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Taskaeva I, Shatruk A, Bgatova N, Yeremina A, Trunov A, Kononova N, Chernykh V. Autophagy and vesicular trafficking in human uveal melanoma: A histopathological study. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:122-132. [PMID: 37698482 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is an ocular tumor with a high risk of developing metastases. The endo-lysosomal system can affect the melanoma progression by accelerating and facilitating invasion or metastasis. This study aims to conduct comparative analysis of normal choroidal melanocytes and uveal melanoma cells ultrastructure with a focus on intracellular transport system, and to examine the patterns of autophagy- and vesicular trafficking-related proteins expression in a case series of uveal melanomas. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructure of normal choroidal melanocytes and uveal melanoma cells. The expression levels of autophagy- and vesicular trafficking-related proteins in three histological types of uveal melanoma were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Electron microscopy results showed that the autophagic vacuoles were more abundant in normal choroidal melanocytes, than in uveal melanoma cells. The normal choroidal melanocytes were characterized by active intracellular vesicular trafficking; however, the proportion of caveolae was higher in uveal melanoma cells. The spindle type of tumor was characterized by a high expression levels of LC3 beta, while Rab7 and Rab11 proteins expression was significantly up-regulated in the mixed-type tumor cells. The results indicate that uveal melanoma cells probably have lower basal levels of autophagy and higher receptor-mediated endocytic trafficking-associated with caveolae than normal choroidal melanocytes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The autophagic vacuoles are abundant in normal choroidal melanocytes. Uveal melanoma cells are characterized by a high proportion of caveolae. The high expression levels of LC3 beta were revealed in a spindle type of tumor, while Rab7 and Rab11 proteins expression was up-regulated in the mixed-type tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Shatruk
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alena Yeremina
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksander Trunov
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Kononova
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeriy Chernykh
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Cui X, Yao A, Jia L. Starvation insult induces the translocation of high mobility group box 1 to cytosolic compartments in glioma. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:216. [PMID: 37888772 PMCID: PMC10636726 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous nuclear protein in eukaryotic cells. In response to stress, it transfers from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and finally, to the extracellular matrix, participating in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Increased HMGB1 protein levels are frequently associated with the reduced survival of patients with glioma. HMGB1 plays contextual roles depending on its subcellular localization. However, the mechanisms underlying its subcellular localization and secretion remain unclear. In the present study, the subcellular localization and secretion of HMGB1 in starved glioma cells were investigated using immunofluorescence microscopy, enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, subcellular fractionation, western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy. The results demonstrated that starvation induced HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and finally, to the extracellular milieu in glioma cells. HMGB1 was localized in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes, autophagosomes, lysosomes, endosomes and the cytoskeleton. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that HMGB1 was present within or around cytosolic compartments. Subcellular fractionation further demonstrated that HMGB1 transferred to membrane‑bound compartments. In addition, HMGB1 was localized to specific contact areas between the ER and mitochondria, known as mitochondria‑associated membranes. On the whole, the results of the present study suggest that starvation induces HMGB1 secretion, which can be inhibited through the suppression of autophagy. Starvation insult induces HMGB1 translocation to the cytosolic compartments of glioma cells, and autophagy may be involved in the extracellular secretion of HMGB1 in starved glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cui
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Anhui Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Zhengzhou, Henan 450053, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Jia
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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Muro S. Lysosomal therapies and drug delivery strategies: An overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115112. [PMID: 37827335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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Gaffke L, Pierzynowska K, Cyske Z, Podlacha M, Węgrzyn G. Contribution of vesicle trafficking dysregulation to the pathomechanism of mucopolysaccharidosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:107-117. [PMID: 37149983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are monogenic diseases, caused by mutations in genes coding for enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), recent studies suggested that changes in expressions of various genes might cause secondary and tertiary cellular dysfunctions modulating the course of these diseases. In this report, we demonstrate that vesicle trafficking regulation is affected in fibroblasts derived from patients suffering from 11 different types of MPS due to changes in levels of crucial proteins (estimated by automated Western-blotting) involved in this process, including caveolin, clathrin, huntingtin (Htt), APPL1, EEA1, GOPC, Rab5, and Rab7. Microscopic studies confirmed these results, while investigations of tissue samples derived from the MPS I mouse model indicated differences between various organs in this matter. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses provided a global picture for changes in expressions of genes related to vesicle trafficking in MPS cells. We conclude that vesicle trafficking is dysregulated in MPS cells and changes in this process might contribute to the molecular mechanisms of this disease. Most probably, primary GAG storage might cause a cellular stress response leading to dysregulation of expression of many genes which, in turn, results in changes in cellular processes like vesicle trafficking. This can significantly modulate the course of the disease due to enhancing accumulation of GAGs and altering crucial cellular processes. This hypothesis has been supported by normalization of levels of clathrin in MPS cells treated with either an active form of the deficient GAG-degrading enzyme or a compound (5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) indirectly reducing the efficiency of GAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Cyske
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Lunova M, Frtús A, Jirsa M, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Lysosomal nanotoxicity: Impact of nanomedicines on lysosomal function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114828. [PMID: 37075952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Although several nanomedicines got clinical approval over the past two decades, the clinical translation rate is relatively small so far. There are many post-surveillance withdrawals of nanomedicines caused by various safety issues. For successful clinical advancement of nanotechnology, it is of unmet need to realize cellular and molecular foundation of nanotoxicity. Current data suggest that lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanoparticles is emerging as the most common intracellular trigger of nanotoxicity. This review analyzes prospect mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction-mediated toxicity induced by nanoparticles. We summarized and critically assessed adverse drug reactions of current clinically approved nanomedicines. Importantly, we show that physicochemical properties have great impact on nanoparticles interaction with cells, excretion route and kinetics, and subsequently on toxicity. We analyzed literature on adverse reactions of current nanomedicines and hypothesized that adverse reactions might be linked with lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanomedicines. Finally, from our analysis it becomes clear that it is unjustifiable to generalize safety and toxicity of nanoparticles, since different particles possess distinct toxicological properties. We propose that the biological mechanism of the disease progression and treatment should be central in the optimization of nanoparticle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Arno MC, Simpson JD, Blackman LD, Brannigan RP, Thurecht KJ, Dove AP. Enhanced drug delivery to cancer cells through a pH-sensitive polycarbonate platform. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:908-915. [PMID: 36533676 PMCID: PMC9890502 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01626e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates are widely investigated to enhance the selectivity of therapeutic drugs to cancer cells, as well as increase circulation lifetime and solubility of poorly soluble drugs. In order to direct these structures selectively to cancer cells, targeting agents are often conjugated to the nanoparticle surface as a strategy to limit drug accumulation in non-cancerous cells and therefore reduce systemic toxicity. Here, we report a simple procedure to generate biodegradable polycarbonate graft copolymer nanoparticles that allows for highly efficient conjugation and intracellular release of S-(+)-camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor widely used in cancer therapy. The drug-polymer conjugate showed strong efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation across a range of cancer cell lines over non-cancerous phenotypes, as a consequence of the increased intracellular accumulation and subsequent drug release specifically in cancer cells. The enhanced drug delivery towards cancer cells in vitro demonstrates the potential of this platform for selective treatments without the addition of targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua D Simpson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis D Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ruairí P Brannigan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Solomon M, Loeck M, Silva-Abreu M, Moscoso R, Bautista R, Vigo M, Muro S. Altered blood-brain barrier transport of nanotherapeutics in lysosomal storage diseases. J Control Release 2022; 349:1031-1044. [PMID: 35901858 PMCID: PMC10550198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of neurological lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are limited because of impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to macromolecules. Nanoformulations targeting BBB transcytosis are being explored, but the status of these routes in LSDs is unknown. We studied nanocarriers (NCs) targeted to the transferrin receptor (TfR), ganglioside GM1 or ICAM1, associated to the clathrin, caveolar or cell adhesion molecule (CAM) routes, respectively. We used brain endothelial cells and mouse models of acid sphingomyelinase-deficient Niemann Pick disease (NPD), and postmortem LSD patients' brains, all compared to respective controls. NC transcytosis across brain endothelial cells and brain distribution in mice were affected, yet through different mechanisms. Reduced TfR and clathrin expression were found, along with decreased transcytosis in cells and mouse brain distribution. Caveolin-1 expression and GM1 transcytosis were also reduced, yet increased GM1 levels seemed to compensate, providing similar NC brain distribution in NPD vs. control mice. A tendency to lower NHE-1 levels was seen, but highly increased ICAM1 expression in cells and human brains correlated with increased transcytosis and brain distribution in mice. Thus, transcytosis-related alterations in NPD and likely other LSDs may impact therapeutic access to the brain, illustrating the need for these mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Maximilian Loeck
