1
|
Picone P, Palumbo FS, Cancilla F, Girgenti A, Cancemi P, Muccilli V, Francesco AD, Cimino M, Cipollina C, Soligo M, Manni L, Sferrazza G, Scalisi L, Nuzzo D. Brain biodistribution of myelin nanovesicles with targeting potential for multiple sclerosis. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00459-8. [PMID: 39159713 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease with multiple players. In particular, peripheral (myelin-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes) and central immune cells (microglia) are involved in the neuroinflammatory process and are found in MS brain lesions. New nanotechnological approaches that can cross the blood-brain barrier and specifically target the key players in the disease using biocompatible nanomaterials with low immunoreactivity represent an important challenge. To this end, nanoparticles and nanovesicles have been studied to induce immune tolerance to a wide range of myelin-derived antigens as potential approaches against MS. To this aim, we extracted myelin from bovine brain and produced myelin-based nanovesicles (MyVes) by nanoprecipitation. MyVes have a diameter of about 100 nm, negative zeta potential and contain the typical proteins of the myelin sheath. The results showed that MyVes are not cytotoxic, are hemocompatibile and do not induce an inflammatory response. In vitro experiments showed that MyVes are specifically taken up by microglial cells and are able to induce the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. In addition, we have used biodistribution experiments to show that MyVes are able to reach the brain after intranasal administration. Finally, MyVes induced the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from MS patients. Taken together, these data provide proof of concept that MyVes may represent a safe nanosystem capable of promoting anti-inflammatory effects by modulating both central and peripheral immune cells to treat neuroinflammation in MS. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, nanoparticles and nanovesicles have been investigated as potential approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We propose the use of myelin nanovesicles (MyVes) as a potential application to counteract neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are estimated to live with MS. It is an autoimmune disease directed toward various myelin-derived antigens. Both peripheral immune cells (lymphocytes) and central immune cells (microglia) actively contribute to MS brain lesions. MyVes, due to their myelin nature, specific characteristics (size, zeta potential, and presence of myelin proteins), biocompatibility, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, could represent the first nanosystem capable of promoting anti-inflammatory actions by modulating both central and peripheral immune cells to treat neuroinflammation in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fabio Salvatore Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cancilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Girgenti
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, I-95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Francesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, I-95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cipollina
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy; Fondazione RiMED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, CNR Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Manni
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, CNR Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sferrazza
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, CNR Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di scienze biomediche, CNR, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Scalisi
- Centro medico di fisioterapia Villa Sarina, Alcamo 91011, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suliman BA. Potential clinical implications of molecular mimicry-induced autoimmunity. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1178. [PMID: 38415936 PMCID: PMC10832321 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mimicry is hypothesized to be a mechanism by which autoimmune diseases are triggered. It refers to sequence or structural homology between foreign antigens and self-antigens, which can activate cross-reactive lymphocytes that attack host tissues. Elucidating the role of molecular mimicry in human autoimmunity could have important clinical implications. OBJECTIVE To review evidence for the role of molecular mimicry in major autoimmune diseases and discuss potential clinical implications. METHODS Comprehensive literature review of clinical trials, observational studies, animal models, and immunology studies on molecular mimicry in multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune myocarditis, and primary biliary cirrhosis published from 2000-2023. RESULTS Substantial indirect evidence supports molecular mimicry as a contributor to loss of self-tolerance in several autoimmune conditions. Proposed microbial triggers include Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, Campylobacter jejuni, and bacterial commensals. Key mechanisms involve cross-reactive T cells and autoantibodies induced by epitope homology between microbial and self-antigens. Perpetuation of autoimmunity involves epitope spreading, inflammatory mediators, and genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS Molecular mimicry plausibly explains initial stages of autoimmune pathogenesis induced by infection or microbiota disturbances. Understanding mimicry antigens and pathways could enable improved prediction, monitoring, and antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disorders. However, definitive proof of causation in humans remains limited. Further research should focus on establishing clinical evidence and utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bandar A Suliman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesTaibah UniversityMadinahSaudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eva L, Pleș H, Covache-Busuioc RA, Glavan LA, Bratu BG, Bordeianu A, Dumitrascu DI, Corlatescu AD, Ciurea AV. A Comprehensive Review on Neuroimmunology: Insights from Multiple Sclerosis to Future Therapeutic Developments. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2489. [PMID: 37760930 PMCID: PMC10526343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review delves into neuroimmunology, focusing on its relevance to multiple sclerosis (MS) and potential treatment advancements. Neuroimmunology explores the intricate relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding these mechanisms is vital for grasping the pathophysiology of diseases like MS and for devising innovative treatments. This review introduces foundational neuroimmunology concepts, emphasizing the role of immune cells, cytokines, and blood-brain barrier in CNS stability. It highlights how their dysregulation can contribute to MS and discusses genetic and environmental factors influencing MS susceptibility. Cutting-edge research methods, from omics techniques to advanced imaging, have revolutionized our understanding of MS, offering valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools. This review also touches on the intriguing gut-brain axis, examining how gut microbiota impacts neuroimmunological processes and its potential therapeutic implications. Current MS treatments, from immunomodulatory drugs to disease-modifying therapies, are discussed alongside promising experimental approaches. The potential of personalized medicine, cell-based treatments, and gene therapy in MS management is also explored. In conclusion, this review underscores neuroimmunology's significance in MS research, suggesting that a deeper understanding could pave the way for more tailored and effective treatments for MS and similar conditions. Continued research and collaboration in neuroimmunology are essential for enhancing patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Eva
- Clinical Emergency Hospital “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu”, 700309 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Horia Pleș
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (NeuroPsy-Cog), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei Bordeianu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 București, Romania; (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (A.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ackun-Farmmer MA, Jewell CM. Delivery route considerations for designing antigen-specific biomaterial strategies to combat autoimmunity. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2200135. [PMID: 36938103 PMCID: PMC10019031 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modifying drugs and biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases, although promising, are non-curative. As the field moves towards development of new approaches to treat autoimmune disease, antigen-specific therapies immunotherapies (ASITs) have emerged. Despite clinical approval of ASITs for allergies, clinical trials using soluble ASITs for autoimmunity have been largely unsuccessful. A major effort to address this shortcoming is the use of biomaterials to harness the features unique to specific delivery routes. This review focuses on biomaterials being developed for delivery route-specific strategies to induce antigen-specific responses in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. We first discuss the delivery strategies used in ongoing and completed clinical trials in autoimmune ASITs. Next, we highlight pre-clinical biomaterial approaches from the most recent 3 years in the context of these same delivery route considerations. Lastly, we provide discussion on the gaps remaining in biomaterials development and comment on the need to consider delivery routes in the process of designing biomaterials for ASITs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Ackun-Farmmer
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Robles LM, Reichenberg LH, Grissom Ⅲ JH, Chi RJ, Piller KJ. Recombinant MBP-pσ1 expressed in soybean seeds delays onset and reduces developing disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:367-379. [PMID: 37283612 PMCID: PMC10240915 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that multiple sclerosis (MS) affects over 2.8 million people worldwide, with a prevalence that is expected to continue growing over time. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this autoimmune disease. For several decades, antigen-specific treatments have been used in animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to demonstrate their potential for suppressing autoimmune responses. Successes with preventing and limiting ongoing MS disease have been documented using a wide variety of myelin proteins, peptides, autoantigen-conjugates, and mimics when administered by various routes. While those successes were not translatable in the clinic, we have learned a great deal about the roadblocks and hurdles that must be addressed if such therapies are to be useful. Reovirus sigma1 protein (pσ1) is an attachment protein that allows the virus to target M cells with high affinity. Previous studies showed that autoantigens tethered to pσ1 delivered potent tolerogenic signals and diminished autoimmunity following therapeutic intervention. In this proof-of-concept study, we expressed a model multi-epitope autoantigen (human myelin basic protein, MBP) fused to pσ1 in soybean seeds. The expression of chimeric MBP-pσ1 was stable over multiple generations and formed the necessary multimeric structures required for binding to target cells. When administered to SJL mice prophylactically as an oral therapeutic, soymilk formulations containing MBP-pσ1 delayed the onset of clinical EAE and significantly reduced developing disease. These results demonstrate the practicality of soybean as a host for producing and formulating immune-modulating therapies to treat autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H. Grissom Ⅲ
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Richard J. Chi
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Piller
