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Schulz B, Leitner E, Schreiber T, Lindner T, Schwarz R, Aboutara N, Ma Y, Escobar HM, Palme R, Hinz B, Vollmar B, Zechner D. Sex Matters-Insights from Testing Drug Efficacy in an Animal Model of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1901. [PMID: 38791980 PMCID: PMC11120498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies rarely test the efficacy of therapies in both sexes. The field of oncology is no exception in this regard. In a model of syngeneic, orthotopic, metastasized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma we evaluated the impact of sex on pathological features of this disease as well as on the efficacy and possible adverse side effects of a novel, small molecule-based therapy inhibiting KRAS:SOS1, MEK1/2 and PI3K signaling in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Male mice had less tumor infiltration of CD8-positive cells, developed bigger tumors, had more lung metastasis and a lower probability of survival compared to female mice. These more severe pathological features in male animals were accompanied by higher distress at the end of the experiment. The evaluated inhibitors BI-3406, trametinib and BKM120 showed synergistic effects in vitro. This combinatorial therapy reduced tumor weight more efficiently in male animals, although the drug concentrations were similar in the tumors of both sexes. These results underline the importance of sex-specific preclinical research and at the same time provide a solid basis for future studies with the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schulz
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.)
| | - Emily Leitner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.)
| | - Tim Schreiber
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.)
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Rico Schwarz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadine Aboutara
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.)
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.)
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2
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Vishwanath A, Krishna S, Manudhane AP, Hart PA, Krishna SG. Early-Onset Gastrointestinal Malignancies: An Investigation into a Rising Concern. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1553. [PMID: 38672634 PMCID: PMC11049592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition of early-onset gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies in young adults < 50 years of age. While much of the literature has emphasized colorectal cancer, these also include esophageal, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and biliary tract malignancies. Various factors, including lifestyle, hereditary, and environmental elements, have been proposed to explain the rising incidence of GI malignancies in the younger population. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent literature, including global trends and information regarding genetic and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Vishwanath
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Shreyas Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Albert P. Manudhane
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Phil A. Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Somashekar G. Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.K.); (A.P.M.)
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3
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Ge W, Wang Y, Quan M, Mao T, Bischof EY, Xu H, Zhang X, Li S, Yue M, Ma J, Yang H, Wang L, Yu Z, Wang L, Cui J. Activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by ARNTL2 enhances cellular glycolysis and sensitizes pancreatic adenocarcinoma to erlotinib. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:48. [PMID: 38459558 PMCID: PMC10921723 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. The poor prognosis primarily stems from late-stage diagnosis and when the disease has become therapeutically challenging. There is an urgent need to identify specific biomarkers for cancer subtyping and early detection to enhance both morbidity and mortality outcomes. The addition of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), erlotinib, to gemcitabine chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer slightly improved outcomes. However, restricted clinical benefits may be linked to the absence of well-characterized criteria for stratification and dependable biomarkers for the prediction of treatment effectiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the levels of various cancer hallmarks and identified glycolysis as the primary risk factor for overall survival in PC. Subsequently, we developed a glycolysis-related score (GRS) model to accurately distinguish PC patients with high GRS. Through in silico screening of 4398 compounds, we discovered that erlotinib had the strongest therapeutic benefits for high-GRS PC patients. Furthermore, we identified ARNTL2 as a novel prognostic biomarker and a predictive factor for erlotinib treatment responsiveness in patients with PC. Inhibition of ARNTL2 expression reduced the therapeutic efficacy, whereas increased expression of ARNTL2 improved PC cell sensitivity to erlotinib. Validation in vivo using patient-derived xenografts (PDX-PC) with varying ARNTL2 expression levels demonstrated that erlotinib monotherapy effectively halted tumor progression in PDX-PC models with high ARNTL2 expression. In contrast, PDX-PC models lacking ARNTL2 did not respond favorably to erlotinib treatment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the ARNTL2/E2F1 axis-mediated cellular glycolysis sensitizes PC cells to erlotinib treatment by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations have identified ARNTL2 as a novel prognostic biomarker and predictive indicator of sensitivity. These results will help to identify erlotinib-responsive cases of PC and improve treatment outcomes. These findings contribute to the advancement of precision oncology, enabling more accurate and targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Ge
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ming Quan
- Department of Oncology and Tumor Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tiebo Mao
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Evelyne Y Bischof
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengyuan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Department of Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Salu P, Reindl KM. Advancements in Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2024; 53:e205-e220. [PMID: 38206758 PMCID: PMC10842038 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest of all cancer types with a 5-year overall survival rate of just 12%. Preclinical models available for understanding the disease pathophysiology have evolved significantly in recent years. Traditionally, commercially available 2-dimensional cell lines were developed to investigate mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. However, these cells grow as monolayer cultures that lack heterogeneity and do not effectively represent tumor biology. Developing patient-derived xenografts and genetically engineered mouse models led to increased cellular heterogeneity, molecular diversity, and tissues that histologically represent the original patient tumors. However, these models are relatively expensive and very timing consuming. More recently, the advancement of fast and inexpensive in vitro models that better mimic disease conditions in vivo are on the rise. Three-dimensional cultures like organoids and spheroids have gained popularity and are considered to recapitulate complex disease characteristics. In addition, computational genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomic models are being developed to simulate pancreatic cancer progression and predict better treatment strategies. Herein, we review the challenges associated with pancreatic cancer research and available analytical models. We suggest that an integrated approach toward using these models may allow for developing new strategies for pancreatic cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Salu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Ueda S, Tanaka T, Hirosuna K, Miyamoto S, Murakami H, Nishie R, Tsuchihashi H, Toji A, Morita N, Hashida S, Daimon A, Terada S, Maruoka H, Kogata Y, Taniguchi K, Komura K, Ohmichi M. Consistency between Primary Uterine Corpus Malignancies and Their Corresponding Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1486. [PMID: 38338763 PMCID: PMC10855170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models retain the characteristics of tumors and are useful tools for personalized therapy and translational research. In this study, we aimed to establish PDX models for uterine corpus malignancies (UC-PDX) and analyze their similarities. Tissue fragments obtained from 92 patients with uterine corpus malignancies were transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to compare tumors of patients with PDX tumors. DNA and RNA sequencing were performed to validate the genetic profile. Furthermore, the RNA in extracellular vesicles (EVs) extracted from primary and PDX tumors was analyzed. Among the 92 cases, 52 UC-PDX models were established, with a success rate of 56.5%. The success rate depended on tumor histology and staging. The pathological and immunohistochemical features of primary and PDX tumors were similar. DNA sequencing revealed similarities in gene mutations between the primary and PDX tumors. RNA sequencing showed similarities in gene expressions between primary and PDX tumors. Furthermore, the RNA profiles of the EVs obtained from primary and PDX tumors were similar. As UC-PDX retained the pathological and immunohistochemical features and gene profiles of primary tumors, they may provide a platform for developing personalized medicine and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Tomohito Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
- Center for Medical Research & Development, Division of Translational Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kensuke Hirosuna
- Department of Regenerative Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatachou, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
- Center for Medical Research & Development, Division of Translational Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Hikaru Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Ruri Nishie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiromitsu Tsuchihashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Akihiko Toji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Natsuko Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Sousuke Hashida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Atsushi Daimon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Shinichi Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Maruoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Yuhei Kogata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Center for Medical Research & Development, Division of Translational Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Center for Medical Research & Development, Division of Translational Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.U.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (Y.K.); (M.O.)
