1
|
Wu H, Huang Y, Qin P, Wu H. Individual Differences in Bodily Self-Consciousness and Its Neural Basis. Brain Sci 2024; 14:795. [PMID: 39199487 PMCID: PMC11353174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bodily self-consciousness (BSC), a subject of interdisciplinary interest, refers to the awareness of one's bodily states. Previous studies have noted the existence of individual differences in BSC, while neglecting the underlying factors and neural basis of such individual differences. Considering that BSC relied on integration from both internal and external self-relevant information, we here review previous findings on individual differences in BSC through a three-level-self model, which includes interoceptive, exteroceptive, and mental self-processing. The data show that cross-level factors influenced individual differences in BSC, involving internal bodily signal perceptibility, multisensory processing principles, personal traits shaped by environment, and interaction modes that integrate multiple levels of self-processing. Furthermore, in interoceptive processing, regions like the anterior cingulate cortex and insula show correlations with different perceptions of internal sensations. For exteroception, the parietal lobe integrates sensory inputs, coordinating various BSC responses. Mental self-processing modulates differences in BSC through areas like the medial prefrontal cortex. For interactions between multiple levels of self-processing, regions like the intraparietal sulcus involve individual differences in BSC. We propose that diverse experiences of BSC can be attributed to different levels of self-processing, which moderates one's perception of their body. Overall, considering individual differences in BSC is worth amalgamating diverse methodologies for the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Pengmin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
- Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nusbaum F, Hannoun S, Barile B, Suprano I, Mouchet S, Sappey-Marinier D. Personal Income Performance Correlates with Brain Structural Network Modularity but Not Intelligence Quotient. Brain Connect 2024; 14:284-293. [PMID: 38848246 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2023.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in conjunction with brain graph techniques to define brain structural connectivity and investigate its association with personal income (PI) in individuals of various ages and intelligence quotients (IQ). Methods: MRI examinations were performed on 55 male subjects (mean age: 40.1 ± 9.4 years). Graph data and metrics were generated, and DTI images were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). All subjects underwent the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for a reliable estimation of the full-scale IQ (FSIQ), which includes verbal comprehension index, perceptual reasoning index, working memory index, and processing speed index. The performance score was defined as the monthly PI normalized by the age of the subject. Results: The analysis of global graph metrics showed that modularity correlated positively with performance score (p = 0.003) and negatively with FSIQ (p = 0.04) and processing speed index (p = 0.005). No significant correlations were found between IQ indices and performance scores. Regional analysis of graph metrics showed modularity differences between right and left networks in sub-cortical (p = 0.001) and frontal (p = 0.044) networks. TBSS analysis showed greater axial and mean diffusivities in the high-performance group in correlation with their modular brain organization. Conclusion: This study showed that PI performance is strongly correlated with a modular organization of brain structural connectivity, which implies short and rapid networks, providing automatic and unconscious brain processing. Additionally, the lack of correlation between performance and IQ suggests a reduced role of academic reasoning skills in performance to the advantage of high uncertainty decision-making networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Nusbaum
- Health Systemic Process (P2S), UR 4129, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Salem Hannoun
- Medical Imaging Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Berardino Barile
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1294, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ilaria Suprano
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1294, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Mouchet
- Service de Psychiatrie Légale - Pôle Santé Mentale des Détenus et Psychiatrie Légale, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Dominique Sappey-Marinier
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1294, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gainotti G, Keenan JP. Editorial: Emotional lateralization and psychopathology. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1231283. [PMID: 37457769 PMCID: PMC10338332 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gainotti
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Julian Paul Keenan
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroimaging, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Braccagni G, Scheggi S, Bortolato M. Elevated levels of serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors in the orbitofrontal cortex of antisocial individuals. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:411-425. [PMID: 36094569 PMCID: PMC10831872 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial behavior (ASB) is characterized by frequent violations of the rights and properties of others, as well as aggressive conduct. While ample evidence points to a critical role of serotonin in the emotional modulation of social responses, the implication of this neurotransmitter in ASB is unclear. Here, we performed the first-ever postmortem analysis of serotonergic markers in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of male subjects with ASB (n = 9). We focused on this brain region, given its well-recognized role in social response and ASB pathophysiology. Given that all individuals also had a substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis, two age-matched control groups were used: SUD only and unaffected controls. Tissues were processed for immunoblotting analyses on eight key serotonergic targets: tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme of brain serotonin synthesis; serotonin transporter (SERT), the primary carrier for serotonin uptake; monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), the primary enzyme for serotonin catabolism; and five serotonin receptors previously shown to influence social behavior: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT4. Our analyses documented a significant increase in 5-HT2A receptor levels in the ASB + SUD group compared to SUD-only controls. Furthermore, TPH2 levels were significantly reduced in the SUD group (including SUD only and ASB + SUD) compared to unaffected controls. No difference was detected in the expression of any other serotonergic target. These results are in keeping with previous evidence showing high 5-HT2A receptor binding in the OFC of pathologically aggressive individuals and point to this molecule as a potential target for ASB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Braccagni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ljubisavljevic M, Basha J, Ismail FY. The effects of prefrontal vs. parietal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation on craving, inhibition, and measures of self-esteem. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998875. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While prefrontal cortex dysfunction has been implicated in high food cravings, other cortical regions, like the parietal cortex, are potentially also involved in regulating craving. This study explored the effects of stimulating the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on food craving state and trait. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was administered at 1.5 mA for 5 consecutive days. Participants received 20 min of IPL, DLPFC, or sham stimulation (SHAM) each day which consisted of two rounds of 10-min stimulation, divided by a 10-min mindfulness task break. In addition, we studied inhibition and subjective psychological aspects like body image and self-esteem state and trait. To decompose immediate and cumulative effects, we measured the following on days 1 and 5: inhibition through the Go/No-go task; and food craving, self-esteem, and body appreciation through a battery of questionnaires. We found that false alarm errors decreased in the participants receiving active stimulation in the DLPFC (DLPFC-group). In contrast, false alarm errors increased in participants receiving active stimulation in the IPL (IPL-group). At the same time, no change was found in the participants receiving SHAM (SHAM-group). There was a trending reduction in craving trait in all groups. Momentary craving was decreased in the DLPFC-group and increased in IPL-group, yet a statistical difference was not reached. According to time and baseline, self-esteem and body perception improved in the IPL-group. Furthermore, self-esteem trait significantly improved over time in the DLPFC-group and IPL-group. These preliminary results indicate that tDCS modulates inhibition in frontoparietal areas with opposite effects, enhancing it in DLPFC and impairing it in IPL. Moreover, craving is moderately linked to inhibition, self-esteem, and body appreciation which seem not to be affected by neuromodulation but may rely instead on broader regions as more complex constructs. Finally, the fractionated protocol can effectively influence inhibition with milder effects on other constructs.
Collapse
|