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelle Silva-Abreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronaldo Moscoso
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ronelle Bautista
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marco Vigo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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An Updated View of the Importance of Vesicular Trafficking and Transport and Their Role in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Interventions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060552. [PMID: 35736259 PMCID: PMC9230090 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular trafficking is the set of processes of distributing different macromolecules by the cell. This process is highly regulated in cells, involving a system of organelles (endomembranous system), among which are a great variety of vesicles that can be secreted from the cell, giving rise to different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be captured by other cells to modulate their function. The cells of the immune system are especially sensitive to this cellular traffic, producing and releasing different classes of EVs, especially in disease states. There is growing interest in this field due to the therapeutic and translational possibilities it offers. Different ways of taking advantage of the understanding of cell trafficking and EVs are being investigated, and their use as biomarkers or therapeutic targets is being investigated. The objective of this review is to collect the latest results and knowledge in this area with a specific focus on immune-mediated diseases. Although some promising results have been obtained, further knowledge is still needed, at both the basic and translational levels, to understand and modulate cellular traffic and EVs for better clinical management of these patients.
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Oliveira Miranda C. Mesenchymal stem cells for lysosomal storage and polyglutamine disorders: Possible shared mechanisms. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13707. [PMID: 34751953 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells' (MSC) therapeutic potential has been investigated for the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. The fact these cells can mediate a beneficial effect in different neurodegenerative contexts strengthens their competence to target diverse mechanisms. On the other hand, distinct disorders may share similar mechanisms despite having singular neuropathological characteristics. METHODS We have previously shown that MSC can be beneficial for two disorders, one belonging to the groups of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) - the Krabbe Disease or Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, and the other to the family of Polyglutamine diseases (PolyQs) - the Machado-Joseph Disease or Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. We gave also input into disease characterization since neuropathology and MSC's effects are intrinsically associated. This review aims at describing MSC's multimode of action in these disorders while emphasizing to possible mechanistic alterations they must share due to the accumulation of cellular toxic products. RESULTS Lysosomal storage disorders and PolyQs have different aetiology and associated symptoms, but both result from the accumulation of undegradable products inside neuronal cells due to inefficient clearance by the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. Moreover, numerous cellular mechanisms that become compromised latter are also shared by these two disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Here, we emphasize MSC's effect in improving proteostasis and autophagy cycling turnover, neuronal survival, synaptic activity and axonal transport. LSDs and PolyQs, though rare in their predominance, collectively affect many people and require our utmost dedication and efforts to get successful therapies due to their tremendous impact on patient s' lives and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Oliveira Miranda
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Defining Endocytic Pathways of Fucoidan-Coated PIBCA Nanoparticles from the Design of their Surface Architecture. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1135-1150. [PMID: 35233729 PMCID: PMC8887940 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This work investigated the endocytic pathways taken by poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) (PIBCA) nanoparticles differing in their surface composition and architecture, assuming that this might determine their efficiency of intracellular drug delivery. Methods Nanoparticles (A0, A25, A100, R0, R25 ) were prepared by anionic or redox radical emulsion polymerization using mixtures of dextran and fucoidan (0, 25, 100 % in fucoidan). Cell uptake was evaluated by incubating J774A.1 macrophages with nanoparticles. Endocytic pathways were studied by incubating cells with endocytic pathway inhibitors (chlorpromazine, genistein, cytochalasin D, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin and nocodazole) and nanoparticle uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results The fucoidan-coated PIBCA nanoparticles A25 were internalized 3-fold more efficiently than R25 due to the different architecture of the fucoidan chains presented on the surface. Different fucoidan density and architecture led to different internalization pathway preferred by the cells. Large A100 nanoparticles with surface was covered with fucoidan chains in a loop and train configuration were internalized the most efficiently, 47-fold compared with A0, and 3-fold compared with R0 and R25 through non-endocytic energy-independent pathways and reached the cell cytoplasm. Conclusion Internalization pathways of PIBCA nanoparticles by J774A.1 macrophages could be determined by nanoparticle fucoidan surface composition and architecture. In turn, this influenced the extent of internalization and localization of accumulated nanoparticles within cells. The results are of interest for rationalizing the design of nanoparticles for potential cytoplamic drug delivery by controlling the nature of the nanoparticle surface. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03202-4.
