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Xu P, Feng DX, Wang J, Wang YD, Xie G, Zhang B, Li XH, Zeng JW, Feng JF. LncRNA AGAP2 antisense RNA 1 stabilized by insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 promotes macrophage M2 polarization in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through regulation of the microRNA-9-5p/THBS2/PI3K-Akt pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:330. [PMID: 38110984 PMCID: PMC10729468 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence highlights the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biological behaviors of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we explored the mechanism of AGAP2-AS1 in the occurrence and development of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) involving IGF2BP3/miR-9-5p/THBS2. METHODS The expressions of AGAP2-AS1, IGF2BP3, miR-9-5p, and THBS2 and their relationship were analyzed by bioinformatics. The targeting relationship between AGAP2-AS1 and miR-9-5p and between miR-9-5p and THBS2 was evaluated with their effect on cell biological behaviors and macrophage polarization assayed. Finally, we tested the effect of AGAP2-AS1 on ccRCC tumor formation in xenograft tumors. RESULTS IGF2BP3 could stabilize AGAP2-AS1 through m6A modification. AGAP2-AS1 was highly expressed in ccRCC tissues and cells. The lentivirus-mediated intervention of AGAP2-AS1 induced malignant behaviors of ccRCC cells and led to M2 polarization of macrophages. In addition, THBS2 promoted M2 polarization of macrophages by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. AGAP2-AS1 could directly bind with miR-9-5p and promote the expression of THBS2 downstream of miR-9-5p. These results were further verified by in vivo experiments. CONCLUSION AGAP2-AS1 stabilized by IGF2BP3 competitively binds to miR-9-5p to up-regulate THBS2, activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inducing macrophage M2 polarization, thus facilitating the development of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Xiong Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Dong Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Fu Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Fang Y, Tang D, Luo Z. Non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: Implications for drug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:115001. [PMID: 37315433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a malignant tumor of the urinary system. Individuals with early-stage RCC could be cured by surgical treatment, but a considerable number of cases of advanced RCC progress to drug resistance. Recently, numerous reports have demonstrated that a variety of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) contribute to tumor occurrence and development. ncRNAs can act as oncogenic or tumor suppressor genes to regulate proliferation, migration, drug resistance and other processes in RCC cells through a variety of signaling pathways. Considering the lack of treatment options for advanced RCC after drug resistance, ncRNAs may be a good choice as biomarkers of drug resistance in RCC and targets to overcome drug resistance. In this review, we discussed the effects of ncRNAs on drug resistance in RCC and the great potential of ncRNAs as a biomarker of or a new therapeutic method in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Liu
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Hu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China
| | - Dongshan Tang
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Zhigang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China.
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Rolley C, Barthelemy P, Bensalah K, Nouhaud FX, Villers A, Bruyère F, Lebdai S, Ricard S, Gross-Goupil M, Rouprêt M, Bernhard JC, Bigot P. Does the Time to Start First-Line Treatment Influence the Survival of Favorable-Risk Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma? Results of the MetaSurv-UroCCR 79 Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023; 21:194-202. [PMID: 35931600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Many patients in the favorable International Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) Data Base Consortium group (F-MRC) may have a relatively indolent disease course. Surveillance and delay of systemic therapy could be an option in this specific population. However, the question whether this delay could alter patients' outcome remains unanswered. Our objective was to determine if delaying first-line treatment influences the survival of F-MRC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective multicenter national study involving the French Network for Research on Kidney Cancer UroCCR (NCT03293563). We included treatment naive F-MRC patients. We compared the overall survival of patients with immediate medical treatment (IMT) (started less than 3 months after metastatic diagnosis) to those with delayed medical treatment (DMT). RESULTS We included 90 patients treated between 2009 and 2018. The median time before occurrence of metastases from diagnosis was 28 (12-137) months. The two groups (IMT vs. DMT) were comparable for follow-up, age, sarcomatoid feature, number, and localization of metastatic sites and ECOG performance status. IMT was given in 25 (27.8 %) patients. Local treatment of metastasis (LTM) was performed in 47 (52%) patients. Patients with DMT had more LTM (63% vs. 24%, P = .001). Among patients with DMT (n = 65); 27 (41%) received a systemic treatment and median systemic treatment-free survival was 39 months (95% CI, 26.3-51.6). Median overall survival from metastasis disease diagnosis was 55 months (95% CI, 42.4-67.5) in the IMT group and 88 months (95%CI, 64-111.9) in the DMT group (P = .028). In multivariable analysis LTM was the only prognostic factor associated to survival improvement (HR: 0.33; P = .024). CONCLUSIONS Selected Patients with F-MRC may safely undergo DMT. LTM positively impacted survival in this population and should be considered whenever possible. Prospective trial with a larger population is needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Rolley
