1
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Ebright B, Duro MV, Chen K, Louie S, Yassine HN. Effects of APOE4 on omega-3 brain metabolism across the lifespan. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:745-757. [PMID: 38609814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ebright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marlon V Duro
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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2
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Wu H, Fu M, Wu M, Cao Z, Zhang Q, Liu Z. Emerging mechanisms and promising approaches in pancreatic cancer metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:553. [PMID: 39090116 PMCID: PMC11294586 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Metabolic abnormalities are one of the hallmarks of pancreatic cancer, and pancreatic cancer cells can adapt to biosynthesis, energy intake, and redox needs through metabolic reprogramming to tolerate nutrient deficiency and hypoxic microenvironments. Pancreatic cancer cells can use glucose, amino acids, and lipids as energy to maintain malignant growth. Moreover, they also metabolically interact with cells in the tumour microenvironment to change cell fate, promote tumour progression, and even affect immune responses. Importantly, metabolic changes at the body level deserve more attention. Basic research and clinical trials based on targeted metabolic therapy or in combination with other treatments are in full swing. A more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the metabolic regulation of pancreatic cancer cells will not only enrich the understanding of the mechanisms of disease progression but also provide inspiration for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengdi Fu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiyao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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De Santis MC, Bockorny B, Hirsch E, Cappello P, Martini M. Exploiting pancreatic cancer metabolism: challenges and opportunities. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:592-604. [PMID: 38604929 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive form of pancreatic cancer, known for its challenging diagnosis and limited treatment options. The focus on metabolic reprogramming as a key factor in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance has gained prominence. In this review we focus on the impact of metabolic changes on the interplay among stromal, immune, and tumor cells, as glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) emerge as pivotal players in modulating immune cell functions and tumor growth. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that explore metabolic modulation for PDAC, targeting mitochondrial metabolism, asparagine and glutamine addiction, and autophagy inhibition. Overcoming challenges in understanding nutrient effects on immune-stromal-tumor interactions holds promise for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara De Santis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bockorny
- BIDMC Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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4
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Romo-Perez A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Chávez-Blanco AD, González-Fierro A, Correa-Basurto J, Dueñas-González A. PaSTe. Blockade of the Lipid Phenotype of Prostate Cancer as Metabolic Therapy: A Theoretical Proposal. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3265-3285. [PMID: 37287286 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230607104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in 112 countries and is the leading cause of death in eighteen. In addition to continuing research on prevention and early diagnosis, improving treatments and making them more affordable is imperative. In this sense, the therapeutic repurposing of low-cost and widely available drugs could reduce global mortality from this disease. The malignant metabolic phenotype is becoming increasingly important due to its therapeutic implications. Cancer generally is characterized by hyperactivation of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. However, prostate cancer is particularly lipidic; it exhibits increased activity in the pathways for synthesizing fatty acids, cholesterol, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). OBJECTIVE Based on a literature review, we propose the PaSTe regimen (Pantoprazole, Simvastatin, Trimetazidine) as a metabolic therapy for prostate cancer. Pantoprazole and simvastatin inhibit the enzymes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), therefore, blocking the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, respectively. In contrast, trimetazidine inhibits the enzyme 3-β-Ketoacyl- CoA thiolase (3-KAT), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of fatty acids (FAO). It is known that the pharmacological or genetic depletion of any of these enzymes has antitumor effects in prostatic cancer. RESULTS Based on this information, we hypothesize that the PaSTe regimen will have increased antitumor effects and may impede the metabolic reprogramming shift. Existing knowledge shows that enzyme inhibition occurs at molar concentrations achieved in plasma at standard doses of these drugs. CONCLUSION We conclude that this regimen deserves to be preclinically evaluated because of its clinical potential for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romo-Perez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D Chávez-Blanco
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aurora González-Fierro
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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5
