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Ju X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Sui G, Ma Y, Cao H, Cao Y, Wu J, Du Y, Leng X, Jia L, Yang G. The potential molecular mechanism underlying gypenoside amelioration of atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice: A multi-omics investigation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29164. [PMID: 38644881 PMCID: PMC11031777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides (Gyp) are bioactive components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that have a variety of pharmacological properties. Extracts of G. pentaphyllum have been found to be effective in the reduction of blood sugar and lipids and prevention of atherosclerosis. Here, the functions of Gyp and the mechanisms underlying their effects on atherosclerosis were investigated. Mice were allocated to three groups, namely, the control (C57BL/6), atherosclerosis model (ApoE-/- mice with high-fat diet), and Gyp-treated groups. Differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, and differential metabolites among the groups were analyzed. The results showed that "Fatty acid metabolism", "Fatty acid elongation", "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction", and "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", amongst others, were involved in treatment process. Differentially expressed genes, including Fabp1, Apoe, FADS1, ADH1, SYNPO2, and Lmod1were also identified. Mmu-miR-30a and mmu-miR-30e showed reduced expression in atherosclerosis models but were increased following Gyp treatment, suggesting involvement in the effects of Gyp. In addition, chr5:150604177-150608440 were found to interact with mmu-miR-30a and mmu-miR-30e to regulate their abundance. In terms of metabolomics, Gyp may regulate biological processes involving PGD2 and PGJ2, potentially alleviating atherosclerosis. In conclusion, Gyp appeared to have complex effects on atherosclerosis, most of which were positive. These results support the use of Gyp in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ju
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou First People' S Hospital, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ying Wang
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Guoyuan Sui
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Yixin Ma
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Jin Wu
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Ying Du
- TCM Innovation Engineering Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Xue Leng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
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Cui W, Song X, Li X, Jia L, Zhang C. Structural characterization of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides and the mechanism of anti-T2DM by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125165. [PMID: 37270132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A low molecular weight polysaccharides of HEP-1, with molecular weights of 1.67 × 104 Da and composition of →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, β-D-Glcp-(1→ and →3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, was isolated and characterized from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus. The results indicated that HEP-1 showed potential effects against T2DM-induced imbalance of glucose and lipid metabolism by promoting the serum glucose uptake by hepatic glycogen synthesis via activating the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and reducing hepatic lipid accumulation via activating the AMPK/SREBP-1c signaling pathways. Besides, HEP-1 promoted the production of beneficial bacteria in the gut, and increased the beneficial metabolites in liver through the gut-liver axis, consequently, resisting the occurrence of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China; College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Xinling Song
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, PR China
| | - Xueping Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Le Jia
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China.
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Othman MS, Khaled AM, Al-Bagawi AH, Fareid MA, Ghany RA, Habotta OA, Abdel Moneim AE. Hepatorenal protective efficacy of flavonoids from Ocimum basilicum extract in diabetic albino rats: A focus on hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112287. [PMID: 34649220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant derived phytochemical therapy is a bright candidate for treatment of diabetes and its associated complications. Ocimum baslicum is used as an anti-diabetic traditional medicine. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of Hail Ocimum extract (HOE) and its total flavonoids (HOETF) against hepatorenal damage in experimental diabetes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Diabetic animals were co-treated daily with HOE, HOETF or metformin (MET) as a standard anti-diabetic drug for four weeks. Compared to controls, HFD/STZ-treatment lead to significant increases in fasting blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels. Furthermore, diabetic rats had elevated hepatic (ALT and ALP) and kidney functions (urea and creatinine) biomarkers together with disturbed lipid profile and decreased PPAR-γ gene expression. Higher levels of hepatic and renal LPO and NO paralleled with lower levels of GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) after HFD/STZ treatment. Additionally, noteworthy inflammatory and apoptotic responses were evident in both organs of diabetic rats as witnessed by augmented levels of TNF-α, IL-1b and Bax levels with declined levels of Bcl-2. Moreover, histological examination of hepatic, renal and pancreatic tissues validated the biochemical findings. On contrary, co-treatment of diabetic animals with HOE or HOETF could decrease glucose and insulin levels together with improvement of lipid markers and alleviation of hepatorenal dysfunction, oxidative injury, inflammatory and apoptotic events. Conclusively, HOE or HOETF could be a promising complementary therapeutic option for the management of diabetic hepatorenal complication owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Othman
- Basic Sciences Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Azza M Khaled
- Basic Sciences Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal H Al-Bagawi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Fareid
- Basic Sciences Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda A Ghany
- Basic Sciences Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Julve J, Escolà-Gil JC. High-Density Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease: The Good, the Bad and the Future. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080857. [PMID: 34440061 PMCID: PMC8389556 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (J.C.E.-G.)