- Department of Urology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - Philippe Barthelemy
- Cancer Institute of Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, Department of Medical Oncology, Strasbourg, France; Members of the French Committee of Urologic Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Karim Bensalah
- Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - François-Xavier Nouhaud
- Department of Urology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; Members of the French Committee of Urologic Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Urology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Souhil Lebdai
- Department of Urology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | | | | | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Department of Urology, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Members of the French Committee of Urologic Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Bernhard
- Department of Urology, UroCCR, Bordeaux, France; Department of Oncology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Paris, France; Members of the French Committee of Urologic Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bigot
- Department of Urology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; Members of the French Committee of Urologic Oncology, Paris, France
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Miranda-Poma J, Trilla-Fuertes L, López-Camacho E, Zapater-Moros A, López-Vacas R, Lumbreras-Herrera MI, Pertejo-Fernandez A, Fresno-Vara JÁ, Espinosa-Arranz E, Gámez-Pozo A, Pinto-Marín Á. MiRNAs in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2055-2063. [PMID: 35729452 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA sequences that act as post-transcriptional regulatory genes to control many cellular processes through pairing bases with a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA). A single miRNA molecule can regulate more than 200 different transcripts and the same mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs. In this review, we highlight the importance of miRNAs and collect the existing evidence on their relationship with kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rocío López-Vacas
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Ángel Fresno-Vara
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angelo Gámez-Pozo
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, Madrid, Spain
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Monti M, Lunardini S, Magli IA, Campi R, Primiceri G, Berardinelli F, Amparore D, Terracciano D, Lucarelli G, Schips L, Ferro M, Marchioni M. Micro-RNAs Predict Response to Systemic Treatments in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Results from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061287. [PMID: 35740309 PMCID: PMC9220270 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinomas (mRCCs) account for up to 15% of all kidney cancer diagnoses. Systemic therapies (with or without surgery) represent gold standard treatments, mostly based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors in association with immunotherapy. We provide an overview of the current knowledge of miRNAs as predictors of treatment resistance. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in January 2022 following the PICO methodology. Overall, we included seven studies—four testing plasmatic miRNAs, two exosomal miRNAs, and one urinary miRNA. A total of 789 patients were included (354 for plasmatic miRNAs, 366 for urinary miRNAs, and 69 for exosomal miRNAs). Several miRNAs were tested within the included studies, but six plasmatic (miR9-5-p¸ miR-192, miR193-3p, miR-501-3p¸ miR-221, miR-376b-3p) one urinary (miR-30a-5p), and three exosomal (miR-35-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-1293) were associated with resistance to systemic treatments or treatment failure in mRCC patients. Results showed a fair accuracy of these biomarkers in predicting treatment resistance and overall survival. However, to date, the biomarkers tested have not been validated and their clinical uses are not recommended. Nevertheless, the literature results are encouraging; future large clinical trials are warranted to validate the effectiveness of these tools in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Monti
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Susanna Lunardini
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Igino Andrea Magli
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Riccardo Campi
- Unit of Urological Robotic Surgery and Renal Transplantation, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Giulia Primiceri
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Berardinelli
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniele Amparore
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University ‘Federico II’, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Department of Emergency & Organ Transplantation—Urology, Andrology & Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigi Schips
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 10060 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (G.P.); (F.B.); (L.S.); (M.M.)