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Wang Y, Patti GJ. The Warburg effect: a signature of mitochondrial overload. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:1014-1020. [PMID: 37117116 PMCID: PMC10600323 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing question in cancer biology has been why oxygenated tumors ferment the majority of glucose they consume to lactate rather than oxidizing it in their mitochondria, a phenomenon known as the 'Warburg effect.' An abundance of evidence shows not only that most cancer cells have fully functional mitochondria but also that mitochondrial activity is important to proliferation. It is therefore difficult to rationalize the metabolic benefit of cancer cells switching from respiration to fermentation. An emerging perspective is that rather than mitochondrial metabolism being suppressed in tumors, as is often suggested, mitochondrial activity increases to the level of saturation. As such, the Warburg effect becomes a signature of excess glucose being released as lactate due to mitochondrial overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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6
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Kang M, Kang JH, Sim IA, Seong DY, Han S, Jang H, Lee H, Kang SW, Kim SY. Glucose Deprivation Induces Cancer Cell Death through Failure of ROS Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11969. [PMID: 37569345 PMCID: PMC10418724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we showed that cancer cells do not depend on glycolysis for ATP production, but they do on fatty acid oxidation. However, we found some cancer cells induced cell death after glucose deprivation along with a decrease of ATP production. We investigated the different response of glucose deprivation with two types of cancer cells including glucose insensitive cancer cells (GIC) which do not change ATP levels, and glucose sensitive cancer cells (GSC) which decrease ATP production in 24 h. Glucose deprivation-induced cell death in GSC by more than twofold after 12 h and by up to tenfold after 24 h accompanied by decreased ATP production to compare to the control (cultured in glucose). Glucose deprivation decreased the levels of metabolic intermediates of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in both GSC and GIC. However, glucose deprivation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) only in GSC, suggesting that GIC have a higher tolerance for decreased NADPH than GSC. The twofold higher ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in GIS than in GSC correlates closely with the twofold lower ROS levels under glucose starvation conditions. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a precursor to the biologic antioxidant glutathione restored ATP production by 70% and reversed cell death caused by glucose deprivation in GSC. The present findings suggest that glucose deprivation-induced cancer cell death is not caused by decreased ATP levels, but rather triggered by a failure of ROS regulation by the antioxidant system. Conclusion is clear that glucose deprivation-induced cell death is independent from ATP depletion-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
- New Cancer Cure Bio Co., Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon H. Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
- New Cancer Cure Bio Co., Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In A. Sim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
- New Cancer Cure Bio Co., Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Y. Seong
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Suji Han
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.J.)
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W. Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Women’s University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (J.H.K.); (I.A.S.); (D.Y.S.); (H.L.)
- New Cancer Cure Bio Co., Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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7
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Lin YC, Hou YC, Wang HC, Shan YS. New insights into the role of adipocytes in pancreatic cancer progression: paving the way towards novel therapeutic targets. Theranostics 2023; 13:3925-3942. [PMID: 37554282 PMCID: PMC10405844 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies across the world, which is due to delayed diagnosis and resistance to current therapies. The interactions between pancreatic tumor cells and their tumor microenvironment (TME) allow cancer cells to escape from anti-cancer therapies, leading to difficulties in treating PC. With endocrine function and lipid storage capacity, adipose tissue can maintain energy homeostasis. Direct or indirect interaction between adipocytes and PC cells leads to adipocyte dysfunction characterized by morphological change, fat loss, abnormal adipokine secretion, and fibroblast-like transformation. Various adipokines released from dysfunctional adipocytes have been reported to promote proliferation, invasion, metastasis, stemness, and chemoresistance of PC cells via different mechanisms. Additional lipid outflow from adipocytes can be taken into the TME and thus alter the metabolism in PC cells and surrounding stromal cells. Besides, the trans-differentiation potential enables adipocytes to turn into various cell types, which may give rise to an inflammatory response as well as extracellular matrix reorganization to modulate tumor burden. Understanding the molecular basis behind the protumor functions of adipocytes in PC may offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Medical Imaging Center, Innovation Headquarter, National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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8