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Protective Effect of Jiang Tang Xiao Ke Granules against Skeletal Muscle IR via Activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1 α Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5566053. [PMID: 34326919 PMCID: PMC8277912 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5566053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Jiang Tang Xiao Ke (JTXK) granule is a classic Chinese herbal formula that has been put into clinical use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus for decades. However, whether its ability to ameliorate skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) is through modulation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of JTXK granules on IR in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice and C2C12 cells and analyze the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we showed that JTXK granules attenuated body weight gain, reduced body fat mass, improved body lean mass, and enhanced muscle performance of diabetic mice. JTXK granules also improved glucose metabolism and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and partially reversed abnormal serum lipid levels, which might be related to the regulation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, both in skeletal muscle tissue of diabetic mice and in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, drug-containing serum of JTXK granules was capable of enhancing glucose uptake and mitochondrial respiration in C2C12 cells, and AMPKα was proven to be closely involved in this process. Taken together, these results suggest that the JTXK granule ameliorates skeletal muscle IR through activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, which offers a novel perspective of this formula to combat IR-related metabolic diseases.
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A bilayer microneedle for therapeutic peptide delivery towards the treatment of diabetes in db/db mice. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yin C, Tang S, Liu L, Cao A, Xie J, Zhang H. Effects of Bile Acids on Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism during Chronic Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030630. [PMID: 33673472 PMCID: PMC7997420 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The negative impacts of heat stress (HS) on growth performance and lipid metabolism have been reported, but there are still no effective nutritional strategies to alleviate heat stress. Bile acids are new for their antioxidative properties and regulatory effect on lipid metabolism. This study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and lipid metabolism in chickens under heat stress when fed with bile acid supplements in their diet. The results showed that mild heat stress (32 °C) induced hepatic lipogenic gene (hepatic SREBP-1c) expressions and lipid deposition, without obvious tissue damage in broilers. Dietary supplementation of bile acid could decrease hepatic lipid deposition without affecting endogenous bile acid biosynthesis. Therefore, bile acid supplements can benefit broiler chickens during high ambient temperatures, serving as a new nutritional strategy against heat stress. Abstract This study aimed to investigate whether dietary bile acid (BA) supplements can improve growth performance and lipid metabolism in heat-stressed broiler chickens. A total of 288 Arbor Acres broilers were blocked by BW and then randomly allocated into 4 treatments at 21 days of age. Birds reared under 32 °C had a higher cloacal temperature (p = 0.01), faster respiratory rate (p < 0.001), and a greatly reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI, p = 0.016), average daily gain (ADG, p = 0.006), final body weight (FBW, p = 0.008), and feed conversion rate (FCR, p = 0.004). In heat stress (HS) birds, the breast muscle rate (p = 0.006) and pH 24 h postmortem (p = 0.065) were lower, and the shear force was higher (p = 0.027). Dietary BA supplements tended to increase the breast muscle rate (p = 0.075) without affecting the growth performance and serum lipids (p > 0.05). Serum total bile acid (TBA) was roughly duplicated after BA supplements (p = 0.001). In the liver, total cholesterol was lower (p = 0.046), and triglycerides were higher (p = 0.04) in the HS birds, whereas the expression of SREBP-1c showed an increasing trend (p = 0.06). In contrast, dietary BA decreased triglycerides and the expressions of hepatic SREBP-1c and FAS in the liver (p < 0.05). In summary, mild HS causes hepatic lipid accumulation without obvious tissue damages, whereas BA has positive effects on relieving abnormal lipid metabolism, indicating that BA as a nutritional strategy has a certain potential in alleviating HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Y.); (S.T.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shanlong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Y.); (S.T.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Y.); (S.T.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Aizhi Cao
- Shandong Longchang Animal Health Care Co., Ltd., Jinan 251100, China;