- SoyMeds, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahadik R, Kiptoo P, Tolbert T, Siahaan TJ. Immune Modulation by Antigenic Peptides and Antigenic Peptide Conjugates for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804. [PMID: 36381196 PMCID: PMC9648198 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system defends our body by fighting infection from pathogens utilizing both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response is generated rapidly as the first line of defense. It is followed by the adaptive immune response that selectively targets infected cells. The adaptive immune response is generated more slowly, but selectively, by targeting a wide range of foreign particles (i.e., viruses or bacteria) or molecules that enter the body, known as antigens. Autoimmune diseases are the results of immune system glitches, where the body's adaptive system recognizes self-antigens as foreign. Thus, the host immune system attacks the self-tissues or organs with a high level of inflammation and causes debilitation in patients. Many current treatments for autoimmune diseases (i.e., multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)) have been effective but lead to adverse side effects due to general immune system suppression, which makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. To counter these negative effects, many different avenues of antigen specific treatments are being developed to selectively target the autoreactive immune cells for a specific self-antigen or set of self-antigens while not compromising the general immune system. These approaches include soluble antigenic peptides, bifunctional peptide inhibitors (BPI) including IDAC and Fc-BPI, polymer conjugates, and peptide-drug conjugates. Here, various antigen-specific methods of potential treatments, their efficacy, and limitations will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | | | - Tom Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Au KM, Tisch R, Wang AZ. Immune Checkpoint Ligand Bioengineered Schwann Cells as Antigen-Specific Therapy for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107392. [PMID: 34775659 PMCID: PMC8813901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Failure to establish immune tolerance leads to the development of autoimmune disease. The ability to regulate autoreactive T cells without inducing systemic immunosuppression represents a major challenge in the development of new strategies to treat autoimmune disease. Here, a translational method for bioengineering programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)- and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86)-functionalized mouse Schwann cells (SCs) to prevent and ameliorate multiple sclerosis (MS) in established mouse models of chronic and relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is described. It is shown that the intravenous (i.v.) administration of immune checkpoint ligand functionalized mouse SCs modifies the course of disease and ameliorates EAE. Further, it is found that such bioengineered mouse SCs inhibit the differentiation of myelin-specific helper T cells into pathogenic T helper type-1 (Th 1) and type-17 (Th 17) cells, promote the development of tolerogenic myelin-specific regulatory T (Treg ) cells, and resolve inflammatory central nervous system microenvironments without inducing systemic immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Au
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Chen Y, Niu J, Yi C. New insights into the immunologic role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in demyelination diseases. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:343-352. [PMID: 35578762 PMCID: PMC9548433 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OL-lineage cells) are a cell population that are crucial for mammalian central nervous system (CNS) myelination. OL-lineage cells go through developmental stages, initially differentiating into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), before becoming immature oligodendrocytes, then mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). While the main function of cell lineage is in myelin formation, and increasing number of studies have turned to explore the immunological characteristics of these cells. Initially, these studies focused on discovering how OPCs and OLs are affected by the immune system, and then, how these immunological changes influence the myelination process. However, recent studies have uncovered another feature of OL-lineage cells in our immune systems. It would appear that OL-lineage cells also express immunological factors such as cytokines and chemokines in response to immune activation, and the expression of these factors changes under various pathologic conditions. Evidence suggests that OL-lineage cells actually modulate immune functions. Indeed, OL-lineage cells appear to play both "victim" and "agent" in the CNS which raises a number of questions. Here, we summarize immunologic changes in OL-lineage cells and their effects, as well as consider OL-lineage cell changes which influence immune cells under pathological conditions. We also describe some of the underlying mechanisms of these changes and their effects. Finally, we describe several studies which use OL-lineage cells as immunotherapeutic targets for demyelination diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Jianqin Niu, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Main street, Chongqing 400038, China. Tel: +86-13668016001, E-mail:
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Chenju Yi, Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Guangming (New) District, Shenzhen 518107, China. Tel: +86-13419189905, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsoukas JM, Ligielli I, Chasapis CT, Kelaidonis K, Apostolopoulos V, Mavromoustakos T. Novel Approaches in the Immunotherapy of Multiple Sclerosis: Cyclization of Myelin Epitope Peptides and Conjugation with Mannan. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1583. [PMID: 34942885 PMCID: PMC8699547 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a serious autoimmune disease. The patient in an advanced state of the disease has restrained mobility and remains handicapped. It is therefore understandable that there is a great need for novel drugs and vaccines for the treatment of MS. Herein we summarise two major approaches applied for the treatment of the disease using peptide molecules alone or conjugated with mannan. The first approach focuses on selective myelin epitope peptide or peptide mimetic therapy alone or conjugated with mannan, and the second on immune-therapy by preventing or controlling disease through the release of appropriate cytokines. In both approaches the use of cyclic peptides offers the advantage of increased stability from proteolytic enzymes. In these approaches, the synthesis of myelin epitope peptides conjugated to mannan is of particular interest as this was found to protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Protection was peptide-specific and associated with reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation. The aim of the studies of these peptide epitope analogs is to understand their molecular basis of interactions with human autoimmune T-cell receptor and a MS-associated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2b. This knowledge will lead the rational design to new beneficial non-peptide mimetic analogs for the treatment of MS. Some issues of the use of nanotechnology will also be addressed as a future trend to tackle the disease. We highlight novel immunomodulation and vaccine-based research against MS based on myelin epitope peptides and strategies developed in our laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 265 04 Platani, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece;
- Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patra, Greece
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pham MN, Khoryati L, Jamison BL, Hayes E, Sullivan JM, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. In Vivo Expansion of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells through Staggered Fc.IL-2 Mutein Dosing and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:782-791. [PMID: 34583939 PMCID: PMC11034776 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, Ag administration in the absence of adjuvant typically elicits tolerogenic immune responses through the deletion or inactivation of conventional CD4 T cells and the formation or expansion of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg). Although these "Ag-specific immunotherapy" (ASI) approaches are currently under clinical development to treat autoinflammatory conditions, efficacy and safety may be variable and unpredictable because of the diverse activation states of immune cells in subjects with autoimmune and allergic diseases. To reliably induce Ag-specific tolerance in patients, novel methods to control T cell responses during ASI are needed, and strategies that permanently increase Treg frequencies among Ag-specific CD4 T cells may provide long-lasting immunosuppression between treatments. In this study, we present an approach to durably increase the frequency of Ag-specific Treg in mice by administering ASI when Treg numbers are transiently increased with individual doses of a half-life-extended Treg-selective IL-2 mutein. Repeated weekly cycles of IL-2 mutein doses (day 0) followed by ASI (day 3) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold enrichment in Treg among Ag-responsive CD4 T cells. Expanded Ag-specific Treg persisted for more than 3 wk following treatment cessation, as well as through an inflammatory T cell response to an Ag-expressing virus. Combining Treg enrichment with ASI has the potential to durably treat autoimmune disease or allergy by increasing the Treg/conventional CD4 T cell ratio among autoantigen- or allergen-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh N Pham
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Erika Hayes
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Marc A Gavin
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
- Omeros Corp., Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Isono T, Ose N, Kawasaki K, Shibata A, Funaki S, Shintani Y. Myelin basic protein expression in thymoma after methylprednisolone administration for multiple sclerosis. Respirol Case Rep 2021; 9:e0834. [PMID: 34457311 PMCID: PMC8374605 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between thymic epithelial tumour and demyelinating disease (DD) is unknown and surgical resection has not been optimized. A 39-year-old woman was administrated methylprednisolone for newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis. A thymic tumour was found in the antero-superior mediastinum via computed tomography of the chest. Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy was performed. Histologically, the tumour was diagnosed as Type AB thymoma. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cytosol of spindle cells in the tumour specimen. Germinal centres or lymphocytes infiltration were not noted. Ectopic MBP presentation in thymoma might be correlated with DD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Isono
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Naoko Ose
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Keisuke Kawasaki
- Department of PathologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Ayumi Shibata
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mansilla MJ, Presas-Rodríguez S, Teniente-Serra A, González-Larreategui I, Quirant-Sánchez B, Fondelli F, Djedovic N, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Chwojnicki K, Miljković Đ, Trzonkowski P, Ramo-Tello C, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Paving the way towards an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis: advances in cell therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1353-1374. [PMID: 33958746 PMCID: PMC8167140 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of chronic neurological disability in young to middle-aged adults, affecting ~2.5 million people worldwide. Currently, most therapeutics for MS are systemic immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs, but these drugs are unable to halt or reverse the disease and have the potential to cause serious adverse events. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of next-generation treatments that, alone or in combination, stop the undesired autoimmune response and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. This review analyzes current MS treatments as well as different cell-based therapies that have been proposed to restore homeostasis in MS patients (tolerogenic dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and vaccination with T cells). Data collected from preclinical studies performed in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS in animals, in vitro cultures of cells from MS patients and the initial results of phase I/II clinical trials are analyzed to better understand which parameters are relevant for obtaining an efficient cell-based therapy for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Mansilla
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - S Presas-Rodríguez