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Reyes-Castellanos G, Abdel Hadi N, Gallardo-Arriaga S, Masoud R, Garcia J, Lac S, El Kaoutari A, Gicquel T, Planque M, Fendt SM, Linares LK, Gayet O, Guillaumond F, Dusetti N, Iovanna J, Carrier A. Combining the antianginal drug perhexiline with chemotherapy induces complete pancreatic cancer regression in vivo. iScience 2023; 26:106899. [PMID: 37305702 PMCID: PMC10250830 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the human cancers with the poorest prognosis. Interestingly, we found that mitochondrial respiration in primary human PDAC cells depends mainly on the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to meet basic energy requirements. Therefore, we treated PDAC cells with perhexiline, a well-recognized FAO inhibitor used in cardiac diseases. Some PDAC cells respond efficiently to perhexiline, which acts synergistically with chemotherapy (gemcitabine) in vitro and in two xenografts in vivo. Importantly, perhexiline in combination with gemcitabine induces complete tumor regression in one PDAC xenograft. Mechanistically, this co-treatment causes energy and oxidative stress promoting apoptosis but does not exert inhibition of FAO. Yet, our molecular analysis indicates that the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C) isoform is a key player in the response to perhexiline and that patients with high CPT1C expression have better prognosis. Our study reveals that repurposing perhexiline in combination with chemotherapy is a promising approach to treat PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Abdel Hadi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Rawand Masoud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Garcia
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Lac
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Tristan Gicquel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Karine Linares
- INSERM, Université de Montpellier, IRCM, Institut Régional Du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Gayet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Alice Carrier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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9
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Syamprasad NP, Jain S, Rajdev B, Prasad N, Kallipalli R, Naidu VGM. Aldose reductase and cancer metabolism: The master regulator in the limelight. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115528. [PMID: 37011733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
It is strongly established that metabolic reprogramming mediates the initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. However, there is no common biomarker identified to link the dysregulated metabolism and cancer progression. Recent studies strongly advise the involvement of aldose reductase (AR) in cancer metabolism. AR-mediated glucose metabolism creates a Warburg-like effect and an acidic tumour microenvironment in cancer cells. Moreover, AR overexpression is associated with the impairment of mitochondria and the accumulation of free fatty acids in cancer cells. Further, AR-mediated reduction of lipid aldehydes and chemotherapeutics are involved in the activation of factors promoting proliferation and chemo-resistance. In this review, we have delineated the possible mechanisms by which AR modulates cellular metabolism for cancer proliferation and survival. An in-depth understanding of cancer metabolism and the role of AR might lead to the use of AR inhibitors as metabolic modulating agents for the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Syamprasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Siddhi Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Bishal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Neethu Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Ravindra Kallipalli
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India.
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10
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Granit A, Mishra K, Barasch D, Peretz-Yablonsky T, Eyal S, Kakhlon O. Metabolomic profiling of triple negative breast cancer cells suggests that valproic acid can enhance the anticancer effect of cisplatin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014798. [PMID: 36544904 PMCID: PMC9760697 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Nevertheless, cisplatin-resistance might develop during the course of treatment, allegedly by metabolic reprograming, which might influence epigenetic regulation. We hypothesized that the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) valproic acid (VPA) can counter the cisplatin-induced metabolic changes leading to its resistance. We performed targeted metabolomic and real time PCR analyses on MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells treated with cisplatin, VPA or their combination. 22 (88%) out of the 25 metabolites most significantly modified by the treatments, were acylcarnitines (AC) and three (12%) were phosphatidylcholines (PCs). The most discernible effects were up-modulation of AC by cisplatin and, contrarily, their down-modulation by VPA, which was partial in the VPA-cisplatin combination. Furthermore, the VPA-cisplatin combination increased PCs, sphingomyelins (SM) and hexose levels, as compared to the other treatments. These changes predicted modulation of different metabolic pathways, notably fatty acid degradation, by VPA. Lastly, we also show that the VPA-cisplatin combination increased mRNA levels of the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) promoting enzymes acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1) and decreased mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), which is the rate limiting enzyme of long-chain fatty acid synthesis. In conclusion, VPA supplementation altered lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid oxidation and lipid synthesis, in cisplatin-treated MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. This metabolic reprogramming might reduce cisplatin resistance. This finding may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets, which might reduce side effects and counter drug tolerance in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Granit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Institute for Drug Research School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kumudesh Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dinorah Barasch