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Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Lukka PB, Wagh S, Walz A, Arab J, Pearce C, Ali Z, Ryman JT, Parmar K, Temrikar Z, Munoz-Gutierrez J, Robertson GT, Liu J, Lenaerts AJ, Daley C, Lee RE, Braunstein M, Hickey AJ, Meibohm B. Preclinical Evaluation of Inhalational Spectinamide-1599 Therapy against Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2850-2863. [PMID: 34546724 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lengthy treatment time for tuberculosis (TB) is a primary cause for the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). One approach to improve TB therapy is to develop an inhalational TB therapy that when administered in combination with oral TB drugs eases and shortens treatment. Spectinamides are new semisynthetic analogues of spectinomycin with excellent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), including MDR and XDR Mtb strains. Spectinamide-1599 was chosen as a promising candidate for development of inhalational therapy. Using the murine TB model and intrapulmonary aerosol delivery of spectinamide-1599, we characterized the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of this therapy in BALB/c and C3HeB/FeJ mice infected with the Mtb Erdman strain. As expected, spectinamide-1599 exhibited dose-dependent exposure in plasma, lungs, and ELF, but exposure ratios between lung and plasma were 12-40 times higher for intrapulmonary compared to intravenous or subcutaneous administration. In chronically infected BALB/c mice, low doses (10 mg/kg) of spectinamide-1599 when administered thrice weekly for two months provide efficacy similar to that of higher doses (50-100 mg/kg) after one month of therapy. In the C3HeB/FeJ TB model, intrapulmonary aerosol delivery of spectinamide-1599 (50 mg/kg) or oral pyrazinamide (150 mg/kg) had limited or no efficacy in monotherapy, but when both drugs were given in combination, a synergistic effect with superior bacterial reduction of >1.8 log10 CFU was observed. Throughout the up to eight-week treatment period, intrapulmonary therapy was well-tolerated without any overt toxicity. Overall, these results strongly support the further development of intrapulmonary spectinamide-1599 as a combination partner for anti-TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Pradeep B. Lukka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Santosh Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Amanda Walz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jennifer Arab
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Camron Pearce
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Zohaib Ali
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Josiah T. Ryman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Keyur Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Zaid Temrikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Juan Munoz-Gutierrez
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Gregory T. Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles Daley
- Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Anthony J. Hickey
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, RTP, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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Qamar B, Solomon M, Marin A, Fuerst TR, Andrianov AK, Muro S. Intracellular Delivery of Active Proteins by Polyphosphazene Polymers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:249. [PMID: 33578893 PMCID: PMC7916676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving intracellular delivery of protein therapeutics within cells remains a significant challenge. Although custom formulations are available for some protein therapeutics, the development of non-toxic delivery systems that can incorporate a variety of active protein cargo and maintain their stability, is a topic of great relevance. This study utilized ionic polyphosphazenes (PZ) that can assemble into supramolecular complexes through non-covalent interactions with different types of protein cargo. We tested a PEGylated graft copolymer (PZ-PEG) and a pyrrolidone containing linear derivative (PZ-PYR) for their ability to intracellularly deliver FITC-avidin, a model protein. In endothelial cells, PZ-PYR/protein exhibited both faster internalization and higher uptake levels than PZ-PEG/protein, while in cancer cells both polymers achieved similar uptake levels over time, although the internalization rate was slower for PZ-PYR/protein. Uptake was mediated by endocytosis through multiple mechanisms, PZ-PEG/avidin colocalized more profusely with endo-lysosomes, and PZ-PYR/avidin achieved greater cytosolic delivery. Consequently, a PZ-PYR-delivered anti-F-actin antibody was able to bind to cytosolic actin filaments without needing cell permeabilization. Similarly, a cell-impermeable Bax-BH3 peptide known to induce apoptosis, decreased cell viability when complexed with PZ-PYR, demonstrating endo-lysosomal escape. These biodegradable PZs were non-toxic to cells and represent a promising platform for drug delivery of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareera Qamar
- College of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (M.S.); (A.M.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (M.S.); (A.M.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (M.S.); (A.M.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (M.S.); (A.M.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (M.S.); (A.M.); (T.R.F.)
- Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Taskaeva I, Bgatova N. Microvasculature in hepatocellular carcinoma: An ultrastructural study. Microvasc Res 2021; 133:104094. [PMID: 33011171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most vascularized tumor types, and is characterized by development of heterogeneous immature vessels with increased permeability. Here, we analyzed morphology and vascular permeability-related structures in endothelial cells of HCC microvessels. METHODS Small (Type I) and large (Type II) peritumoral blood microvessels were assessed in HCC-bearing mice. By transmission electron microscopy, endothelial cell cytoplasm area, free transport vesicles, vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and clathrin-coated vesicles were measured. RESULTS The phenotypic changes in the HCC microvessels included presence of sinusoidal capillarization, numerous luminal microprocesses and abnormal luminal channels, irregular dilatations of interendothelial junctions, local detachment of basement membranes and widened extracellular space. Endothelial cells Type I microvessels showed increased vesicular trafficking-related structures. CONCLUSION Ultrastructural characteristics of microvessels Type I can associate with HCC new-formed microvessels. The morphological changes observed in HCC microvessels might explain the increased transcellular and paracellular permeability in HCC endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Laboratory of Boron-Neutron Capture Therapy, Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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14
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Kumar A, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Khan R. Membrane Trafficking and Subcellular Drug Targeting Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32536862 PMCID: PMC7267071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of micro and macro molecules into and within a cell significantly governs several of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, thus regulating the cellular response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Trafficking of various pharmacological agents and other bioactive molecules throughout and within the cell is necessary for the fidelity of the cells but has been poorly investigated. Novel strategies against cancer and microbial infections need a deeper understanding of membrane as well as subcellular trafficking pathways and essentially regulate several aspects of the initiation and spread of anti-microbial and anti-cancer drug resistance. Furthermore, in order to avail the maximum possible bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and to restrict the unwanted toxicity of pharmacological bioactives, these sometimes need to be functionalized with targeting ligands to regulate the subcellular trafficking and to enhance the localization. In the recent past the scenario drug targeting has primarily focused on targeting tissue components and cell vicinities, however, it is the membranous and subcellular trafficking system that directs the molecules to plausible locations. The effectiveness of the delivery platforms largely depends on their physicochemical nature, intracellular barriers, and biodistribution of the drugs, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic paradigms. Most subcellular organelles possess some peculiar characteristics by which membranous and subcellular targeting can be manipulated, such as negative transmembrane potential in mitochondria, intraluminal delta pH in a lysosome, and many others. Many specialized methods, which positively promote the subcellular targeting and restrict the off-targeting of the bioactive molecules, exist. Recent advancements in designing the carrier molecules enable the handling of membrane trafficking to facilitate the delivery of active compounds to subcellular localizations. This review aims to cover membrane trafficking pathways which promote the delivery of the active molecule in to the subcellular locations, the associated pathways of the subcellular drug delivery system, and the role of the carrier system in drug delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
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15
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Huizing M, Gahl WA. Inherited disorders of lysosomal membrane transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183336. [PMID: 32389669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders caused by defects in lysosomal membrane transporters form a distinct subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). To date, defects in only 10 lysosomal membrane transporters have been associated with inherited disorders. The clinical presentations of these diseases resemble the phenotypes of other LSDs; they are heterogeneous and often present in children with neurodegenerative manifestations. However, for pathomechanistic and therapeutic studies, lysosomal membrane transport defects should be distinguished from LSDs caused by defective hydrolytic enzymes. The involved proteins differ in function, localization, and lysosomal targeting, and the diseases themselves differ in their stored material and therapeutic approaches. We provide an overview of the small group of disorders of lysosomal membrane transporters, emphasizing discovery, pathomechanism, clinical features, diagnostic methods and therapeutic aspects. We discuss common aspects of lysosomal membrane transporter defects that can provide the basis for preclinical research into these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Huizing
