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Mitchell DM, Stenkamp DL. Generating Widespread and Scalable Retinal Lesions in Adult Zebrafish by Intraocular Injection of Ouabain. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:221-235. [PMID: 36881303 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish regenerate functional retinal neurons after injury. Regeneration takes place following photic, chemical, mechanical, surgical, or cryogenic lesions, as well as after lesions that selectively target specific neuronal cell populations. An advantage of chemical retinal lesion for studying the process of regeneration is that the lesion is topographically widespread. This results in the loss of visual function as well as a regenerative response that engages nearly all stem cells (Müller glia). Such lesions can therefore be used to further our understanding of the process and mechanisms underlying re-establishment of neuronal wiring patterns, retinal function, and visually mediated behaviors. Widespread chemical lesions also permit the quantitative analysis of gene expression throughout the retina during the period of initial damage and over the duration of regeneration, as well as the study of growth and targeting of axons of regenerated retinal ganglion cells. The neurotoxic Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain specifically offers a further advantage over other types of chemical lesions in that it is scalable; the extent of damage can be targeted to include only inner retinal neurons, or all retinal neurons, simply by adjusting the intraocular concentration of ouabain that is used. Here we describe the procedure through which these "selective" vs. "extensive" retinal lesions can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Barrett LM, Meighan PC, Mitchell DM, Varnum MD, Stenkamp DL. Assessing Rewiring of the Retinal Circuitry by Electroretinogram (ERG) After Inner Retinal Lesion in Adult Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:421-435. [PMID: 36881314 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish respond to retinal injury with a regenerative response that replaces damaged neurons with Müller glia-derived regenerated neurons. The regenerated neurons are functional, appear to make appropriate synaptic connections, and support visually mediated reflexes and more complex behaviors. Curiously, the electrophysiology of damaged, regenerating, and regenerated zebrafish retina has only recently been examined. In our previous work, we demonstrated that electroretinogram (ERG) recordings of damaged zebrafish retina correlate with the extent of the inflicted damage and that the regenerated retina at 80 days post-injury exhibited ERG waveforms consistent with functional visual processing. In this paper we describe the procedure for obtaining and analyzing ERG recordings from adult zebrafish previously subjected to widespread lesions that destroy inner retinal neurons and engage a regenerative response that restores retinal function, in particular the synaptic connections between photoreceptor axon terminals and the dendritic trees of retinal bipolar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Peter C Meighan
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michael D Varnum
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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NCS1 overexpression restored mitochondrial activity and behavioral alterations in a zebrafish model of Wolfram syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:295-308. [PMID: 36320410 PMCID: PMC9594121 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease resulting in deafness, optic atrophy, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Currently, no treatment is available for patients. The mutated gene, WFS1, encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, Wolframin. We previously reported that Wolframin regulated the ER-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer and mitochondrial activity by protecting NCS1 from degradation in patients' fibroblasts. We relied on a zebrafish model of WS, the wfs1ab KO line, to analyze the functional and behavioral impact of NCS1 overexpression as a novel therapeutic strategy. The wfs1ab KO line showed an increased locomotion in the visual motor and touch-escape responses. The absence of wfs1 did not impair the cellular unfolded protein response, in basal or tunicamycin-induced ER stress conditions. In contrast, metabolic analysis showed an increase in mitochondrial respiration in wfs1ab KO larvae. Interestingly, overexpression of NCS1 using mRNA injection restored the alteration of mitochondrial respiration and hyperlocomotion. Taken together, these data validated the wfs1ab KO zebrafish line as a pertinent experimental model of WS and confirmed the therapeutic potential of NCS1. The wfs1ab KO line therefore appeared as an efficient model to identify novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene or pharmacological therapies targeting NCS1 that will correct or block WS symptoms.
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Chu L, Terasaki M, Mattsson CL, Teinturier R, Charbord J, Dirice E, Liu KC, Miskelly MG, Zhou Q, Wierup N, Kulkarni RN, Andersson O. In vivo drug discovery for increasing incretin-expressing cells identifies DYRK inhibitors that reinforce the enteroendocrine system. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1368-1380.e5. [PMID: 35998625 PMCID: PMC9557248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Analogs of the incretin hormones Gip and Glp-1 are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. Findings in experimental models suggest that manipulating several hormones simultaneously may be more effective. To identify small molecules that increase the number of incretin-expressing cells, we established a high-throughput in vivo chemical screen by using the gip promoter to drive the expression of luciferase in zebrafish. All hits increased the numbers of neurogenin 3-expressing enteroendocrine progenitors, Gip-expressing K-cells, and Glp-1-expressing L-cells. One of the hits, a dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor, additionally decreased glucose levels in both larval and juvenile fish. Knock-down experiments indicated that nfatc4, a downstream mediator of DYRKs, regulates incretin+ cell number in zebrafish, and that Dyrk1b regulates Glp-1 expression in an enteroendocrine cell line. DYRK inhibition also increased the number of incretin-expressing cells in diabetic mice, suggesting a conserved reinforcement of the enteroendocrine system, with possible implications for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhe Chu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michishige Terasaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte L Mattsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Romain Teinturier
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérémie Charbord
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ka-Cheuk Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael G Miskelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine & Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nils Wierup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Turkalj B, Quallich D, Bessert DA, Kramer AC, Cook TA, Thummel R. Development and characterization of a chronic photoreceptor degeneration model in adult zebrafish that does not trigger a regenerative response. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108630. [PMID: 34029596 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a highly-utilized model system in the field of regenerative biology because of their endogenous ability to regenerate many tissues and organs, including the retina. The vast majority of previous research on retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish utilizes acute methodologies for retinal damage. Acute retinal cell death triggers a reactive gliosis response of Müller glia (MG), the resident macroglia of the retina. In addition, each activated MG undergoes asymmetric cell division to produce a neuronal progenitor, which continues to divide and ultimately gives rise to new retinal neurons. Studies using these approaches have uncovered many crucial mechanisms by which MG respond to acute damage. However, they may not adequately mimic the chronic neuronal degeneration observed in many human retinal degenerative diseases. The current study aimed to develop a new long-term, chronic photoreceptor damage and degeneration model in adult zebrafish. Comparing the subsequent cellular responses to that of the commonly-used acute high-intensity model, we found that low, continuous light exposure damaged the outer segments of both rod and cone photoreceptors, but did not result in significant apoptotic cell death, MG gliosis, or MG cell-cycle re-entry. Instead, chronic light nearly completely truncated photoreceptor outer segments and resulted in a recruitment of microglia to the area. Together, these studies present a chronic photoreceptor model that can be performed in a relatively short time frame (21 days), that may lend insight into the cellular events underlying non-regenerative photoreceptor degeneration observed in other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Turkalj
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Danielle Quallich
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Denise A Bessert
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ashley C Kramer
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Cook
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Marrs JA, Sarmah S. The Genius of the Zebrafish Model: Insights on Development and Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050577. [PMID: 34065228 PMCID: PMC8160874 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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