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz-Yablonsky
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,The Dame Susan Garth Chair of Cancer Research, The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy and Dr. Adolf and Klara Brettler Centre for Research in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,*Correspondence: Sara Eyal, ; Or Kakhlon,
| | - Or Kakhlon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,*Correspondence: Sara Eyal, ; Or Kakhlon,
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11
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Yu YC, Ahmed A, Lai HC, Cheng WC, Yang JC, Chang WC, Chen LM, Shan YS, Ma WL. Review of the endocrine organ-like tumor hypothesis of cancer cachexia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1057930. [PMID: 36465353 PMCID: PMC9713001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1057930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal types of solid tumors, associated with a high prevalence of cachexia (~80%). PDAC-derived cachexia (PDAC-CC) is a systemic disease involving the complex interplay between the tumor and multiple organs. The endocrine organ-like tumor (EOLT) hypothesis may explain the systemic crosstalk underlying the deleterious homeostatic shifts that occur in PDAC-CC. Several studies have reported a markedly heterogeneous collection of cachectic mediators, signaling mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, including exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hormonal disturbance, pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, digestive and tumor-derived factors, and PDAC progression. The complexities of PDAC-CC necessitate a careful review of recent literature summarizing cachectic mediators, corresponding metabolic functions, and the collateral impacts on wasting organs. The EOLT hypothesis suggests that metabolites, genetic instability, and epigenetic changes (microRNAs) are involved in cachexia development. Both tumors and host tissues can secrete multiple cachectic factors (beyond only inflammatory mediators). Some regulatory molecules, metabolites, and microRNAs are tissue-specific, resulting in insufficient energy production to support tumor/cachexia development. Due to these complexities, changes in a single factor can trigger bi-directional feedback circuits that exacerbate PDAC and result in the development of irreversible cachexia. We provide an integrated review based on 267 papers and 20 clinical trials from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database proposed under the EOLT hypothesis that may provide a fundamental understanding of cachexia development and response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Chern Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Min Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chen Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Cholesterol Synthesis Is Important for Breast Cancer Cell Tumor Sphere Formation and Invasion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081908. [PMID: 36009455 PMCID: PMC9405659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has a high risk of recurrence and distant metastasis after remission. Controlling distant metastasis is important for reducing breast cancer mortality, but accomplishing this goal remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the molecular pathways underlying metastasis using cells that mimic the breast cancer distant metastasis process. HCC1143 breast cancer cells were cultured under two-dimensional (2D)-adherent, tumor sphere (TS), and reattached (ReA) culture conditions to mimic primary tumors, circulating tumor cells, and metastasized tumors, respectively. ReA cells demonstrated increased TS formation and enhanced invasion capacity compared to the original 2D-cultured parental cells. In addition, ReA cells had a higher frequency of ESA+CD44+CD24− population, which represents a stem-cell-like cell population. RNA sequencing identified the cholesterol synthesis pathway as one of the most significantly increased pathways in TS and ReA cells compared to parental cells, which was verified by measuring intracellular cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis pathway decreased the ability of cancer cells to form TSs and invade. Our results suggest that the cholesterol synthesis pathway plays an important role in the distant metastasis of breast cancer cells by augmenting TS formation and invasion capacity.
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Han Y, Yoo HJ, Jee SH, Lee JH. High serum levels of L-carnitine and citric acid negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase are detectable in Koreans before gastric cancer onset. Metabolomics 2022; 18:62. [PMID: 35900644 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monitoring metabolic biomarkers could be utilized as an effective tool for the early detection of gastric cancer (GC) risk. OBJECTIVE We aimed to discover predictive serum biomarkers for GC and investigate biomarker-related metabolism. METHODS Subjects were randomly selected from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II cohort and matched by age and sex. We analyzed baseline serum samples of 160 subjects (discovery set; control and GC occurrence group, 80 each) via nontargeted screening. Identified putative biomarkers were validated in baseline serum samples of 140 subjects (validation set; control and GC occurrence group, 70 each) using targeted metabolites analysis. RESULTS The final analysis was conducted on the discovery set (control, n = 52 vs. GC occurrence, n = 50) and the validation set (control, n = 43 vs. GC occurrence, n = 44) applying exclusion conditions. Eighteen putative metabolite sets differed between two groups found on nontargeted metabolic screening. We focused on fatty acid-related energy metabolism. In targeted analysis, levels of decanoyl-L-carnitine (p = 0.019), L-carnitine (p = 0.033), and citric acid (p = 0.025) were significantly lower in the GC occurrence group, even after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking status. Additionally, L-carnitine and citric acid were confirmed to have an independently significant relationship to GC development. Notably, alkaline phosphatase showed a significant correlation with these two biomarkers. CONCLUSION Changes in serum L-carnitine and citric acid levels that may result from alterations of fatty-acid-related energy metabolism are expected to be valuable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Han