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Mai S, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Organoids: A Prospective Advanced Model for Pancreatic Cancer Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1066. [PMID: 38256139 PMCID: PMC10817028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, notorious for its grim 10% five-year survival rate, poses significant clinical challenges, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. This review delves into the generation of organoids, including those derived from resected tissues, biopsies, pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells, as well as the advancements in 3D printing. It explores the complexities of the tumor microenvironment, emphasizing culture media, the integration of non-neoplastic cells, and angiogenesis. Additionally, the review examines the multifaceted properties of graphene oxide (GO), such as its mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and optical attributes, and their implications in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. GO's unique properties facilitate its interaction with tumors, allowing targeted drug delivery and enhanced imaging for early detection and treatment. The integration of GO with 3D cultured organoid systems, particularly in pancreatic cancer research, is critically analyzed, highlighting current limitations and future potential. This innovative approach has the promise to transform personalized medicine, improve drug screening efficiency, and aid biomarker discovery in this aggressive disease. Through this review, we offer a balanced perspective on the advancements and future prospects in pancreatic cancer research, harnessing the potential of organoids and GO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Sechrist ZR, Lee G, Schwarz EM, Cole CL. Validation of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for longitudinal quantification of tumor burden in a murine model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292196. [PMID: 38165848 PMCID: PMC10760650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging is central to preclinical, in vivo models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a gold standard, its signal is dependent on the metabolic activity of tumor cells. In contrast, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a direct measure of body composition. Thus, we aimed to assess its potential for longitudinal quantification of tumor burden versus BLI. We utilized the KCKO murine model of PDAC and subjected tumor-bearing (n = 20) and non-tumor control (NTC) (n = 10) animals to weekly BLI and DEXA measurements for up to 10 weeks. While BLI detected tumors at 1-week, it failed to detect tumor growth, displayed a decreasing trend overtime (slope = -9.0x108; p = 0.0028), and terminal signal did not correlate with ex vivo tumor mass (r = 0.01853; p = 0.6286). In contrast, DEXA did not detect elevated changes in abdominal cavity lean mass until week 2 post inoculation and tumors were not visible until week 3, but successfully quantified a tumor growth trend (slope = 0.7322; p<0.0001), and strongly correlated with final tumor mass (r = 0.9351; p<0.0001). These findings support the use of BLI for initial tumor engraftment and persistence but demonstrate the superiority of DEXA for longitudinal tumor burden studies. As tumor detection by DEXA is not restricted to luciferase expressing models, future studies to assess its value in various cancer models and as an in vivo outcome measure of treatment efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Sechrist
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Calvin L. Cole
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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8
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Aslani S, Saad MI. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Cancer Research: Methodology, Applications, and Future Prospects. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2806:9-18. [PMID: 38676792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3858-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have emerged as a pivotal tool in translational cancer research, addressing limitations of traditional methods and facilitating improved therapeutic interventions. These models involve engrafting human primary malignant cells or tissues into immunodeficient mice, allowing for the investigation of cancer mechanobiology, validation of therapeutic targets, and preclinical assessment of treatment strategies. This chapter provides an overview of PDXs methodology and their applications in both basic cancer research and preclinical studies. Despite current limitations, ongoing advancements in humanized xenochimeric models and autologous immune cell engraftment hold promise for enhancing PDX model accuracy and relevance. As PDX models continue to refine and extend their applications, they are poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Aslani
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohamed I Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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9
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Song T, Kong B, Liu R, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Bioengineering Approaches for the Pancreatic Tumor Organoids Research and Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2300984. [PMID: 37694339 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal form of digestive malignancy that poses significant health risks to individuals worldwide. Chemotherapy-based comprehensive treatment is the primary therapeutic approach for midlife and late-life patients. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the tumor and individual genetic backgrounds result in substantial variations in drug sensitivity among patients, rendering a single treatment regimen unsuitable for all patients. Conventional pancreatic cancer tumor organoid models are capable of emulating the biological traits of pancreatic cancer and are utilized in drug development and screening. However, these tumor organoids can still not mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo, and the poor controllability in the preparation process hinders translation from essential drug screening to clinical pharmacological therapy. In recent years, many engineering methods with remarkable results have been used to develop pancreatic cancer organoid models, including bio-hydrogel, co-culture, microfluidic, and gene editing. Here, this work summarizes and analyzes the recent developments in engineering pancreatic tumor organoid models. In addition, the future direction of improving engineered pancreatic cancer organoids is discussed for their application prospects in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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10
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Sheinin M, Mondal S, Pahan K. Neutralization of p40 Homodimer and p40 Monomer Leads to Tumor Regression in Patient-Derived Xenograft Mice with Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5796. [PMID: 38136341 PMCID: PMC10742282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate and limited treatment options. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer in the US, and mortality is rising rapidly, with a 12% relative 5-year survival rate. Early diagnosis remains a challenge due to vague symptoms, lack of specific biomarkers, and rapid tumor progression. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a central cytokine that regulates innate (natural killer cells) and adaptive (cytokine T-lymphocytes) immunity in cancer. We demonstrated that serum levels of IL-12p40 homodimer (p402) and p40 monomer (p40) were elevated and that of IL-12 and IL-23 were lowered in pancreatic cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Comparably, human PDAC cells produced greater levels of p402 and p40 and lower levels of IL-12 and IL-23 compared to normal pancreatic cells. Notably, neutralization of p402 by mAb a3-1d and p40 by mAb a3-3a induced the death of human PDAC cells, but not normal human pancreatic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that treatment of PDX mice with p402 mAb and p40 mAb resulted in apoptosis and tumor shrinkage. This study illustrates a new role of p402 and p40 monomer in pancreatic cancer, highlighting possible approaches against this deadly form of cancer with p402 and p40 monomer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sheinin
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.M.)