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - William A Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Sanson AL, Cosenza-Contreras M, DeMarco R, Neves LX, Mattei B, Silva GG, Magalhães PHV, de Andrade MHG, Castro-Borges W. The golden mussel proteome and its response to niclosamide: Uncovering rational targets for control or elimination. J Proteomics 2020; 217:103651. [PMID: 31972344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Asian invasive species Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), known as the golden mussel, causes great economic and environmental damage due to its fixative capacity and accelerated proliferation. Molecular studies for the control of larval and adult forms are of great economic, scientific and technological interest. Here, we first report on the compositional analysis of the L. fortunei proteome obtained through shotgun analysis using LC-MS/MS. Among those 2790 proteins identified, many of them related to secretory processes and membrane receptors. Our second approach consisted in exposing the mollusc to the molluscicide niclosamide to evaluate the induced proteomic alterations. Exposure to niclosamide at 0.25 mg/L for 24 h resulted in a pronounced differential abundance of proteins when compared to those obtained when exposure was reduced to 4 h at 2.3 mg/L. In total, 342 proteins were found differentially expressed in the responsive individuals as revealed by label-free quantitative proteomics. Regarding the affected cell processes were: cell division and differentiation, cytoskeletal organization and compartment acidification (upregulated), and energy metabolism (downregulated). Our findings constitute the first inventory of the expressed proteome of the golden mussel and have the potential to contribute with a more rational proposition of molecular targets for control and monitoring of this species. SIGNIFICANCE: With the recent availability of transcriptomic and genomic data applied to L. fortunei the timing is right to interrogate its putative gene repertoire using proteomic techniques. These have the potential to validate the existence of the predicted genes, infer their relative abundance and quantify their levels as a response to environmental stressors or various agents. Here we provided an inventory of the golden mussel proteome and evaluated its response to the molluscicide niclosamide. The obtained results open new avenues for intervention aimed at its control or elimination, particularly by targeting the various cellular processes that were uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Lima Sanson
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Miguel Cosenza-Contreras
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Departamento de Física e Ciência Interdisciplinar, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Xavier Neves
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Hércules Guerra de Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Manthe RL, Rappaport JA, Long Y, Solomon M, Veluvolu V, Hildreth M, Gugutkov D, Marugan J, Zheng W, Muro S. δ-Tocopherol Effect on Endocytosis and Its Combination with Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Disorders: A New Type of Drug Interaction? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:823-833. [PMID: 31101681 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of lysosomal exocytosis alleviates lysosomal storage of undigested metabolites in cell models of lysosomal disorders (LDs). However, whether this strategy affects other vesicular compartments, e.g., those involved in endocytosis, is unknown. This is important both to predict side effects and to use this strategy in combination with therapies that require endocytosis for intracellular delivery, such as lysosomal enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). We investigated this using δ-tocopherol as a model previously shown to induce lysosomal exocytosis and cell models of type A Niemann-Pick disease, a LD characterized by acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) deficiency and sphingomyelin storage. δ-Tocopherol and derivative CF3-T reduced net accumulation of fluid phase, ligands, and polymer particles via phagocytic, caveolae-, clathrin-, and cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-mediated pathways, yet the latter route was less affected due to receptor overexpression. In agreement, δ-tocopherol lowered uptake of recombinant ASM by deficient cells (known to occur via the clathrin pathway) and via targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (associated to the CAM pathway). However, the net enzyme activity delivered and lysosomal storage attenuation were greater via the latter route. Data suggest stimulation of exocytosis by tocopherols is not specific of lysosomes and affects endocytic cargo. However, this effect was transient and became unnoticeable several hours after tocopherol removal. Therefore, induction of exocytosis in combination with therapies requiring endocytic uptake, such as ERT, may represent a new type of drug interaction, yet this strategy could be valuable if properly timed for minimal interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Manthe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Yan Long
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Melani Solomon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Vinay Veluvolu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Dencho Gugutkov
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Juan Marugan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Wei Zheng
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering (R.L.M., J.A.R., V.V., M.H.) and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (M.S., S.M.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.L., J.M., W.Z.); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain (D.G., S.M.); and Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.)
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