Therapeutically Significant MicroRNAs in Primary and Metastatic Brain Malignancies

Breast cancer cell-secreted miR-199b-5p hijacks neurometabolic coupling to promote brain metastasis

Breast cancer metastasis to the brain is a clinical challenge rising in prevalence. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially how cancer cells adapt a distant brain niche to facilitate colonization, remain poorly understood. A unique metabolic feature of the brain is the coupling between neurons and astrocytes through glutamate, glutamine, and lactate. Here we show that extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells with a high potential to develop brain metastases carry high levels of miR-199b-5p, which shows higher levels in the blood of breast cancer patients with brain metastases comparing to those with metastatic cancer in other organs. miR-199b-5p targets solute carrier transporters (SLC1A2/EAAT2 in astrocytes and SLC38A2/SNAT2 and SLC16A7/MCT2 in neurons) to hijack the neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling, leading to extracellular retention of these metabolites and promoting cancer cell growth. Our findings reveal a mechanism through which cancer cells of a non-brain origin reprogram neural metabolism to fuel brain metastases.

miRNAs and related genetic biomarkers according to the WHO glioma classification: From diagnosis to future therapeutic targets

In the 2021 WHO classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, additional molecular characteristics have been included, defining the following adult-type diffuse glioma entities: Astrocytoma IDH-mutant, Oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted, and Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype. Despite advances in genetic analysis, precision oncology, and targeted therapy, malignant adult-type diffuse gliomas remain "hard-to-treat tumors", indicating an urgent need for better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In the last decades, miRNA analysis has been a hotspot for researching and developing diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for various disorders, including brain cancer. Scientific interest has recently been directed towards therapeutic applications of miRNAs, with encouraging results. Databases such as NCBI, PubMed, and Medline were searched for a selection of articles reporting the relationship between deregulated miRNAs and genetic aberrations used in the latest WHO CNS classification. The current review discussed the recommended molecular biomarkers and genetic aberrations based on the 2021 WHO classification in adult-type diffuse gliomas, along with associated deregulated miRNAs. Additionally, the study highlights miRNA-based treatment advancements in adults with gliomas.

Neutrophil extracellular traps in central nervous system (CNS) diseases

Excessive induction of inflammatory and immune responses is widely considered as one of vital factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neutrophils are well-studied members of inflammatory and immune cell family, contributing to the innate and adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in the regulation of various kinds of diseases, including CNS diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the biological features of NETs will be introduced. In addition, the role of NETs in several popular and well-studied CNS diseases including cerebral stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and neurological cancers will be described and discussed through the reviewing of previous related studies.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and multidrug resistance in glioblastoma: Therapeutic challenges and opportunities

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recognized as pivotal regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene modulation, exerting a profound influence on a diverse array of biological and pathological cascades, including the intricate mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and the acquisition of drug resistance in neoplastic cells. Glioblastoma (GBM), recognized as the foremost and most aggressive neoplasm originating in the brain, is distinguished by its formidable resistance to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. Recent years have witnessed an escalating interest in comprehending the involvement of ncRNAs, particularly lncRNAs, in GBM chemoresistance. LncRNAs, a subclass of ncRNAs, have been demonstrated as dynamic modulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Disruption in the regulation of lncRNAs has been observed across various human malignancies, including GBM, and has been linked with developing multidrug resistance (MDR) against standard chemotherapeutic agents. The potential of targeting specific ncRNAs or their downstream effectors to surmount chemoresistance is also critically evaluated, specifically focusing on ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations exploring ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma. Nonetheless, targeting lncRNAs for therapeutic objectives presents hurdles, including overcoming the blood-brain barrier and the brief lifespan of oligonucleotide RNA molecules. Understanding the complex relationship between ncRNAs and the chemoresistance characteristic in glioblastoma provides valuable insights into the fundamental molecular mechanisms. It opens the path for the progression of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches to counter the therapeutic challenges posed by this aggressive brain tumor. This comprehensive review highlights the complex functions of diverse ncRNAs, including miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, in mediating glioblastoma's chemoresistance.