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.M.)
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.M.)
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Liang F, Xu H, Cheng H, Zhao Y, Zhang J. Patient-derived tumor models: a suitable tool for preclinical studies on esophageal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1443-1455. [PMID: 37537209 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and has high morbidity and mortality. Its main subtypes include esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are usually diagnosed during their advanced stages. The biological defects and inability of preclinical models to summarize completely the etiology of multiple factors, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and the genetic heterogeneity of tumors severely limit the clinical treatment of EC. Patient-derived models of EC not only retain the tissue structure, cell morphology, and differentiation characteristics of the original tumor, they also retain tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, compared with other preclinical models, they can better predict the efficacy of candidate drugs, explore novel biomarkers, combine with clinical trials, and effectively improve patient prognosis. This review discusses the methods and animals used to establish patient-derived models and genetically engineered mouse models, especially patient-derived xenograft models. It also discusses their advantages, applications, and limitations as preclinical experimental research tools to provide an important reference for the precise personalized treatment of EC and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yabo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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12
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Sechrist ZR, Lee G, Schwarz EM, Cole CL. Validation of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for longitudinal quantification of tumor burden in a murine model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.17.558153. [PMID: 37790492 PMCID: PMC10542135 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.17.558153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging is central to preclinical, in vivo models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a gold standard, its signal is dependent on the metabolic activity of tumor cells. In contrast, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a direct measure of body composition. Thus, we aimed to assess its potential for longitudinal quantification of tumor burden versus BLI. We utilized the KCKO murine model of PDAC and subjected tumor-bearing (n = 20) and non-tumor control (NTC) (n = 10) animals to weekly BLI and DEXA measurements for up to 10 weeks. While BLI detected tumors at 1-week, it failed to detect tumor growth, displayed a decreasing trend overtime (slope = -9.0×108; p = 0.0028), and terminal signal did not correlate with ex vivo tumor mass (r = 0.01853; p = 0.6286). In contrast, DEXA did not detect elevated changes in abdominal cavity lean mass until week 2 post inoculation and tumors were not visible until week 3, but successfully quantified a tumor growth trend (slope = 0.7322; p<0.0001), and strongly correlated with final tumor mass (r = 0.9351; p<0.0001). These findings support the use of BLI for initial tumor engraftment and persistence but demonstrate the superiority of DEXA for longitudinal tumor burden studies. As tumor detection by DEXA is not restricted to luciferase expressing models, future studies to assess its value in various cancer models and as an in vivo outcome measure of treatment efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sechrist
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Calvin L Cole
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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13
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Lynch IT, Abdelrahman AM, Alva-Ruiz R, Fogliati A, Graham RP, Smoot R, Truty MJ. Cancer "Avatars": Patient-Derived Xenograft Growth Correlation with Postoperative Recurrence and Survival in Pancreaticobiliary Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2023; 237:483-500. [PMID: 37326316 PMCID: PMC10417234 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary (PB) cancers are a diverse group of cancers with poor prognoses and high rates of recurrence after resection. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), created from surgical specimens, provide a reliable preclinical research platform and high-fidelity cancer model from which to study these malignancies with consistent recapitulation of their original patient tumors in vivo. However, the relationship between PDX engraftment success (growth or no growth) and patient oncologic outcomes has not been well studied. We sought to evaluate the correlation between successful PDX engraftment and survival in several PB exocrine carcinomas, including the pancreatic and biliary tract. STUDY DESIGN In accordance with IRB and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols and with appropriate consent and approval, excess tumor tissue obtained from surgical patients was implanted into immunocompromised mice. Mice were monitored for tumor growth to determine engraftment success. PDX tumors were verified to recapitulate their tumors of origin by a hepatobiliary pathologist. Xenograft growth was correlated with clinical recurrence and overall survival data. RESULTS A total of 384 PB xenografts were implanted. The successful engraftment rate was 41% (158/384). We found that successful PDX engraftment was highly associated with both recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p < 0.001) outcomes. Successful PDX tumor generation occurs significantly in advance of clinical recurrences in their corresponding patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Successful PB cancer PDX models predict recurrence and survival across tumor types and may provide critical lead time to alter patients' surveillance or treatment plans before cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T Lynch
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
| | - Amro M Abdelrahman
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
| | - Roberto Alva-Ruiz
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
| | - Alessandro Fogliati
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Graham)
| | - Rory Smoot
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
| | - Mark J Truty
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Lynch, Abdelrahman, Alva-Ruiz, Fogliati, Smoot, Truty)
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14
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Braun R, Ungefroren H. Preclinical Patient-Derived Culture Models for Personalized Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Dream of the Future or Useful Practice? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113027. [PMID: 37296989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths and is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by the year 2030 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Braun
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Liu Y, Li N, Zhu Y. Pancreatic Organoids: A Frontier Method for Investigating Pancreatic-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044027. [PMID: 36835437 PMCID: PMC9959977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas represents an important organ that has not been comprehensively studied in many fields. To fill this gap, many models have been generated, and traditional models have shown good performance in addressing pancreatic-related diseases, but are increasingly struggling to keep up with the need for further research due to ethical issues, genetic heterogeneity and difficult clinical translation. The new era calls for new and more reliable research models. Therefore, organoids have been proposed as a novel model for the evaluation of pancreatic-related diseases such as pancreatic malignancy, diabetes, and pancreatic cystic fibrosis. Compared with common traditional models, including 2D cell culture and gene editing mice, organoids derived from living humans or mice cause minimal harm to the donor, raise fewer ethical concerns, and reasonably address the claims of heterogeneity, which allows for the further development of pathogenesis studies and clinical trial analysis. In this review, we analyse studies on the use of pancreatic organoids in research on pancreatic-related diseases, discuss the advantages and disadvantages, and hypothesize future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zhou Y, He X, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Yu Y, Wu W, Zhang C, Li J, Guo Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu K, Dong Z. Repurposed benzydamine targeting CDK2 suppresses the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Med 2022; 17:290-303. [PMID: 36580233 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. It is urgent to develop new drugs to improve the prognosis of ESCC patients. Here, we found benzydamine, a locally acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, had potent cytotoxic effect on ESCC cells. Benzydamine could suppress ESCC proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In terms of mechanism, CDK2 was identified as a target of benzydamine by molecular docking, pull-down assay and in vitro kinase assay. Specifically, benzydamine inhibited the growth of ESCC cells by inhibiting CDK2 activity and affecting downstream phosphorylation of MCM2, c-Myc and Rb, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Our study illustrates that benzydamine inhibits the growth of ESCC cells by downregulating the CDK2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Zhou
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xinyu He
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yin Yu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhicai Liu
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Oncology Department, The Tumor Hospital of Linzhou City, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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17
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Jacks BE, Ekpemiro CU, Adeosun AA, Ogbonna UO, Ogundiran FT, Babalola F, Onyechi NP, Ajayi OO, Boms MG, Nwanguma AN, Udo UA, Okobi OE, Ohikhuai EE, Evbayekha EO. Molecular Markers of Pancreatic Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Review of Molecular Advances. Cureus 2022; 14:e29485. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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18
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Antibody-mediated blockade for galectin-3 binding protein in tumor secretome abrogates PDAC metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119048119. [PMID: 35858411 PMCID: PMC9335190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119048119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenges in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) management are local or distant metastasis and limited targeted therapeutics to prevent it. To identify a druggable target in tumor secretome and to explore its therapeutic intervention, we performed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis of tumors obtained from a patient-derived xenograft model of PDAC. Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) is identified as a highly secreted protein, and its overexpression is further validated in multiple PDAC tumors and primary cells. Knockdown and exogenous treatment of Gal-3BP showed that it is required for PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, we revealed that Gal-3BP enhances galectin-3-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, leading to increased cMyc and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To explore the clinical impact of these findings, two antibody clones were developed, and they profoundly abrogated the metastasis of PDAC cells in vivo. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Gal-3BP is an important therapeutic target in PDAC, and we propose its blockade by antibody as a therapeutic option for suppressing PDAC metastasis.