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6
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Xiang Y, Zheng G, Zhong J, Sheng J, Qin H. Advances in Renal Cell Carcinoma Drug Resistance Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870396. [PMID: 35619895 PMCID: PMC9128023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer. Systemic therapy is the preferred method to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery and prolong the survival of patients with inoperable RCC. A variety of molecular targeted and immunological therapies have been developed to improve the survival rate and prognosis of RCC patients based on their chemotherapy-resistant properties. However, owing to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance, targeted and immunological therapies lack complete and durable anti-tumor responses; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of systemic therapy resistance and improving clinical curative effects in the treatment of RCC remain challenging. In vitro models with traditional RCC cell lines or primary cell culture, as well as in vivo models with cell or patient-derived xenografts, are used to explore the drug resistance mechanisms of RCC and screen new targeted therapeutic drugs. Here, we review the established methods and applications of in vivo and in vitro RCC drug resistance models, with the aim of improving our understanding of its resistance mechanisms, increasing the efficacy of combination medications, and providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of new drugs, drug screening, and treatment guidelines for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Shi L, Wang M, Li H, You P. MicroRNAs in Body Fluids: A More Promising Biomarker for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7663-7675. [PMID: 34675663 PMCID: PMC8502019 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s330881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary system, accounting for approximately 10–15% of kidney cancers in the world. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common RCC subtype with the highest mortality. Surgical resection or puncture of tumor tissue is still an important clinical treatment and diagnosis of ccRCC, but its high recurrence rate and poor prognosis often lead to the short survival period of patients. Hence, the development of novel molecular biomarkers is of great clinical importance. miRNAs are endogenous non-coding small RNAs with a length of 19–24 nt. A growing number of studies have reported that miRNAs, as proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, play a key role in the development of ccRCC and might be effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In addition, miRNAs can also predict the efficacy of treatment drug, thus improving the accuracy of clinical medication. Furthermore, non-invasive detection of miRNAs or extracellular vesicles (EV) in body fluids has better convenience and repeatability, which shows remarkable advantages compared with tissue detection. In this review, we summarized the typical miRNAs reported in recent years and place emphasis on evaluating miRNAs in different body fluids to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengtao You
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yang L, Zou X, Zou J, Zhang G. A Review of Recent Research on the Role of MicroRNAs in Renal Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930639. [PMID: 33963171 PMCID: PMC8114846 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a most common type of urologic neoplasms; it accounts for 3% of malignant tumors, with high rates of relapse and mortality. The most common types of renal cancer are clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC), papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC), and chromophobe renal carcinoma (chRCC), which account for 90%, 6–15%, and 2–5%, respectively, of all renal malignancies. Although surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common treatment method for those diseases, their effects remain dissatisfactory. Furthermore, recent research shows that the treatment efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced RCC patients is widely variable. Hence, patients urgently need a new molecular biomarker for early diagnosis and evaluating the prognosis of RCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a family of short, non-coding RNAs that are highly conserved, have long half-life evolution, and post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression; they have been predicted to play crucial roles in tumor metastasis, invasion, angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, differentiation, metabolism, cancer occurrence, and treatment resistance. Although some previous papers demonstrated that miRNAs play vital roles in renal cancer, such as pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis, the roles of miRNAs in kidney cancer are still unclear. Therefore, we reviewed studies indexed in PubMed from 2017 to 2020, and found several studies suggesting that there are more than 82 miRNAs involved in renal cancers. The present review describes the current status of miRNAs in RCC and their roles in progression, diagnosis, therapy targeting, and prognosis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Junrong Zou
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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9
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Liu J, Zhu S, Tang W, Huang Q, Mei Y, Yang H. Exosomes from tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells transmit drug resistance partly by delivering miR-9-5p. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:55. [PMID: 33451320 PMCID: PMC7809732 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to drug therapy is a major impediment for successful treatment of patients suffering from breast cancer (BC). Tamoxifen (TAM) is an extensively used therapeutic agent, which substantially reduces the risk of recurrence and associated mortality in BC. This study demonstrated that exosomal transfer of microRNA-9-5p (miR-9-5p) enhanced the resistance of MCF-7 cells to TAM. Methods Initially, BC-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their upstream regulatory miRNAs were identified. The TAM-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/TAM) cell line and the non-medicated sensitive MCF-7 cell line were formulated, followed by isolation of the exosomes. Next, the apoptosis rate of exosome-treated MCF-7 cells was determined after co-culture with TAM. The interaction between miR-9-5p and ADIPOQ was identified by a combination of bioinformatic analysis and luciferase activity assay. In order to validate the effect of miR-9-5p and ADIPOQ on TAM resistance in the MCF-7 cells in vitro and in vivo, miR-9-5p was delivered into the exosomes. ADIPOQ and miR-9-5p were identified as the BC-related DEG and upstream regulatory miRNA. Results Exosomes derived from the MCF-7/TAM cells could increase the resistance of MCF-7 cells to TAM. Notably, miR-9-5p altered the sensitivity of BC cells to TAM. In addition, ADIPOQ was negatively regulated by miR-9-5p. Furthermore, MCF-7/TAM cell-derived miR-9-5p inhibited the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, and promoted the cell resistance to TAM. In vivo experiments in nude mice ascertained that the tumor injected with exosomal miR-9-5p showed improved resistance to TAM. Conclusions Exosomal transfer of miR-9-5p augmented the drug resistance of BC cells to TAM by down-regulating ADIPOQ, suggesting its functionality as a candidate molecular target for the management of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- The First Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoliang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71, Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- The First Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- The First Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Mei
- The First Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Yang
- The First Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Li Q, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Zhang Q. Epigenetic Alterations in Renal Cell Cancer With TKIs Resistance: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications. Front Genet 2021; 11:562868. [PMID: 33510766 PMCID: PMC7835797 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.562868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been a major breakthrough in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) therapy. Unfortunately, a portion of patients with TKIs resistance experience disease progression after TKIs therapy. Epigenetic alterations play an important role in the development of TKIs resistance. Current evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations occur frequently in RCC patients with poor response to TKIs therapy, and modulation of them could enhance the cytotoxic effect of antitumor therapy. In this review, we summarize the currently known epigenetic alterations relating to TKIs resistance in RCC, focusing on DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), histone modifications, and their interactions with TKIs treatment. In addition, we discuss application of epigenetic alteration analyses in the clinical setting to predict prognosis of patients with TKIs treatment, and the potential use of epigenetics-based therapies to surmount TKIs resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhan Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Ding L, Jiang M, Wang R, Shen D, Wang H, Lu Z, Zheng Q, Wang L, Xia L, Li G. The emerging role of small non-coding RNA in renal cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100974. [PMID: 33395751 PMCID: PMC7719974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SncRNAs contribute to the progress of renal cell carcinoma. SncRNAs are promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Despite the potential of sncRNA-based cancer therapy, some obstacles remain, including several severe adverse effect.