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Lee H, Woo SM, Jang H, Kang M, Kim SY. Cancer depends on fatty acids for ATP production: A possible link between cancer and obesity. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:347-357. [PMID: 35868515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic pathways for the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been proposed; however, the major source of reducing power for ADP in cancer remains unclear. Although glycolysis is the source of ATP in tumors according to the Warburg effect, ATP levels do not differ between cancer cells grown in the presence and absence of glucose. Several theories have been proposed to explain the supply of ATP in cancer, including metabolic reprograming in the tumor microenvironment. However, these theories are based on the production of ATP by the TCA-OxPhos pathway, which is inconsistent with the Warburg effect. We found that blocking fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the presence of glucose significantly decreased ATP production in various cancer cells. This suggests that cancer cells depend on fatty acids to produce ATP through FAO instead of glycolysis. We observed that cancer cell growth mainly relies on metabolic nutrients and oxygen systemically supplied through the bloodstream instead of metabolic reprogramming. In a spontaneous mouse tumor model (KrasG12D; Pdx1-cre), tumor growth was 2-fold higher in mice fed a high-fat diet (low-carbo diet) that caused obesity, whereas a calorie-balanced, low-fat diet (high-carbo diet) inhibited tumor growth by 3-fold compared with that in mice fed a control/normal diet. This 5-fold difference in tumor growth between mice fed low-fat and high-fat diets suggests that fat-induced obesity promotes cancer growth, and tumor growth depends on fatty acids as the primary source of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myung Woo
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; New Cancer Cure-Bio Co., Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; New Cancer Cure-Bio Co., Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hypoxia-driven metabolic heterogeneity and immune evasive behaviour of gastrointestinal cancers: Elements of a recipe for disaster. Cytokine 2022; 156:155917. [PMID: 35660715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers refer to a group of malignancies associated with the GI tract (GIT). Like other solid tumors, hypoxic regions consistently feature inside the GI tumor microenvironment (TME) and contribute towards metabolic reprogramming of tumor-resident cells by modulating hypoxia-induced factors. We highlight here how the metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells generate immunosuppressive environment inside hypoxic tumors. Given the fluctuating nature of tumor hypoxia, the metabolic fluxes between immune cells and cancer cells change dynamically. These changes alter cellular phenotypes and functions, resulting in the acceleration of cancer progression. These evolved properties of hypoxic tumors make metabolism-targeting monotherapy approaches or immunotherapy-measures unsuccessful. The current review highlights the advantages of combined immunometabolic treatment strategies to target hypoxic GI cancers and also identifies research areas to develop better combinational therapeutics for future.
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16
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Gregorio JD, Petricca S, Iorio R, Toniato E, Flati V. MITOCHONDRIAL AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN CANCER CELLS. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Classification and Functional Analysis between Cancer and Normal Tissues Using Explainable Pathway Deep Learning through RNA-Sequencing Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111531. [PMID: 34768960 PMCID: PMC8584109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep learning has proven advantageous in solving cancer diagnostic or classification problems. However, it cannot explain the rationale behind human decisions. Biological pathway databases provide well-studied relationships between genes and their pathways. As pathways comprise knowledge frameworks widely used by human researchers, representing gene-to-pathway relationships in deep learning structures may aid in their comprehension. Here, we propose a deep neural network (PathDeep), which implements gene-to-pathway relationships in its structure. We also provide an application framework measuring the contribution of pathways and genes in deep neural networks in a classification problem. We applied PathDeep to classify cancer and normal tissues based on the publicly available, large gene expression dataset. PathDeep showed higher accuracy than fully connected neural networks in distinguishing cancer from normal tissues (accuracy = 0.994) in 32 tissue samples. We identified 42 pathways related to 32 cancer tissues and 57 associated genes contributing highly to the biological functions of cancer. The most significant pathway was G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and the most enriched function was the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle, suggesting that these biological functions were the most common cancer characteristics in the 32 tissues.
