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Forte G, Troisi G, Favieri F, Casagrande M. Inhibition changes across the lifespan: experimental evidence from the Stroop task. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:336. [PMID: 38849952 PMCID: PMC11162033 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals constantly exert inhibitory control over their thoughts and behaviors to plan actions that compete with habits and impulses. Cognitive inhibition enhances the selection of task-relevant stimuli and is closely related to neural changes that occur across the lifespan. Since few studies have focused on the entire lifespan, this study aimed to assess cognitive inhibition abilities in a sample of 425 healthy participants (age range: 7-88 years) using the Stroop task. The participants were grouped according to age into children, adolescents, young adults, adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. A series of ANOVAs considered Group as the independent variable and Performance indices as the dependent variables. The children did not show an interference effect (Stroop effect), likely due to the lack of an automated reading process as a consequence of ongoing brain maturation. Adolescents and young adults performed significantly faster than older adults did. The results indicate that response speed reaches its peak during adolescence and young adulthood and then slightly decreases until older age. Nevertheless, when compared with the other groups, only older adults showed significant differences in the Stroop effect, suggesting that inhibitory abilities remain relatively consistent throughout adulthood but rapidly worsen in recent years due to the physiological decline in cognitive and brain functioning associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Troisi
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Marselli G, Favieri F, Forte G, Corbo I, Agostini F, Guarino A, Casagrande M. The protective role of cognitive reserve: an empirical study in mild cognitive impairment. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:334. [PMID: 38849930 PMCID: PMC11157959 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes an aging profile characterized by a cognitive decline that is worse than expected in normal aging but less pervasive and critical than full-blown dementia. In the absence of an effective treatment strategy, it is important to identify factors that can protect against progression to dementia. In this field, it is hypothesized that one aspect that may be a protective factor against the neurotypical outcome of dementia is cognitive reserve (CR). Cognitive reserve is the ability to maintain cognitive functionality despite accumulating brain pathology. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to identify and analyze the differences in CR between healthy adults and patients with MCI. Specifically, it is hypothesized that (i) healthy older adult people have higher CR than older adult people diagnosed with MCI, and (II) CR could predict the classification of subjects into people with or without MCI. METHODS Two hundred forty-three adults (mean age = 60.4, SD = 7.4) participated in the present study and were classified into three groups based on Petersen's MCI criteria: healthy controls (HC), amnestic MCI (aMCI), and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) was administered to assess the level of CR, FINDINGS: Results showed that HC had significantly higher CR scores than participants diagnosed with aMCI and naMCI. Moreover, a binomial logistic regression suggested that low CR was a significant risk factor for the MCI diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The clinical picture that emerged from the results showed that lower CR could be considered a characteristic of pathological aging, such as MCI.Public significance statement, Since the brain attempts to cope with life-related changes or pathologies, it is fundamental for both clinicians and researchers to investigate further the factors that contribute to brain resilience. As an indirect expression of brain reserve, cognitive reserve may be both a marker and a predictor of adaptive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marselli
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corbo
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy.
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Forte G, Favieri F, Marotta A, Arcari L, Cacciotti L, Casagrande M. The Efficiency of Attentional Networks in Takostubo Syndrome: A Study With the Attentional Network Task for Interaction. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:469-479. [PMID: 38069477 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231215517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of cardiovascular risk factors in the occurrence and progression of cognitive impairment is relevant in aging studies. In this condition, attention is one of the processes less studied, but preliminary evidence suggests an association between cardiometabolic alterations and attentional decline. Attention is not a unitary process but a set of independent systems (Alerting, Orienting, Executive), which can interact in certain conditions to ensure maximum behavioral efficiency. METHODS We investigated attentive networks and their interactions in patients with Takostubo syndrome (TTS). In all, 20 participants with TTS and 20 individuals without cardiovascular pathologies performed an Attention-Network Task for Interaction, which assesses attentional networks and their interactions. RESULTS Patients with TTS showed an atypical orienting effect when compared to the control group. Moreover, only the control group exhibited an interaction between orienting and alerting. CONCLUSION These findings establish the relevance of brain-heart interaction in identifying attentional impairment as a prodrome of progressively severe cognitive impairment in TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marotta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luca Arcari