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19
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Navarro-Serer B, Wood LD. Organoids: A Promising Preclinical Model for Pancreatic Cancer Research. Pancreas 2022; 51:608-616. [PMID: 36206467 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer types, estimated to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States in 2030. The use of 3-dimensional culture systems has greatly expanded over the past few years, providing a valuable tool for the study of pancreatic cancer. In this review, we highlight some of the preclinical in vitro and in vivo models used in pancreatic cancer research, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, and focus on one of the recently used 3-dimensional culture models: organoids. Organoids are multicellular units derived from tissue samples and embedded within extracellular matrix gels after mechanical and enzymatic digestion. We define organoids, differentiate them from other 3-dimensional culture systems such as spheroids, and describe some applications of this model that have recently advanced our understanding of pancreatic cancer and its tumor microenvironment. Organoids have provided valuable insights into pancreatic cancer progression, heterogeneity, and invasion, and they have enabled the creation of biobanks, providing a platform for drug screening. In addition, we discuss some of the future directions and challenges in this model when addressing research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Navarro-Serer
- From the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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20
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Melzer MK, Breunig M, Arnold F, Wezel F, Azoitei A, Roger E, Krüger J, Merkle J, Schütte L, Resheq Y, Hänle M, Zehe V, Zengerling F, Azoitei N, Klein L, Penz F, Singh SK, Seufferlein T, Hohwieler M, Bolenz C, Günes C, Gout J, Kleger A. Organoids at the PUB: The Porcine Urinary Bladder Serves as a Pancreatic Niche for Advanced Cancer Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102345. [PMID: 35114730 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive research and progress in personalized medicine, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains one of the deadliest cancer entities. Pancreatic duct-like organoids (PDLOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or pancreatic cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) provide unique tools to study early and late stage dysplasia and to foster personalized medicine. However, such advanced systems are neither rapidly nor easily accessible and require an in vivo niche to study tumor formation and interaction with the stroma. Here, the establishment of the porcine urinary bladder (PUB) is revealed as an advanced organ culture model for shaping an ex vivo pancreatic niche. This model allows pancreatic progenitor cells to enter the ductal and endocrine lineages, while PDLOs further mature into duct-like tissue. Accordingly, the PUB offers an ex vivo platform for earliest pancreatic dysplasia and cancer if PDLOs feature KRASG12D mutations. Finally, it is demonstrated that PDOs-on-PUB i) resemble primary pancreatic cancer, ii) preserve cancer subtypes, iii) enable the study of niche epithelial crosstalk by spiking in pancreatic stellate and immune cells into the grafts, and finally iv) allow drug testing. In summary, the PUB advances the existing pancreatic cancer models by adding feasibility, complexity, and customization at low cost and high flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Markus Breunig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Elodie Roger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jessica Merkle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Core Facility Organoids, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lena Schütte
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yazid Resheq
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Mark Hänle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Viktor Zehe
- Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lukas Klein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Frederike Penz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Shiv K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | | | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Core Facility Organoids, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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21
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Vidimar V, Park M, Stubbs CK, Ingram NK, Qiang W, Zhang S, Gursel D, Melnyk RA, Satchell KJF. Proteolytic pan-RAS Cleavage Leads to Tumor Regression in Patient-derived Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:810-820. [PMID: 35247912 PMCID: PMC9933180 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective RAS inhibition represents a major unmet medical need in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we investigate the anticancer activity of RRSP-DTB, an engineered biologic that cleaves the Switch I of all RAS isoforms, in KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). We first demonstrate that RRSP-DTB effectively engages RAS and impacts downstream ERK signaling in multiple KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines inhibiting cell proliferation at picomolar concentrations. We next tested RRSP-DTB in immunodeficient mice bearing KRAS-mutant PDAC PDXs. Treatment with RRSP-DTB led to ≥95% tumor regression after 29 days. Residual tumors exhibited disrupted tissue architecture, increased fibrosis and fewer proliferating cells compared with controls. Intratumoral levels of phospho-ERK were also significantly lower, indicating in vivo target engagement. Importantly, tumors that started to regrow without RRSP-DTB shrank when treatment resumed, demonstrating resistance to RRSP-DTB had not developed. Tracking persistence of the toxin activity following intraperitoneal injection showed that RRSP-DTB is active in sera from immunocompetent mice for at least 1 hour, but absent after 16 hours, justifying use of daily dosing. Overall, we report that RRSP-DTB strongly regresses hard-to-treat KRAS-mutant PDX models of pancreatic cancer, warranting further development of this pan-RAS biologic for the management of RAS-addicted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Vidimar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Minyoung Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caleb K Stubbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nana K Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wenan Qiang
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Reproductive Science in Medicine), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Pathology Core Facility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Pathology Core Facility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Demirkan Gursel
- Pathology Core Facility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Zhang J, Yan X, Liu R, Wu S, Liu Q, Li J, Ma J. Bevacizumab is an Efficient Therapeutic Approach with Low Side Effects in Patient-Derived Xenografts of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1023-1032. [PMID: 35283648 PMCID: PMC8912937 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s352623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland (LGACC) is an aggressive malignant lacrimal gland tumor with a generally poor prognosis. Survival rates for LGACC are 56% at 5 years and 49% at 10 years. Recent studies have indicated that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy can inhibit angiogenesis in ACC cells. This study was designed to explore the efficacy of the antiangiogenic drug bevacizumab in a LGACC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal model. Methods The histological structure of PDX was determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining to confirm successful xenografting. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of neovascularization-related genes in LGACC patients and in the PDX model, including VEGF, VEGFR1, and FGFR. In order to compare the efficacy of antiangiogenic drug and traditional chemotherapy drug, PDX models were treated with bevacizumab and cisplatin respectively, and body weight was evaluated. Subsequently, the neovascularization-related proteins VEGF, VEGFR2, and CD34, tumor suppressor P53 and proliferation-related protein Ki67 were analyzed by IHC. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to examine the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes BAD and Caspase 9, and of HIF1α. Results VEGF, VEGFR1, and FGFR were highly expressed in patients with LGACC and PDX models. Both bevacizumab and cisplatin treatment inhibited PDX tumor growth. The body weight of PDX models treated with cisplatin significantly decreased from day 15, while those treated with bevacizumab did not markedly change. Bevacizumab reduced the expression of VEGF, CD34, and Ki67 in PDX tumors; whereas, bevacizumab upregulated P53 and downregulated HIF1α levels. Conclusion The present study indicates that antiangiogenic drugs may be a promising treatment strategy for LGACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Yan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianmin Ma, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8610-5826-9968, Fax +8610-5826-9930, Email
