1
|
Kang D, Zhang Y, Wu G, Song C, Peng X, Long Y, Yu G, Tang H, Gui Y, Wang Q, Yuan T, Wu R. The Effect of Accelerated Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation on Weight Loss in Overweight Individuals With Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:589-599. [PMID: 37921353 PMCID: PMC11059792 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Obesity is a common comorbidity in individuals with schizophrenia and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. At present, there are limited effective approaches for addressing this issue. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of noninvasive magnetic stimulation techniques in reducing obesity in individuals with schizophrenia. STUDY DESIGN Forty overweight individuals with schizophrenia were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either the active or sham intervention. The active group received 50 accelerated continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) sessions over the left primary motor area (M1), while the sham group received sham stimulation. The primary outcomes were the change in body weight and body mass index (BMI), and the secondary outcomes were the psychiatric symptoms, eating behavior scales, metabolic measures, and electrophysiological to food picture stimuli. STUDY RESULTS The study demonstrated a significant decrease in body weight and BMI after the intervention selectively in the active group (mean = -1.33 kg, P = .002), and this improvement remained at the 1-month follow-up (mean = -2.02 kg, P = .008). The score on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (mean = -1.78, P = 0.036) decreased in the active group and mediated the effect of accelerated cTBS on body weight. In the food picture cue electroencephalograph task, the late positive potential component, which is related to motivated attention and emotional processing, decreased in frontal brain regions and increased in posterior regions after the active intervention. CONCLUSIONS The accelerated cTBS may offer a promising approach for treating obesity in individuals with schizophrenia. Further research with a larger sample size or individualized stimulation protocol should be promising. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05086133).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuhan Song
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinjie Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujun Long
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yawei Gui
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi’an, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi’an, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gorniak SL, Meng H, Yazdekhasti S, Pollonini L. Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index in children and young adults aged 8-19 years: implications for functional neuroimaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10030. [PMID: 38496331 PMCID: PMC10940915 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High body mass index (BMI) is presumed to signify high amounts of fat (subcutaneous adipose tissue) distributed across the body. High amounts of fat co-occurring with increased BMI has been cited as a potential neuroimaging barrier. Presence of increased fat may result in high electrical impedance and increased light diffusion-resulting in low signal to noise ratios during electroencepholography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) measurements. Examining if subcutaneous fat in the head increases with respect to total body fat percentage and BMI in school-aged children and adolescents is an essential next step in developing possible mathematical corrections for neuroimaging modalities. We hypothesized that percentage of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region would increase with respect to both total body fat percentage and BMI. Increased subcutaneous head fat percentage was associated with a positive linear relationship with BMI and a quadratic relationship with total body fat. The data indicate that participant age, sex, and adiposity should be considered in the development of model corrections for neuroimaging signal processing in school-aged children and adolescents. Strength of regression coefficients in our models differed from those in adults, indicating that age-specific models should be utilized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Gorniak
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saba Yazdekhasti
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luca Pollonini
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seybert C, Cotovio G, Rodrigues da Silva D, Faro Viana F, Pereira P, Oliveira-Maia AJ. Replicability of motor cortex-excitability modulation by intermittent theta burst stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 152:22-33. [PMID: 37269770 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows for cortical-excitability (CE) assessment and its modulation has been associated with neuroplasticity-like phenomena, thought to be impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the stability of these measures has been challenged, defying their potential as biomarkers. This study aimed to test the temporal stability of cortical-excitability modulation and study the impact of individual and methodological factors in determining within- and between-subject variability. METHODS We recruited healthy-subjects to assess motor cortex (MC) excitability modulation, collecting motor evoked potentials (MEP) from both hemispheres, before and after left-sided intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), to obtain a measure of MEPs change (delta-MEPs). To assess stability across-time, the protocol was repeated after 6 weeks. Socio-demographic and psychological variables were collected to test association with delta-MEPs. RESULTS We found modulatory effects on left MC and not on right hemisphere following iTBS of left MC. Left delta-MEP was stable across-time when performed immediately after iTBS (ICC = 0.69), only when obtained first in left hemisphere. We discovered similar results in a replication cohort testing only left MC (ICC = 0.68). No meaningful associations were found between demographic and psychological factors and delta-MEPs. CONCLUSIONS Delta-MEP is stable immediately after modulation and not impacted by different individual factors, including expectation about TMS-effect. SIGNIFICANCE Motor cortex excitability modulation immediately after iTBS should be further explored as a potential biomarker for neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Seybert
- Champalimaud Research & Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cotovio
- Champalimaud Research & Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Francisco Faro Viana
- Champalimaud Research & Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Physics, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Champalimaud Research & Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Portuguese Red Cross Health School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Albino J Oliveira-Maia
- Champalimaud Research & Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sui SX, Balanta-Melo J, Pasco JA, Plotkin LI. Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:260-272. [PMID: 35764750 PMCID: PMC9522710 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive impairment is associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. However, no critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment, focusing on the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms, has been published to date. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and provide an outline of future directions that will improve our understanding of the connections between the brain and the musculoskeletal system. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature suggests that musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment share pathophysiological pathways and risk factors. Cytokines and hormones affect both the brain and the musculoskeletal system; yet, lack of unified definitions and standards makes it difficult to compare studies. Interventions designed to improve musculoskeletal health are plausible means of preventing or slowing cognitive impairment. We highlight several musculoskeletal health interventions that show potential in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X Sui
- Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Deakin University, IMPACT - Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5022A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Universidad del Valle School of Dentistry, Cali, Colombia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Deakin University, IMPACT - Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Campus, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5022A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
La Marra M, Messina A, Ilardi CR, Verde G, Amato R, Esposito N, Troise S, Orlando A, Messina G, Monda V, Di Maio G, Villano I. The Neglected Factor in the Relationship between Executive Functioning and Obesity: The Role of Motor Control. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091775. [PMID: 36141387 PMCID: PMC9498752 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between obesity and executive functions (EFs) is highly controversial. It has been suggested that waist circumference (WC), compared to body mass index (BMI), is a better indicator of fat mass and EFs in obesity. Moreover, according to the viewpoint that the brain’s functional architecture meets the need for interactive behavior, we hypothesize that the relationship between EFs and body weight might be mediated by the motor performance. Methods: General executive functioning (frontal assessment battery-15), additional cognitive subdomains (trail making test and digit span backward), and motor performance (finger tapping task) were assessed in a sample that included 330 volunteers (192 females, M age = 45.98 years, SD = 17.70, range = 18–86 years). Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the FAB15 score and FTT negatively predicted WC but not BMI. A subsequent mediation analysis highlighted that the indirect effect of FAB15 on WC through finger tapping was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that WC, as compared to BMI, is a more effective measure for studying the association between EFs and body weight. Still, we found that the motor domain partially mediates the dynamics of such a relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Verde
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Amato
- Neurological Unit, CTO Hospital, AORN “Ospedali dei Colli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Troise
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scarpina F, Fossataro C, Sebastiano AR, Bruni F, Scacchi M, Mauro A, Garbarini F. Behavioural evidence of altered sensory attenuation in obesity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2064-2072. [PMID: 34825612 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211065766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body ownership (i.e., the conscious belief of owning a body) and sense of agency (i.e., being the agent of one's own movements) are part of a pre-reflective experience of bodily self, which grounds on low-level complex sensory-motor processes. Although previous literature had already investigated body ownership in obesity, sense of agency was never explored. Here, we exploited the sensory attenuation effect (i.e., an implicit marker of the sense of agency; SA effect) to investigate whether the sense of agency was altered in a sample of 18 individuals affected by obesity as compared with 18 healthy-weight individuals. In our experiment, participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of self-generated and other-generated tactile stimuli. Healthy-weight individuals showed a significantly greater SA effect than participants affected by obesity. Indeed, while healthy-weight participants perceived self-generated stimuli as significantly less intense as compared to externally generated ones, this difference between stimuli was not reported by affected participants. Our results relative to the SA effect pinpointed an altered sense of agency in obesity. We discussed this finding within the motor control framework with reference to obesity. We encouraged future research to further explore such effect and its role in shaping the clinical features of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Fossataro
- MANIBUS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bruni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Medicina Generale, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adermark L, Gutierrez S, Lagström O, Hammarlund M, Licheri V, Johansson ME. Weight gain and neuroadaptations elicited by high fat diet depend on fatty acid composition. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105143. [PMID: 33493754 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Overconsumption of food is a major health concern in the western world. Palatable food has been shown to alter the activity of neural circuits, and obesity has been linked to alterations in the connectivity between the hypothalamus and cortical regions involved in decision-making and reward processing, putatively modulating the incentive value of food. Outlining neurophysiological adaptations induced by dietary intake of high fat diets (HFD) is thus valuable to establish how the diet by itself may promote overeating. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD rich in either saturated fatty acids (HFD-S) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (HFD-P), or a low-fat control diet (LFD) for four weeks. Food and energy intake were monitored and ex vivo electrophysiology was employed to assess neuroadaptations in lateral hypothalamus (LH) and corticostriatal circuits, previously associated with food intake. In addition, the effects of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the gene expression of NMDA, AMPA and GABAA receptor subunits in the hypothalamus were investigated. Our data shows that mice fed HFD-P had increased daily food and energy intake compared with mice fed HFD-S or LFD. However, this increase in energy intake had no obesogenic effects. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that HFD-P had a selective effect on glutamatergic neurotransmission in the LH, which was concomitant with a change in mRNA expression of AMPA receptor subtypes Gria1, Gria3 and Gria4, with no effect on the mRNA expression of NMDA receptor subtypes or GABAA receptor subtypes. Furthermore, while synaptic output from corticostriatal subregions was not significantly modulated by diet, synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term depression (LTD) was impaired in the dorsomedial striatum of mice fed HFD-S. In conclusion, this study suggests that the composition of fatty acids in the diet not only affects weight gain, but may also modulate neuronal function and plasticity in brain regions involved in food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Adermark
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Deparment of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Saray Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oona Lagström
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hammarlund
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Licheri
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sui SX, Hordacre B, Pasco JA. Are Sarcopenia and Cognitive Dysfunction Comorbid after Stroke in the Context of Brain-Muscle Crosstalk? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020223. [PMID: 33671531 PMCID: PMC7926475 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability and is responsible for a significant economic burden. Sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction are common consequences of stroke, but there is less awareness of the concurrency of these conditions. In addition, few reviews are available to guide clinicians and researchers on how to approach sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction as comorbidities after stroke, including how to assess and manage them and implement interventions to improve health outcomes. This review synthesises current knowledge about the relationship between post-stroke sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction, including the physiological pathways, assessment tools, and interventions involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X. Sui
- IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Deakin University, Victoria, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-42153306 (ext. 53306); Fax: +61-3-42153491
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Julie A. Pasco
- IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Deakin University, Victoria, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Department of Medicine–Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| |
Collapse
|