Noncoding RNAs are transcribed in the most regions of the human genome, divided into small noncoding RNAs (less than 200 nt) and long noncoding RNAs (more than 200 nt) according to their size. Compelling evidences suggest that small noncoding RNAs play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, especially in renal cell carcinoma. MiRNA, the most famous small noncoding RNA, has been comprehensively explored for its fundamental role in cancer. And several miRNA-based therapeutic strategies have been applied to several ongoing clinical trials. However, piRNAs and tsRNAs, have not received as much research attention, because of several technological limitations. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed the presence of aberration of piRNAs and tsRNAs in renal cell carcinoma, highlighting a potentially novel mechanism for tumor onset and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of three classes of small noncoding RNA: miRNAs, piRNAs and tsRNAs, that have been reported dysregulation in renal cell carcinoma and have the potential for advancing diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic applications of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Minxiao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ruyue Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Danyang Shen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zeyi Lu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qiming Zheng
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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12
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Ying M, Feng H, Zhang X, Liu R, Ning H. MiR-9-5p Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Choroidal Melanoma by Targeting BRAF. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820956987. [PMID: 33138697 PMCID: PMC7645805 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820956987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: According to different reports, miR-9-5p either facilitates or suppresses the
occurrence of tumors. BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase involved in the MAPK
pathway and is a proto-oncogene promoting the progression of many tumors,
especially melanoma. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism of
action of miR-9-5p and BRAF in choroidal melanoma (CM). Methods: RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-9-5p in CM cells after
transfection with miR-9-5p mimics and inhibitor. EdU assay and Transwell
assay, respectively, showed the proliferation, migration and invasion of CM
cells after transfection with miR-9-5p mimics and inhibitor. A
bioinformatics website was used for target prediction and the dual
luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the interaction between
miR-9-5p and BRAF. RT-qPCR and Western blot were performed to examine the
expression of BRAF mRNA and protein, respectively. The BRAF protein was
knocked down by siRNAs and then examined by Western blot. The effects of
BRAF in CM cells were investigated by EdU assay and Transwell assay.