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Teniente-Serra
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I González-Larreategui
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B Quirant-Sánchez
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Fondelli
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Djedovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Poltreg S.A., Gdańsk, Poland
| | - K Chwojnicki
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Đ Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Poltreg S.A., Gdańsk, Poland
| | - C Ramo-Tello
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E M Martínez-Cáceres
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen XY, Du GS, Sun X. Targeting Lymphoid Tissues to Promote Immune Tolerance. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Guang Sheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moorman CD, Sohn SJ, Phee H. Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657768. [PMID: 33854514 PMCID: PMC8039385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had long been immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines. At the frontier of these biologic drugs are TNF-α blockers. These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. TNF-α blockade quickly became the "standard of care" for these autoimmune diseases due to their effectiveness in controlling disease and decreasing patient's adverse risk profiles compared to broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents. However, anti-TNF-α therapies have limitations, including known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. In this review, we will focus on three main areas of active research in immune tolerance. First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Advances in Multiple Sclerosis Research-Series I. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110795. [PMID: 33137992 PMCID: PMC7692630 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular, multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue, “Advances in Multiple Sclerosis Research—Series I”, focused on delivery methods used for immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, anti-inflammatories, identification of markers, methods for detection and monitoring MS and treatment modalities. The issue gained much attention with 20 publications, and, as a result, we launched Series II with the deadline for submission being 30 April 2021.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu WC, Song SJ, Zhang Y, Li X. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579043. [PMID: 33072123 PMCID: PMC7538611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are conditions that emerge from abnormal immune responses to natural parts of the body. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures found in almost all types of cells. Because EVs often transport “cargo” between cells, their ability to crosstalk may be an important communication pathway within the body. The pathophysiological role of EVs is increasingly recognized in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, Type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease. EVs are considered as biomarkers of these diseases. This article outlines existing knowledge on the biogenesis of EVs, their role as messegers in cellular communication and the function in T/B cell differentiation and maturation, and focusing on their potential application in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeng Y, Li Z, Zhu H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Luo K. Recent Advances in Nanomedicines for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6571-6597. [PMID: 35019387 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zeng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mannie MD, DeOca KB, Bastian AG, Moorman CD. Tolerogenic vaccines: Targeting the antigenic and cytokine niches of FOXP3 + regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104173. [PMID: 32712270 PMCID: PMC7444458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a critical barrier that enforces tolerance to both the self-peptidome and the extended-self peptidome to ensure tissue-specific resistance to autoimmune, allergic, and other inflammatory disorders. Here, we review intuitive models regarding how T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity and antigen recognition efficiency shape the Treg and conventional T cell (Tcon) repertoires to adaptively regulate T cell maintenance, tissue-residency, phenotypic stability, and immune function in peripheral tissues. Three zones of TCR recognition efficiency are considered, including Tcon recognition of specific low-efficiency self MHC-ligands, Treg recognition of intermediate-efficiency agonistic self MHC-ligands, and Tcon recognition of cross-reactive high-efficiency agonistic foreign MHC-ligands. These respective zones of TCR recognition efficiency are key to understanding how tissue-resident immune networks integrate the antigenic complexity of local environments to provide adaptive decisions setting the balance of suppressive and immunogenic responses. Importantly, deficiencies in the Treg repertoire appear to be an important cause of chronic inflammatory disease. Deficiencies may include global deficiencies in Treg numbers or function, subtle 'holes in the Treg repertoire' in tissue-resident Treg populations, or simply Treg insufficiencies that are unable to counter an overwhelming molecular mimicry stimulus. Tolerogenic vaccination and Treg-based immunotherapy are two therapeutic modalities meant to restore dominance of Treg networks to reverse chronic inflammatory disease. Studies of these therapeutic modalities in a preclinical setting have provided insight into the Treg niche, including the concept that intermediate-efficiency TCR signaling, high IFN-β concentrations, and low IL-2 concentrations favor Treg responses and active dominant mechanisms of immune tolerance. Overall, the purpose here is to assimilate new and established concepts regarding how cognate TCR specificity of the Treg repertoire and the contingent cytokine networks provide a foundation for understanding Treg suppressive strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Kayla B DeOca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Alexander G Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| |
Collapse
|