| | - Jingjing Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Y.); (S.T.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Y.); (S.T.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
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Liang L, Zheng Y, Xie Y, Xiao L, Wang G. Oridonin ameliorates insulin resistance partially through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107298. [PMID: 33388733 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oridonin (Ori) has multiple biological properties, especially anti-inflammatory. However, its effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced insulin resistance are still unclear. In this study, we explored the regulatory role of Ori in CUMS-triggered insulin resistance, and the underlying molecular mechanisms; Methods: SD rats were subjected to CUMS for 4 weeks, some of which were injected with Ori or fluoxetine (FLX) in durations of CUMS. After CUMS procedure, the behavioral and metabolic tests were performed. Elisa, immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine the inflammatory response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We investigated the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7 using immunoprecipitation. Finally, we detected the proinflammatory cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells treated with Ori; RESULTS: In this study, we found that chronic stress resulted in depressive-like behavior comorbid with insulin resistance. Ori was discovered to ameliorate insulin resistance as well as insulin signaling disturbance in the hippocampus. In addition, CUMS caused the infiltration of macrophages into the islets. And IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1 were elevated in pancreases of CUMS rats, which could also be reversed by Ori treatment via reducing the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Furthermore, Ori dose-dependently inhibited the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells; CONCLUSIONS: All these results supported our hypothesis that Ori possesses potent anti-insulin resistant actions, which is partially correlated with inhibiting infiltration of macrophages into the islets and NLRP3 activation induced by CUMS. Therefore, our results highlighted the protective role of Ori against CUMS-elicited insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yage Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yinping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Khadke S, Mandave P, Kuvalekar A, Pandit V, Karandikar M, Mantri N. Synergistic Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Oral-Hypoglycemic Drug on Lipid Normalization through Modulation of Hepatic Gene Expression in High Fat Diet with Low Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3652. [PMID: 33261004 PMCID: PMC7760711 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which an outcome of impaired insulin action and its secretion, is concomitantly associated with lipid abnormalities. The study was designed to evaluate the combinational effect of omega-3 fatty acids (flax and fish oil) and glibenclamide on abnormal lipid profiles, increased blood glucose, and impaired liver and kidney functions in a high fat diet with low streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, including its probable mechanism of action. The male Wistar rats (n = 48) were distributed into eight groups. All animal groups except the healthy received a high fat diet (HFD) for 90 days. Further, diabetes was developed by low dose STZ (35 mg/kg). Diabetic animals received, omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/kg), along with glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg). Both flax and fish oil intervention decreased (p ≤ 0.001) serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein and elevated (p ≤ 0.001) high density lipoprotein levels in diabetic rats. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein level was decreased (p ≤ 0.001) in fish oil-treated rats. However, it remained unaffected in the flax oil treatment group. Both flax and fish oil intervention downregulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism genes, transcription factors (sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c and nuclear factor-κβ), and their regulatory genes i.e., acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase, and tumor necrosis factors-α. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression was upregulated (p ≤ 0.001) in the fish oil treatment group. Whereas, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and fatty acid binding protein gene expression were upregulated (p ≤ 0.001) in both flax and fish oil intervention group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Khadke
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Pallavi Mandave
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Aniket Kuvalekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Vijaya Pandit
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Manjiri Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to Be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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