Overexpressing BRAF and transfecting miR-9-5p mimics into choroidal melanoma
cells confirmed the interaction between miR-9-5p and BRAF. Results: miR-9-5p could bind to the BRAF mRNA 3’UTR and inhibit the transcription and
translation of BRAF, thereby suppressing the proliferation, migration and
invasion of CM cell lines. Moreover, silencing BRAF inhibited the
progression of CM cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study is the first to investigate the association among
BRAF, miR-9-5p and the progression of CM cells. In addition, the interaction
between BRAF and miR-9-5p was explored for the first time in CM. Thus, our
study suggests that miR-9-5p, BRAF and their interaction may act as
potential therapeutic targets for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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13
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Rochow H, Jung M, Weickmann S, Ralla B, Stephan C, Elezkurtaj S, Kilic E, Zhao Z, Jung K, Fendler A, Franz A. Circular RNAs and Their Linear Transcripts as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tissue Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer after Prostatectomy in Combination with Clinicopathological Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217812. [PMID: 33105568 PMCID: PMC7672590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As new biomarkers, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been largely unexplored in prostate cancer (PCa). Using an integrative approach, we aimed to evaluate the potential of circRNAs and their linear transcripts (linRNAs) to act as (i) diagnostic biomarkers for differentiation between normal and tumor tissue and (ii) prognostic biomarkers for the prediction of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy. In a first step, eight circRNAs (circATXN10, circCRIM1, circCSNK1G3, circGUCY1A2, circLPP, circNEAT1, circRHOBTB3, and circSTIL) were identified as differentially expressed via a genome-wide circRNA-based microarray analysis of six PCa samples. Additional bioinformatics and literature data were applied for this selection process. In total, 115 malignant PCa and 79 adjacent normal tissue samples were examined using robust RT-qPCR assays specifically established for the circRNAs and their linear counterparts. Their diagnostic and prognostic potential was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves, Cox regressions, decision curve analyses, and C-statistic calculations of prognostic indices. The combination of circATXN10 and linSTIL showed a high discriminative ability between malignant and adjacent normal tissue PCa. The combination of linGUCY1A2, linNEAT1, and linSTIL proved to be the best predictive RNA-signature for BCR. The combination of this RNA signature with five established reference models based on only clinicopathological factors resulted in an improved predictive accuracy for BCR in these models. This is an encouraging study for PCa to evaluate circRNAs and their linRNAs in an integrative approach, and the results showed their clinical potential in combination with standard clinicopathological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rochow
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Sabine Weickmann
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.E.); (E.K.)
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.E.); (E.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Hospital Leverkusen, 51375 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-450-515041
| | - Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Cancer Research Program, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Antonia Franz
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.R.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (B.R.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
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14
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Kovacova J, Juracek J, Poprach A, Kopecky J, Fiala O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, Radova L, Brabec P, Buchler T, Slaby O. MiR-376b-3p Is Associated With Long-term Response to Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 16:353-359. [PMID: 31467229 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor routinely used as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be suitable biomarkers with predictive potential in mRCC. The aim of this study was to identify miRNA-based predictive biomarkers of therapy response to avoid unnecessary therapy to non-responding patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS High-throughput miRNA microarray profiling was performed on a cohort of 47 patients treated with sunitinib. Validation of candidate miRNAs was carried out on an independent cohort of 132 mRCC patients using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Out of 158 miRNAs (65 down-regulated, 93 up-regulated), six miRNAs were chosen for independent validation and miR-376b-3p was confirmed to be differentially expressed in tumors of patients with primary resistance versus long-term response (p<0.0002). CONCLUSION A predictive miRNA associated with progression-free survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with sunitinib was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kovacova
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Juracek
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Poprach
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Kopecky
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapeutics, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Svoboda
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological and Experimental Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Brabec
- Institute for Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Franz A, Ralla B, Weickmann S, Jung M, Rochow H, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A, Kilic E, Fendler A, Jung K. Circular RNAs in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Their Microarray-Based Identification, Analytical Validation, and Potential Use in a Clinico-Genomic Model to Improve Prognostic Accuracy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1473. [PMID: 31575051 PMCID: PMC6826865 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) may act as novel cancer biomarkers. However, a genome-wide evaluation of circRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has yet to be conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and validate circRNAs in ccRCC tissue with a focus to evaluate their potential as prognostic biomarkers. A genome-wide identification of circRNAs in total RNA extracted from ccRCC tissue samples was performed using microarray analysis. Three relevant differentially expressed circRNAs were selected (circEGLN3, circNOX4, and circRHOBTB3), their circular nature was experimentally confirmed, and their expression-along with that of their linear counterparts-was measured in 99 malignant and 85 adjacent normal tissue samples using specifically established RT-qPCR assays. The capacity of circRNAs to discriminate between malignant and adjacent normal tissue samples and their prognostic potential (with the endpoints cancer-specific, recurrence-free, and overall survival) after surgery were estimated by C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, decision curve analysis, and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. CircEGLN3 discriminated malignant from normal tissue with 97% accuracy. We generated a prognostic for the three endpoints by multivariate Cox regression analysis that included circEGLN3, circRHOBT3 and linRHOBTB3. The predictive outcome accuracy of the clinical models based on clinicopathological factors was improved in combination with this circRNA-based signature. Bootstrapping as well as Akaike and Bayesian information criteria confirmed the statistical significance and robustness of the combined models. Limitations of this study include its retrospective nature and the lack of external validation. The study demonstrated the promising potential of circRNAs as diagnostic and particularly prognostic biomarkers in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Franz
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Weickmann
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Monika Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hannah Rochow
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Hospital Leverkusen, 51375 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Cancer Research Program, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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