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23
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Hyun S, Park D. Challenges in genomic analysis of model systems and primary tumors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4806-4815. [PMID: 36147673 PMCID: PMC9464644 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis. Recent next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based genomic studies have provided novel treatment modes for pancreatic cancer via the identification of cancer driver variants and molecular subtypes in PDAC. Genome-wide approaches have been extended to model systems such as patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), organoids, and cell lines for pre-clinical purposes. However, the genomic characteristics vary in the model systems, which is mainly attributed to the clonal evolution of cancer cells during their construction and culture. Moreover, fundamental limitations such as low tumor cellularity and the complex tumor microenvironment of PDAC hinder the confirmation of genomic features in the primary tumor and model systems. The occurrence of these phenomena and their associated complexities may lead to false insights into the understanding of mechanisms and dynamics in tumor tissues of patients. In this review, we describe various model systems and discuss differences in the results based on genomics and transcriptomics between primary tumors and model systems. Finally, we introduce practical strategies to improve the accuracy of genomic analysis of primary tissues and model systems.
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24
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Macrophage and Neutrophil Interactions in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Drive the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010194. [PMID: 35008355 PMCID: PMC8750413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The survival rates for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are very low. This dismal prognosis is due in part to late detection and early development of metastases, and successful treatments for pancreatic adenocarcinoma are also lacking. One potential method of treatment is immunotherapy, which has been successfully implemented in several cancers. Despite success in other cancer types, there has been little progress in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. To understand these shortcomings, we explore the roles of macrophages and neutrophils, two prominent immune cell types in the pancreatic tumor environment. In this review, we discuss how macrophages and neutrophils lead to the harsh environment that is unique to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We further explore how these immune cells can impact standard of care therapies and decrease their effectiveness. Macrophages and neutrophils could ultimately be targeted to improve outcomes for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Abstract Despite modest improvements in survival in recent years, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a deadly disease with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. These poor outcomes are driven by failure of early detection, treatment resistance, and propensity for early metastatic spread. Uncovering innovative therapeutic modalities to target the resistance mechanisms that make pancreatic cancer largely incurable are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the immune composition of pancreatic tumors, including the counterintuitive fact that there is a significant inflammatory immune infiltrate in pancreatic cancer yet anti-tumor mechanisms are subverted and immune behaviors are suppressed. Here, we emphasize how immune cell interactions generate tumor progression and treatment resistance. We narrow in on tumor macrophage (TAM) spatial arrangement, polarity/function, recruitment, and origin to introduce a concept where interactions with tumor neutrophils (TAN) perpetuate the microenvironment. The sequelae of macrophage and neutrophil activities contributes to tumor remodeling, fibrosis, hypoxia, and progression. We also discuss immune mechanisms driving resistance to standard of care modalities. Finally, we describe a cadre of treatment targets, including those intended to overcome TAM and TAN recruitment and function, to circumvent barriers presented by immune infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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25
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Parsels LA, Zhang Q, Karnak D, Parsels JD, Lam K, Willers H, Green MD, Rehemtulla A, Lawrence TS, Morgan MA. Translation of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors as Chemoradiation Sensitizers From the Laboratory to the Clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:e38-e53. [PMID: 34348175 PMCID: PMC8602768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapies with agents targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) offer an opportunity to selectively enhance the therapeutic index of chemoradiation or eliminate use of chemotherapy altogether. The successful translation of DDR inhibitors to clinical use requires investigating both their direct actions as (chemo)radiosensitizers and their potential to stimulate tumor immunogenicity. Beginning with high-throughput screening using both viability and DNA damage-reporter assays, followed by validation in gold-standard radiation colony-forming assays and in vitro assessment of mechanistic effects on the DDR, we describe proven strategies and methods leading to the clinical development of DDR inhibitors both with radiation alone and in combination with chemoradiation. Beyond these in vitro studies, we discuss the impact of key features of human xenograft and syngeneic mouse models on the relevance of in vivo tumor efficacy studies, particularly with regard to the immunogenic effects of combined therapy with radiation and DDR inhibitors. Finally, we describe recent technological advances in radiation delivery (using the small animal radiation research platform) that allow for conformal, clinically relevant radiation therapy in mouse models. This overall approach is critical to the successful clinical development and ultimate Food and Drug Administration approval of DDR inhibitors as (chemo)radiation sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Karnak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua D Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kwok Lam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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26