- Cardiology Unit, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Wang L, Liang X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Sun T, Yu X, Wu D, Wang H. Cerebral dominance representation of directed connectivity within and between left-right hemispheres and frontal-posterior lobes in mild cognitive impairment. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11279-11286. [PMID: 37804252 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography can assess connectivity between brain hemispheres, potentially influencing cognitive functions. Much of the existing electroencephalography research primarily focuses on undirected connectivity, leaving uncertainties about directed connectivity alterations between left-right brain hemispheres or frontal-posterior lobes in mild cognitive impairment. We analyzed resting-state electroencephalography data from 34 mild cognitive impairment individuals and 23 normal controls using directed transfer function and graph theory for directed network analysis. Concerning the dominance within left-right hemispheres or frontal-posterior lobes, the mild cognitive impairment group exhibited decreased connectivity within the frontal compared with posterior brain regions in the delta and theta bands. Regarding the dominance between the brain hemispheres or lobes, the mild cognitive impairment group showed reduced connectivity from the posterior to the frontal regions versus the reverse direction in the same bands. Among all participants, the intra-lobe frontal-posterior dominance correlated positively with executive function in the delta and alpha bands. Inter-lobe dominance between frontal and posterior regions also positively correlated with executive function, attention, and language in the delta band. Additionally, interhemispheric dominance between the left and right hemispheres positively correlated with attention in delta and theta bands. These findings suggest altered cerebral dominance in mild cognitive impairment, potentially serving as electrophysiological markers for neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchun Wang
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xixi Liang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zili Fan
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Huali Wang
- Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Kim N, Jamison K, Jaywant A, Garetti J, Blunt E, RoyChoudhury A, Butler T, Dams-O'Connor K, Khedr S, Chen CC, Shetty T, Winchell R, Hill NJ, Schiff ND, Kuceyeski A, Shah SA. Comparisons of electrophysiological markers of impaired executive attention after traumatic brain injury and in healthy aging. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120126. [PMID: 37191655 PMCID: PMC10286242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive attention impairments are a persistent and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To make headway towards treating and predicting outcomes following heterogeneous TBI, cognitive impairment specific pathophysiology first needs to be characterized. In a prospective observational study, we measured EEG during the attention network test aimed at detecting alerting, orienting, executive attention and processing speed. The sample (N = 110) of subjects aged 18-86 included those with and without traumatic brain injury: n = 27, complicated mild TBI; n = 5, moderate TBI; n = 10, severe TBI; n = 63, non-brain-injured controls. Subjects with TBI had impairments in processing speed and executive attention. Electrophysiological markers of executive attention processing in the midline frontal regions reveal that, as a group, those with TBI and elderly non-brain-injured controls have reduced responses. We also note that those with TBI and elderly controls have responses that are similar for both low and high-demand trials. In subjects with moderate-severe TBI, reductions in frontal cortical activation and performance profiles are both similar to that of controls who are ∼4 to 7 years older. Our specific observations of frontal response reductions in subjects with TBI and in older adults is consistent with the suggested role of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit as underlying cognitive impairments. Our results provide novel correlative data linking specific pathophysiological mechanisms underlying domain-specific cognitive deficits following TBI and with normal aging. Collectively, our findings provide biomarkers that may serve to track therapeutic interventions and guide development of targeted therapeutics following brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Keith Jamison
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Jacob Garetti
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Emily Blunt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Arindam RoyChoudhury
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Tracy Butler
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Shahenda Khedr
- Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Queens, NY 11355, United States
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Queens, NY 11355, United States; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Teena Shetty
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021 United States
| | - Robert Winchell
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - N Jeremy Hill
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, State University of New York at Albany, NY 12226, United States
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Department of BMRI & Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Sudhin A Shah
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of BMRI & Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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Cammisuli DM, Franzoni F, Fusi J, Scarfò G, Castelnuovo G. Engagement in a structured physical activity program and its effects upon health-related quality of life in elderly women: An observational study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1135433. [PMID: 37034950 PMCID: PMC10075252 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1135433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process associated with an impairment in functional capacity and low health-related quality of life (HRQoL) due to a high frequency of chronic diseases in the elderly population. Regular physical activity (PA) may limit some physiological effects of sedentary lifestyle and increase life expectancy. An observational was conducted to measure the HRQoL among older adults living in the community, by comparing a convenience sample of elderly females practicing a structured program of PA from 2 to 3 times per week in 60-min sessions (i.e., active females, AFs) to a sample of participants adopting lifestyle behaviors expending little energy (i.e., sedentary females, SFs). A validated questionnaire (the RAND 36-item) was used as outcome measure. All participants were assessed in terms of cognitive status (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to exclude mild cognitive impairment, divided attention/executive functioning (Trail Making Test, Stroop Test) and psychopathological dimensions of anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, GAI), and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS). Non-parametric analysis revealed that AFs and SFs differed significantly in the RAND Energy/Fatigue (E/F), Emotional Wellbeing (EW), and Social Functioning (SoF), that was however influenced by education level. Moreover, E/F and EW were negatively associated to anxiety and depression, while SoF was influenced by divided attention. PA results in a healthful behavior for combating feelings of fatigue and low energy as well as emotional distress that can affect health status perception in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jonathan Fusi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarfò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University, Milan, Italy