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Yan YF, Wu TL, Du SS, Wu ZR, Hu YM, Zhang ZJ, Zhao WB, Yang CJ, Liu YQ. The Antifungal Mechanism of Isoxanthohumol from Humulus lupulus Linn. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910853. [PMID: 34639194 PMCID: PMC8509189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Humulus lupulus Linn. is a traditional medicinal and edible plant with several biological properties. The aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of H. lupulus ethanolic extract; (2) to study the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of isoxanthohumol, an isoprene flavonoid from H. lupulus, against Botrytis cinerea; and (3) to explore the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol on B. cinerea. The present data revealed that the ethanolic extract of H. lupulus exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the five tested phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, and isoxanthohumol showed highly significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea, with an EC50 value of 4.32 µg/mL. Meanwhile, it exhibited moderate to excellent protective and curative efficacies in vivo. The results of morphologic observation, RNA-seq, and physiological indicators revealed that the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol is mainly related to metabolism; it affected the carbohydrate metabolic process, destroyed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and hindered the generation of ATP by inhibiting respiration. Further studies indicated that isoxanthohumol caused membrane lipid peroxidation, thus accelerating the death of B. cinerea. This study demonstrates that isoxanthohumol can be used as a potential botanical fungicide for the management of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Fang Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tian-Lin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Sha-Sha Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Zheng-Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Mei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.Z.); (Y.-Q.L.)
| | - Wen-Bin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.-F.Y.); (T.-L.W.); (S.-S.D.); (Z.-R.W.); (Y.-M.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.Z.); (Y.-Q.L.)
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19
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Wang S, Zheng Y, Yang F, Zhu L, Zhu XQ, Wang ZF, Wu XL, Zhou CH, Yan JY, Hu BY, Kong B, Fu DL, Bruns C, Zhao Y, Qin LX, Dong QZ. The molecular biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: translational challenges and clinical perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:249. [PMID: 34219130 PMCID: PMC8255319 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an increasingly common cause of cancer mortality with a tight correspondence between disease mortality and incidence. Furthermore, it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with a very dismal prognosis. Due to the high heterogeneity, metabolic reprogramming, and dense stromal environment associated with pancreatic cancer, patients benefit little from current conventional therapy. Recent insight into the biology and genetics of pancreatic cancer has supported its molecular classification, thus expanding clinical therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize how the biological features of pancreatic cancer and its metabolic reprogramming as well as the tumor microenvironment regulate its development and progression. We further discuss potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer diagnosis, prediction, and surveillance based on novel liquid biopsies. We also outline recent advances in defining pancreatic cancer subtypes and subtype-specific therapeutic responses and current preclinical therapeutic models. Finally, we discuss prospects and challenges in the clinical development of pancreatic cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe-Fang Wang
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiao-Lin Wu
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cheng-Hui Zhou
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jia-Yan Yan
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Yuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - De-Liang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christiane Bruns
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key laboratory of whole-period monitoring and precise intervention of digestive cancer, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (SMHC), Shanghai, China.
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Kim SH, Baek KH. Regulation of Cancer Metabolism by Deubiquitinating Enzymes: The Warburg Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126173. [PMID: 34201062 PMCID: PMC8226939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disorder of cell growth and proliferation, characterized by different metabolic pathways within normal cells. The Warburg effect is a major metabolic process in cancer cells that affects the cellular responses, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Various signaling factors down/upregulate factors of the glycolysis pathway in cancer cells, and these signaling factors are ubiquitinated/deubiquitinated via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Depending on the target protein, DUBs act as both an oncoprotein and a tumor suppressor. Since the degradation of tumor suppressors and stabilization of oncoproteins by either negative regulation by E3 ligases or positive regulation of DUBs, respectively, promote tumorigenesis, it is necessary to suppress these DUBs by applying appropriate inhibitors or small molecules. Therefore, we propose that the DUBs and their inhibitors related to the Warburg effect are potential anticancer targets.