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Gonzalez-Valdivieso J, Garcia-Sampedro A, Hall AR, Girotti A, Arias FJ, Pereira SP, Acedo P. Smart Nanoparticles as Advanced Anti-Akt Kinase Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55790-55805. [PMID: 34788541 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers partly due to late diagnosis, poor drug delivery to the target site, and acquired resistance to therapy. Therefore, more effective therapies are urgently needed to improve the outcome of patients. In this work, we have tested self-assembling genetically engineered polymeric nanoparticles formed by elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs), carrying a small peptide inhibitor of the protein kinase Akt, in both PANC-1 and patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PDX models). Nanoparticle cell uptake was measured by flow cytometry, and subcellular localization was determined by confocal microscopy, which showed a lysosomal localization of these nanoparticles. Furthermore, metabolic activity and cell viability were significantly reduced after incubation with nanoparticles carrying the Akt inhibitor in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Self-assembling 73 ± 3.2 nm size nanoparticles inhibited phosphorylation and consequent activation of Akt protein, blocked the NF-κB signaling pathway, and triggered caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo assays showed that ELR-based nanoparticles were suitable devices for drug delivery purposes with long circulating time and minimum toxicity. Hence, the use of these smart nanoparticles could lead to the development of more effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer based on the inhibition of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gonzalez-Valdivieso
- Smart Biodevices for NanoMed Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Arias
- Smart Biodevices for NanoMed Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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27
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Miquel M, Zhang S, Pilarsky C. Pre-clinical Models of Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:748631. [PMID: 34778259 PMCID: PMC8578999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a hostile solid malignancy coupled with an extremely high mortality rate. Metastatic disease is already found in most patients at the time of diagnosis, resulting in a 5-year survival rate below 5%. Improved comprehension of the mechanisms leading to metastasis is pivotal for the development of new targeted therapies. A key field to be improved are modeling strategies applied in assessing cancer progression, since traditional platforms fail in recapitulating the complexity of PDAC. Consequently, there is a compelling demand for new preclinical models that mirror tumor progression incorporating the pressure of the immune system, tumor microenvironment, as well as molecular aspects of PDAC. We suggest the incorporation of 3D organoids derived from genetically engineered mouse models or patients as promising new tools capable to transform PDAC pre-clinical modeling and access new frontiers in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miquel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Stoof J, Harrold E, Mariottino S, Lowery MA, Walsh N. DNA Damage Repair Deficiency in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Preclinical Models and Clinical Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749490. [PMID: 34712667 PMCID: PMC8546202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, and survival rates have barely improved in decades. In the era of precision medicine, treatment strategies tailored to disease mutations have revolutionized cancer therapy. Next generation sequencing has found that up to a third of all PDAC tumors contain deleterious mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, highlighting the importance of these genes in PDAC. The mechanisms by which DDR gene mutations promote tumorigenesis, therapeutic response, and subsequent resistance are still not fully understood. Therefore, an opportunity exists to elucidate these processes and to uncover relevant therapeutic drug combinations and strategies to target DDR deficiency in PDAC. However, a constraint to preclinical research is due to limitations in appropriate laboratory experimental models. Models that effectively recapitulate their original cancer tend to provide high levels of predictivity and effective translation of preclinical findings to the clinic. In this review, we outline the occurrence and role of DDR deficiency in PDAC and provide an overview of clinical trials that target these pathways and the preclinical models such as 2D cell lines, 3D organoids and mouse models [genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM), and patient-derived xenograft (PDX)] used in PDAC DDR deficiency research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke Stoof
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Harrold
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Mariottino
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Lowery
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National Institute of Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Murase Y, Ono H, Ogawa K, Yoshioka R, Ishikawa Y, Ueda H, Akahoshi K, Ban D, Kudo A, Tanaka S, Tanabe M. Inhibitor library screening identifies ispinesib as a new potential chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancers. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4641-4654. [PMID: 34510663 PMCID: PMC8586681 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening custom‐made libraries of inhibitors may reveal novel drugs for treating pancreatic cancer. In this manner, we identified ispinesib as a candidate and attempted to determine its clinical efficacy and the biological significance of its functional target Eg5 in pancreatic cancer. One hundred compounds in our library were screened for candidate drugs using cell cytotoxicity assays. Ispinesib was found to mediate effective antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer. The clinical significance of the expression of the ispinesib target Eg5 was investigated in 165 pancreatic cancer patients by immunohistochemical staining and in Eg5‐positive pancreatic cancer patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Patients with Eg5‐positive tumors experienced significantly poorer clinical outcomes than those not expressing Eg5 (overall survival; P < .01, recurrence‐free survival; P < .01). Ispinesib or Eg5 inhibition with specific siRNA significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, ispinesib acted by inducing incomplete mitosis with nuclear disruption, resulting in multinucleated monoastral spindle cells. In the PDX mouse model, ispinesib dramatically reduced tumor growth relative to vehicle control (652.2 mm3 vs 18.1 mm3 in mean tumor volume, P < .01 by ANOVA; 545 mg vs 28 mg in tumor weight, P < .01, by ANOVA). Ispinesib, identified by inhibitor library screening, could be a promising novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. The expression of its target Eg5 is associated with poorer postoperative prognosis and is important for the clinical efficacy of ispinesib in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Murase
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ogawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Yoshioka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ishikawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ban
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kudo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Yao J, Yang M, Atteh L, Liu P, Mao Y, Meng W, Li X. A pancreas tumor derived organoid study: from drug screen to precision medicine. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:398. [PMID: 34315500 PMCID: PMC8314636 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) one of the deadliest malignant tumor. Despite considerable progress in pancreatic cancer treatment in the past 10 years, PDAC mortality has shown no appreciable change, and systemic therapies for PDAC generally lack efficacy. Thus, developing biomarkers for treatment guidance is urgently required. This review focuses on pancreatic tumor organoids (PTOs), which can mimic the characteristics of the original tumor in vitro. As a powerful tool with several applications, PTOs represent a new strategy for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer and contribute to the advancement of the field of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Man Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lawrence Atteh
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pinyan Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongcui Mao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Xun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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31