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Corbo I, Casagrande M. Higher-Level Executive Functions in Healthy Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051204. [PMID: 35268294 PMCID: PMC8911402 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a moderate decline in one or more cognitive functions with a preserved autonomy in daily life activities. MCI exhibits cognitive, behavioral, psychological symptoms. The executive functions (EFs) are key functions for everyday life and physical and mental health and allow for the behavior to adapt to external changes. Higher-level executive functions develop from basic EFs (inhibition, working memory, attentional control, and cognitive flexibility). They are planning, reasoning, problem solving, and fluid intelligence (Gf). This systematic review investigates the relationship between higher-level executive functions and healthy and pathological aging, assuming the role of executive functions deficits as a predictor of cognitive decline. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statement. A total of 73 studies were identified. The results indicate that 65.8% of the studies confirm significant EFs alterations in MCI (56.8% planning, 50% reasoning, 100% problem solving, 71.4% fluid intelligence). These results seem to highlight a strong prevalence of higher-level executive functions deficits in MCI elderly than in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Corbo
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Abdul Razzak R, Bagust J. Perceptual lateralization on the Rod-and-Frame Test in young and older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35138959 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2030741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an overall left visual field/right hemisphere advantage in young adults for masked, tachistoscopically presented images on the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT). This study explored potential age-related lateralization differences in processing of visual context on the RFT. METHODS The 35 young and 33 older adults aligned a rod surrounded either by no frame, a vertical, or leftward/rightward tilted frame to their perceived vertical. Algebraic errors of rod alignment were used to derive the rod-and-frame effect (RFE) and asymmetry index. RESULTS Young adults had frequent indirect effects, mostly to the right-tilted frame, while older adults hardly produced any. Compared with nontilted frames, young adults displayed larger alignment errors with left-tilted frames; however, older adults exhibited this same effect for both frame tilt conditions. Young adults had smaller RFE values than older adults for the right-tilted frame, with no age-related difference in RFE for the left-tilted frame or asymmetry index. The negative asymmetry index was statistically different from the true vertical only in young adults. CONCLUSION There is an age-related reduction in the right hemisphere processing of left-sided visual contexts on the RFT. Such findings can assist clinicians to improve interpretation of RFT findings in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Abdul Razzak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Jeff Bagust
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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9
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Casagrande M, Marselli G, Agostini F, Forte G, Favieri F, Guarino A. The complex burden of determining prevalence rates of mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:960648. [PMID: 36213927 PMCID: PMC9537698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.960648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome characterized by a decline in cognitive performance greater than expected for an individual's age and education level, but that does not interfere much with daily life activities. Establishing the prevalence of MCI is very important for both clinical and research fields. In fact, in a certain percentage of cases, MCI represents a prodromal condition for the development of dementia. Accordingly, it is important to identify the characteristics of MCI that allow us to predict the development of dementia. Also, initial detection of cognitive decline can allow the early implementation of prevention programs aimed at counteracting or slowing it down. To this end, it is important to have a clear picture of the prevalence of MCI and, consequently, of the diagnostic criteria used. According to these issues, this systematic review aims to analyze MCI prevalence, exploring the methods for diagnosing MCI that determine its prevalence. The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Three thousand one hundred twenty-one international articles were screened, and sixty-six were retained. In these studies, which involved 157,035 subjects, the prevalence of MCI ranged from 1.2 to 87%. The review results showed a large heterogeneity among studies due to differences in the subjects' recruitment, the diagnostic criteria, the assessed cognitive domains, and other methodological aspects that account for a higher range of MCI prevalence. This large heterogeneity prevents drawing any firm conclusion about the prevalence of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marselli
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Body and Action Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Body and Action Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Guarino
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Assessing the three attentional networks in children from three to six years: A child-friendly version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:1403-1415. [PMID: 34595673 PMCID: PMC9170641 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention involves three functionally and neuroanatomically distinct neural networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. This study aimed to analyze the development of attentional networks in children aged between 3 and 6 years using a child-friendly version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction (ANTI), the ANTI-Birds. The sample included 88 children divided into four age groups: 3-year-old, 4-year-old, 5-year-old, 6-year-old children. The results of this study would seem to indicate that between 4 and 6 years, there are no significant changes in attentional networks. Instead, between 3 and 4 years of age, children significantly improve all their attentional skills.
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