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Xie Y, Liu J, Kang R, Tang D. Mitophagy in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:616079. [PMID: 33718171 PMCID: PMC7953903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.616079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive solid malignancies, is characterized by the presence of oncogenic KRAS mutations, poor response to current therapies, prone to metastasis, and a low 5-year overall survival rate. Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a lysosome-dependent degradation system that forms a series of dynamic membrane structures to engulf, degrade, and recycle various cargoes, such as unused proteins, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. Autophagy is usually upregulated in established cancers, but it plays a dual role in the regulation of the initiation and progression of PDAC. As a type of selective autophagy, mitophagy is a mitochondrial quality control mechanism that uses ubiquitin-dependent (e.g., the PINK1-PRKN pathway) and -independent (e.g., BNIP3L/NIX, FUNDC1, and BNIP3) pathways to regulate mitochondrial turnover and participate in the modulation of metabolism and cell death. Genetically engineered mouse models indicate that the loss of PINK1 or PRKN promotes, whereas the depletion of BNIP3L inhibits oncogenic KRAS-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis. Mitophagy also play a dual role in the regulation of the anticancer activity of certain cytotoxic agents (e.g., rocaglamide A, dichloroacetate, fisetin, and P. suffruticosa extracts) in PDAC cells or xenograft models. In this min-review, we summarize the latest advances in understanding the complex role of mitophagy in the occurrence and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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22
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Szabo C. Hydrogen Sulfide, an Endogenous Stimulator of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020220. [PMID: 33499368 PMCID: PMC7911547 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a long history as toxic gas and environmental hazard; inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondrial Complex IV) is viewed as a primary mode of its cytotoxic action. However, studies conducted over the last two decades unveiled multiple biological regulatory roles of H2S as an endogenously produced mammalian gaseous transmitter. Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) are currently viewed as the principal mammalian H2S-generating enzymes. In contrast to its inhibitory (toxicological) mitochondrial effects, at lower (physiological) concentrations, H2S serves as a stimulator of electron transport in mammalian mitochondria, by acting as an electron donor—with sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) being the immediate electron acceptor. The mitochondrial roles of H2S are significant in various cancer cells, many of which exhibit high expression and partial mitochondrial localization of various H2S producing enzymes. In addition to the stimulation of mitochondrial ATP production, the roles of endogenous H2S in cancer cells include the maintenance of mitochondrial organization (protection against mitochondrial fission) and the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA repair (via the stimulation of the assembly of mitochondrial DNA repair complexes). The current article overviews the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the mitochondrial functions of endogenously produced H2S in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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23
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Lee JS, Lee H, Woo SM, Jang H, Jeon Y, Kim HY, Song J, Lee WJ, Hong EK, Park SJ, Han SS, Kim SY. Overall survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is doubled by Aldh7a1 deletion in the KPC mouse. Theranostics 2021; 11:3472-3488. [PMID: 33537098 PMCID: PMC7847681 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1), an enzyme that catalyzes the lipid peroxidation of fatty aldehydes was found to be upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). ALDH7A1 knockdown significantly reduced tumor formation in PDAC. We raised a question how ALDH7A1 contributes to cancer progression. Methods: To answer the question, the role of ALDH7A1 in energy metabolism was investigated by knocking down and knockdown gene in mouse model, because the role of ALDH7A1 has been reported as a catabolic enzyme catalyzing fatty aldehyde from lipid peroxidation to fatty acid. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, proliferation assay and immunoblotting were performed. In in vivo study, two human PDAC cell lines were used for pre-clinical xenograft model as well as spontaneous PDAC model of KPC mice was also employed for anti-cancer therapeutic effect. Results:ALDH7A1 knockdown significantly reduced tumor formation with reduction of OCR and ATP production, which was inversely correlated with increase of 4-hydroxynonenal. This implies that ALDH7A1 is critical to process fatty aldehydes from lipid peroxidation. Overall survival of PDAC is doubled by cross breeding of KPC (KrasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx1-Cre) and Aldh7a1-/- mice. Conclusion: Inhibitions of ALDH7A1 and oxidative phosphorylation using gossypol and phenformin resulted in a regression of tumor formation in xenograft mice model and KPC mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seon Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myung Woo
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Hong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jae Park
- Department of Surgery, Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Han
- Department of Surgery, Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Oxoglutarate Carrier Inhibition Reduced Melanoma Growth and Invasion by Reducing ATP Production. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111128. [PMID: 33238375 PMCID: PMC7700517 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that (a) mitochondria in proliferating cancer cells are functional, (b) cancer cells use more oxygen than normal cells for oxidative phosphorylation, and (c) cancer cells critically rely on cytosolic NADH transported into mitochondria via the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) for ATP production. In a spontaneous lung cancer model, tumor growth was reduced by 50% in heterozygous oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) knock-out mice compared with wild-type counterparts. To determine the mechanism through which OGC promotes tumor growth, the effects of the OGC inhibitor N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) on mitochondrial activity, oxygen consumption, and ATP production were evaluated in melanoma cell lines. NPM suppressed oxygen consumption and decreased ATP production in melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. NPM also reduced the proliferation of melanoma cells. To test the effects of NPM on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, NPM was administered in a human melanoma xenograft model. NPM reduced tumor growth by approximately 50% and reduced melanoma invasion by 70% at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Therefore, blocking OGC activity may be a useful approach for cancer therapy.
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