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Heinrich MA, Mostafa AMRH, Morton JP, Hawinkels LJAC, Prakash J. Translating complexity and heterogeneity of pancreatic tumor: 3D in vitro to in vivo models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:265-293. [PMID: 33895214 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive type of cancer with an overall survival rate of less than 7-8%, emphasizing the need for novel effective therapeutics against PDAC. However only a fraction of therapeutics which seemed promising in the laboratory environment will eventually reach the clinic. One of the main reasons behind this low success rate is the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC, a highly fibrotic and dense stroma surrounding tumor cells, which supports tumor progression as well as increases the resistance against the treatment. In particular, the growing understanding of the PDAC TME points out a different challenge in the development of efficient therapeutics - a lack of biologically relevant in vitro and in vivo models that resemble the complexity and heterogeneity of PDAC observed in patients. The purpose and scope of this review is to provide an overview of the recent developments in different in vitro and in vivo models, which aim to recapitulate the complexity of PDAC in a laboratory environment, as well to describe how 3D in vitro models can be integrated into drug development pipelines that are already including sophisticated in vivo models. Hereby a special focus will be given on the complexity of in vivo models and the challenges in vitro models face to reach the same levels of complexity in a controllable manner. First, a brief introduction of novel developments in two dimensional (2D) models and ex vivo models is provided. Next, recent developments in three dimensional (3D) in vitro models are described ranging from spheroids, organoids, scaffold models, bioprinted models to organ-on-chip models including a discussion on advantages and limitations for each model. Furthermore, we will provide a detailed overview on the current PDAC in vivo models including chemically-induced models, syngeneic and xenogeneic models, highlighting hetero- and orthotopic, patient-derived tissues (PDX) models, and genetically engineered mouse models. Finally, we will provide a discussion on overall limitations of both, in vitro and in vivo models, and discuss necessary steps to overcome these limitations to reach an efficient drug development pipeline, as well as discuss possibilities to include novel in silico models in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M R H Mostafa
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO-box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Hoare O, Fraunhoffer N, Elkaoutari A, Gayet O, Bigonnet M, Roques J, Nicolle R, McGuckin C, Forraz N, Sohier E, Tonon L, Wajda P, Boyault S, Attignon V, Tabone-Eglinger S, Barbier S, Mignard C, Duchamp O, Iovanna J, Dusetti NJ. Exploring the Complementarity of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102473. [PMID: 34069519 PMCID: PMC8161239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient care lacks well-established molecular characterization of the tumors, which would allow for better-personalized treatment selection if improved. To overcome this problem, preclinical models are frequent-ly adopted tools used to elucidate the molecular characterization of PDAC tumors. Unfortunately, the vast majority of studies using these preclinical models fail when transferred to patients despite initially promising results. This study presents for the first time a comparison between three preclinical matched models directly derived from patient tumors. We show that their applicability to preclinical studies should be considered with a complementary focus, avoiding tumor-based direct extrapolations, which might generate misleading conclusions and consequently the overlook of clinically relevant features. We finally highlight the importance of validating and refining predictive transcriptomic signatures using a combination of these models. Abstract Purpose: Compare pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), preclinical models, by their transcriptome and drug response landscapes to evaluate their complementarity. Experimental Design: Three paired PDAC preclinical models—patient-derived xenografts (PDX), xenograft-derived pancreatic organoids (XDPO) and xenograft-derived primary cell cultures (XDPCC)—were derived from 20 patients and analyzed at the transcriptomic and chemosensitivity level. Transcriptomic characterization was performed using the basal-like/classical subtyping and the PDAC molecular gradient (PAMG). Chemosensitivity for gemcitabine, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin was established and the associated biological pathways were determined using independent component analysis (ICA) on the transcriptome of each model. The selection criteria used to identify the different components was the chemosensitivity score (CSS) found for each drug in each model. Results: PDX was the most dispersed model whereas XDPO and XDPCC were mainly classical and basal-like, respectively. Chemosensitivity scoring determines that PDX and XDPO display a positive correlation for three out of four drugs tested, whereas PDX and XDPCC did not correlate. No match was observed for each tumor chemosensitivity in the different models. Finally, pathway analysis shows a significant association between PDX and XDPO for the chemosensitivity-associated pathways and PDX and XDPCC for the chemoresistance-associated pathways. Conclusions: Each PDAC preclinical model possesses a unique basal-like/classical transcriptomic phenotype that strongly influences their global chemosensitivity. Each preclinical model is imperfect but complementary, suggesting that a more representative approach of the clinical reality could be obtained by combining them. Translational Relevance: The identification of molecular signatures that underpin drug sensitivity to chemotherapy in PDAC remains clinically challenging. Importantly, the vast majority of studies using preclinical in vivo and in vitro models fail when transferred to patients in a clinical setting despite initially promising results. This study presents for the first time a comparison between three preclinical models directly derived from the same patients. We show that their applicability to preclinical studies should be considered with a complementary focus, avoiding tumor-based direct extrapolations, which might generate misleading conclusions and consequently the overlook of clinically relevant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Hoare
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicolas Fraunhoffer
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Abdessamad Elkaoutari
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Odile Gayet
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Martin Bigonnet
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Julie Roques
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Rémy Nicolle
- Tumour Identity Card Program (CIT), French League Against Cancer, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Colin McGuckin
- CTIBIOTECH, Cell Therapy Research Institute, 69330 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (N.F.)
| | - Nico Forraz
- CTIBIOTECH, Cell Therapy Research Institute, 69330 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (N.F.)
| | - Emilie Sohier
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (L.T.); (P.W.); (S.B.); (V.A.); (S.T.-E.)
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (L.T.); (P.W.); (S.B.); (V.A.); (S.T.-E.)
| | - Pauline Wajda
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (L.T.); (P.W.); (S.B.); (V.A.); (S.T.-E.)
| | - Sandrine Boyault
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (L.T.); (P.W.); (S.B.); (V.A.); (S.T.-E.)
| | - Valéry Attignon
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (L.T.); (P.W.); (S.B.); (V.A.); (S.T.-E.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Iovanna
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
- Paoli-Calmettes Institut, 13009 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (J.I.); (N.J.D.)
| | - Nelson J. Dusetti
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Paoli-Calmettes Institut, Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (O.H.); (N.F.); (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.I.); (N.J.D.)
