthy individuals (HIs), and disease controls in order to identify possible interactions with inflammatory and fibrotic pathways in the intestine. RNA-sequencing datasets containing 643 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 467 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 295 HIs, and 4 Campylobacter jejuni-infected individuals were retrieved from the Sequence Read Archive, and differential expression was performed using the RaNA-seq online platform. The identified differentially expressed MR genes were used for correlation analysis with up- and downregulated genes in IBD, as well as functional enrichment analysis using a R based pipeline. Overall, 15 MR genes exhibited dysregulated expression in IBD. In inflamed CD, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors 2 and 3 (HCAR2, HCAR3) were upregulated and were associated with the recruitment of innate immune cells, while, in the non-inflamed CD ileum, the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and the sphingosine-1-phospate receptor 4 (S1PR4) were downregulated and were involved in the regulation of B-cell activation. In inflamed UC, the upregulated receptors HCAR2 and HCAR3 were more closely associated with the process of TH-17 cell differentiation, while the pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) were downregulated and were involved in epithelial barrier maintenance. Our results elucidate the landscape of metabolite receptor expression in IBD, highlighting associations with disease-related functions that could guide the development of new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolas Dovrolis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | | | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vangelis G. Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.S.); (E.F.); (L.K.); (G.T.); (V.V.); (K.A.); (V.G.M.); (G.K.)
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stergios Vradelis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
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He M, Wei W, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Peng D, Kasimumali A, Rong S. Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38369469 PMCID: PMC10874542 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is steadily escalating, with discernible linkage to the intricate terrain of intestinal microecology. The intestinal microbiota orchestrates a dynamic equilibrium in the organism, metabolizing dietary-derived compounds, a process which profoundly impacts human health. Among these compounds, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which result from microbial metabolic processes, play a versatile role in influencing host energy homeostasis, immune function, and intermicrobial signaling, etc. SCFAs emerge as pivotal risk factors influencing CKD's development and prognosis. This paper review elucidates the impact of gut microbial metabolites, specifically SCFAs, on CKD, highlighting their role in modulating host inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, the immune milieu, and signaling cascades. An in-depth comprehension of the interplay between SCFAs and kidney disease pathogenesis may pave the way for their utilization as biomarkers for CKD progression and prognosis or as novel adjunctive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhouxia Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ayijiaken Kasimumali
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Tsai LT, Weng TI, Chang TY, Lan KC, Chiang CK, Liu SH. Inhibition of Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species-Related Ferroptosis Alleviates Renal Cell Injury In Vitro and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1931. [PMID: 38001784 PMCID: PMC10669521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a key pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effect of IS on ferroptosis and the role of IS-related ferroptosis in CKD are not well understood. We used a renal tubular cell model and an adenine-induced CKD mouse model to explore whether IS induces ferroptosis and injury and affects iron metabolism in the renal cells and the kidneys. Our results showed that exposure to IS induced several characteristics for ferroptosis, including iron accumulation, an impaired antioxidant system, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lipid peroxidation. Exposure to IS triggered intracellular iron accumulation by upregulating transferrin and transferrin receptors, which are involved in cellular iron uptake. We also observed increased levels of the iron storage protein ferritin. The effects of IS-induced ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis, senescence, ER stress, and injury/fibrosis were effectively alleviated by treatments with an iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) in vitro and the adsorbent charcoal AST-120 (scavenging the IS precursor) in vivo. Our findings suggest that IS triggers intracellular iron accumulation and ROS generation, leading to the induction of ferroptosis, senescence, ER stress, and injury/fibrosis in CKD kidneys. AST-120 administration may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (L.-T.T.); (T.-Y.C.); (C.-K.C.)
| | - Te-I Weng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (L.-T.T.); (T.-Y.C.); (C.-K.C.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (L.-T.T.); (T.-Y.C.); (C.-K.C.)
- Departments of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (L.-T.T.); (T.-Y.C.); (C.-K.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Mafra D, Kemp JA, Borges NA, Wong M, Stenvinkel P. Gut Microbiota Interventions to Retain Residual Kidney Function. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:499. [PMID: 37624256 PMCID: PMC10467110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual kidney function for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with better quality of life and outcome; thus, strategies should be implemented to preserve kidney function. Among the multiple causes that promote kidney damage, gut dysbiosis due to increased uremic toxin production and endotoxemia need attention. Several strategies have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota in these patients, and diet has gained increasing attention in recent years since it is the primary driver of gut dysbiosis. In addition, medications and faecal transplantation may be valid strategies. Modifying gut microbiota composition may mitigate chronic kidney damage and preserve residual kidney function. Although various studies have shown the influential role of diet in modulating gut microbiota composition, the effects of this modulation on residual kidney function remain limited. This review discusses the role of gut microbiota metabolism on residual kidney function and vice versa and how we could preserve the residual kidney function by modulating the gut microbiota balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niteroi 24020-140, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences—Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Julie A. Kemp
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niteroi 24020-140, Brazil;
| | - Natalia A. Borges
- Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil;
| | - Michelle Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
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