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Mallya K, Gautam SK, Aithal A, Batra SK, Jain M. Modeling pancreatic cancer in mice for experimental therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188554. [PMID: 33945847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is characterized by early metastasis, low resectability, high recurrence, and therapy resistance. The experimental mouse models have played a central role in understanding the pathobiology of PDAC and in the preclinical evaluation of various therapeutic modalities. Different mouse models with targetable pathological hallmarks have been developed and employed to address the unique challenges associated with PDAC progression, metastasis, and stromal heterogeneity. Over the years, mouse models have evolved from simple cell line-based heterotopic and orthotopic xenografts in immunocompromised mice to more complex and realistic genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) involving multi-gene manipulations. The GEMMs, mostly driven by KRAS mutation(s), have been widely accepted for therapeutic optimization due to their high penetrance and ability to recapitulate the histological, molecular, and pathological hallmarks of human PDAC, including comparable precursor lesions, extensive metastasis, desmoplasia, perineural invasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Advanced GEMMs modified to express fluorescent proteins have allowed cell lineage tracing to provide novel insights and a new understanding about the origin and contribution of various cell types in PDAC pathobiology. The syngeneic mouse models, GEMMs, and target-specific transgenic mice have been extensively used to evaluate immunotherapies and study therapy-induced immune modulation in PDAC yielding meaningful results to guide various clinical trials. The emerging mouse models for parabiosis, hepatic metastasis, cachexia, and image-guided implantation, are increasingly appreciated for their high translational significance. In this article, we describe the contribution of various experimental mouse models to the current understanding of PDAC pathobiology and their utility in evaluating and optimizing therapeutic modalities for this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Golan T, Atias D, Stossel C, Raitses-Gurevich M. Patient-derived xenograft models of BRCA-associated pancreatic cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:257-265. [PMID: 33617901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dismal disease. The majority of patients diagnosed at an advanced, metastatic stage, and poor overall survival rates. The most clinically meaningful subtype obtained from PDAC genomic classification is represented by unstable genomes, and co-segregated with inactivation of DNA damage repair genes, e.g., Breast cancer 1/2 (BRCA1/2). The FDA and EMA has recently approved olaparib, a Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, as a maintenance strategy for platinum-sensitive advanced PDAC patients with BRCA mutations. However, susceptibility to treatment varies, and resistance may develop. Resistance can be defined as innate or acquired resistance to platinum/PARP-inhibition. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been utilized in cancer research for many years. We generated a unique PDX model, obtained from BRCA-associated PDAC patients at distinct time points of the disease recapitulating the different clinical scenario. In this review we discuss the relevant PDX-derived models for investigating BRCA-associated PDAC and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Golan
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Dikla Atias
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chani Stossel
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Expanding the Spectrum of Pancreatic Cancers Responsive to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051171. [PMID: 33803211 PMCID: PMC7963195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with a poor prognosis and a dismal survival rate. Oncolytic virus (OV) is an anticancer approach that utilizes replication-competent viruses to preferentially infect and kill tumor cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), one such OV, is already in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. VSV-based recombinant viruses are effective OVs against a majority of tested PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. This review discusses multiple mechanisms responsible for the resistance of some PDACs to VSV-based OV therapy, as well multiple rational approaches to enhance permissiveness of PDACs to VSV and expand the spectrum of PDACs responsive to VSV-based oncolytic virotherapy. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with poor prognosis and a dismal survival rate, expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Oncolytic virus (OV) is an anticancer approach that utilizes replication-competent viruses to preferentially infect and kill tumor cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), one such OV, is already in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. VSV-based recombinant viruses are effective OVs against a majority of tested PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Upregulated type I IFN signaling and constitutive expression of a subset of interferon-simulated genes (ISGs) play a major role in such resistance, while other mechanisms, such as inefficient viral attachment and resistance to VSV-mediated apoptosis, also play a role in some PDACs. Several alternative approaches have been shown to break the resistance of PDACs to VSV without compromising VSV oncoselectivity, including (i) combinations of VSV with JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib); (ii) triple combinations of VSV with ruxolitinib and polycations improving both VSV replication and attachment; (iii) combinations of VSV with chemotherapeutic drugs (such as paclitaxel) arresting cells in the G2/M phase; (iv) arming VSV with p53 transgenes; (v) directed evolution approach producing more effective OVs. The latter study demonstrated impressive long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants encoding large transgenes, supporting further clinical development of VSV as safe therapeutics for PDAC.
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Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040815. [PMID: 33669175 PMCID: PMC7919672 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Katz L, Woolman M, Tata A, Zarrine-Afsar A. Potential impact of tissue molecular heterogeneity on ambient mass spectrometry profiles: a note of caution in choosing the right disease model. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2655-2664. [PMID: 33247337 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of known molecular alterations in commonly used cancer models and strives to stipulate how they may affect ambient mass spectrometry profiles. Immortalized cell lines are known to accumulate mutations, and xenografts derived from cell lines are known to contain tumour microenvironment elements from the host animal. While the use of human specimens for mass spectrometry profiling studies is highly encouraged, patient-derived xenografts with low passage numbers could provide an alternative means of amplifying material for ambient MS research when needed. Similarly, genetic preservation of patient tissue seen in some organoid models, further verified by qualitative proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, may argue in favor of organoid suitability for certain ambient profiling studies. However, to choose the appropriate model, pre-evaluation of the model's molecular characteristics in the context of the research question(s) being asked will likely provide the most appropriate strategy to move research forward. This can be achieved by performing comparative ambient MS analysis of the disease model of choice against a small amount of patient tissue to verify concordance. Disease models, however, will continue to be useful tools to orthogonally validate metabolic states of patient tissues through controlled genetic alterations that are not possible with patient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Katz
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1P5, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael Woolman
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1P5, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Arash Zarrine-Afsar
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1P5, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada. .,Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science & the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Molecular and Functional Analysis of Choline Transporters and Antitumor Effects of Choline Transporter-Like Protein 1 Inhibitors in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155190. [PMID: 32707889 PMCID: PMC7432747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline, an organic cation, is one of the biofactors that play an important role in the structure and the function of biological membranes, and it is essential for the synthesis of phospholipids. Choline positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) provides useful information for the imaging diagnosis of cancers, and increased choline accumulation has been identified in a variety of tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms of choline uptake and choline transporters in pancreatic cancer have not been elucidated. Here, we examined molecular and functional analyses of choline transporters in human pancreatic-cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 and the elucidation of the action mechanism behind the antitumor effect of novel choline-transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) inhibitors, Amb4269951 and its derivative Amb4269675. CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were highly expressed in MIA PaCa-2 cells, and CTL1 and CTL2 proteins were localized in the plasma membrane and the intracellular compartments, respectively. Choline uptake was characterized by Na+-independence, a single-uptake mechanism, and inhibition by choline-uptake inhibitor HC-3, similar to the function of CTL1. These results suggest that the uptake of extracellular choline in MIA PaCa-2 cells is mediated by CTL1. Choline deficiency and HC-3 treatment inhibited cell viability and increased caspase 3/7 activity, suggesting that the inhibition of CTL1 function, which is responsible for choline transport, leads to apoptosis-induced cell death. Both Amb4269951 and Amb4269675 inhibited choline uptake and cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Ceramide, which is increased by inhibiting choline uptake, also inhibited cell survival and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Lastly, both Amb4269951 and Amb4269675 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a mouse-xenograft model without any adverse effects such as weight loss. CTL1 is a target molecule for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and its inhibitors Amb4269951 and Amb4269675 are novel lead compounds.
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