Multi-ligand functionalized blood-to-tumor sequential targeting strategies in the field of glioblastoma nanomedicine

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an unmet clinical need characterized by a standard of care (SOC) 5-year survival rate of only 5%, and a treatment mostly palliative. Significant hurdles in GBM therapies include an effective penetration of therapeutics through the brain protective barrier, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and a successful therapeutic delivery to brain-invading tumor cells post-BBB crossing. These hurdles, along with the poor prognosis and critical heterogeneity of the disease, have shifted attention to treatment modalities with capacity to precisely and sequentially target (i) BBB cells, inducing blood-to-brain transport, and (ii) GBM cells, leading to a higher therapeutic accumulation at the tumor site. This sequential targeting allows therapeutic molecules to reach the brain parenchyma and compromise molecular processes that support tumor cell invasion. Besides improving formulation and pharmacokinetics constraints of drugs, nanomedicines offer the possibility of being surface functionalized with multiple possibilities of targeting ligands, while delivering the desired therapeutic cargos to the biological sites of interest. Targeting ligands exploit the site-specific expression or overexpression of specific molecules on BBB and GBM cells, triggering brain plus tumor transport. Since the efficacy of single-ligand functionalized nanomedicines is limited due to the GBM anatomical site (brain) and disease complexity, this review presents an overview of multi-ligand functionalized, BBB and GBM sequentially- and dual-targeted nanomedicines reported in literature over the last 10 years. The role of the BBB in GBM progression, treatment options, and the multiple possibilities of currently available targeting ligands will be summarized. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Insights into the Role of LncRNAs and miRNAs in Glioma Progression and Their Potential as Novel Therapeutic Targets

Accumulating evidence supports that both long non-coding and micro RNAs (lncRNAs and miRNAs) are implicated in glioma tumorigenesis and progression. Poor outcome of gliomas has been linked to late-stage diagnosis and mostly ineffectiveness of conventional treatment due to low knowledge about the early stage of gliomas, which are not possible to observe with conventional diagnostic approaches. The past few years witnessed a revolutionary advance in biotechnology and neuroscience with the understanding of tumor-related molecules, including non-coding RNAs that are involved in the angiogenesis and progression of glioma cells and thus are used as prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic targets. The emerging research on lncRNAs and miRNAs highlights their crucial role in glioma progression, offering new insights into the disease. These non-coding RNAs hold significant potential as novel therapeutic targets, paving the way for innovative treatment approaches against glioma. This review encompasses a comprehensive discussion about the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in gene regulation that is responsible for the promotion or the inhibition of glioma progression and collects the existing links between these key cancer-related molecules.

Role of miR‑200 family in brain metastases: A systematic review

Brain metastasis (BM) represents the single most severe neurological complication of systemic cancer. The prognosis of patients with BM is poor, irrespective of the implemented treatment. The present study performed a systematic review of the literature using three online databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Recently, a number of small RNA molecules, the microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), have attracted increasing scientific attention. Members of the miR-200 family, which includes five miRNAs (miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c and miR-429) appear to play pivotal roles in cancer initiation and metastasis. Indeed, a systematic review of the pertinent literature revealed that miR-200 family members regulate the brain metastatic cascade, particularly by modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. That holds true for the major representatives of BM, including lung and breast cancer, as well as for other less frequent secondary lesions originating from melanoma and the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the miRNAs may serve as potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers, and under specific circumstances, as invaluable therapeutic targets. However, the available clinical evidence is relatively limited. A number of studies have suggested that the miR-200 family members are accurate prognostic markers of survival and resistance to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Similarly, they may prove helpful in differentiating a metastatic lesion from a malignant glioma, or a hemangioblastoma from a renal cell carcinoma in patients with von Hippel Lindau syndrome, based on a cerebrospinal fluid sample. However, currently, there is no known therapeutic role for miR-200 family members in the setting of BM.

Recent insights into the microRNA-dependent modulation of gliomas from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment

Gliomas are the most lethal primary brain tumors in adults. These highly invasive tumors have poor 5-year survival for patients. Gliomas are principally characterized by rapid diffusion as well as high levels of cellular heterogeneity. However, to date, the exact pathogenic mechanisms, contributing to gliomas remain ambiguous. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small noncoding RNAs of about 20 nucleotides in length, are known as chief modulators of different biological processes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. More recently, it has been revealed that these noncoding RNA molecules have essential roles in tumorigenesis and progression of multiple cancers, including gliomas. Interestingly, miRNAs are able to modulate diverse cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, invasion and migration, differentiation and stemness, angiogenesis, and drug resistance; thus, impaired miRNAs may result in deterioration of gliomas. Additionally, miRNAs can be secreted into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as the bloodstream, and transported between normal and tumor cells freely or by exosomes, converting them into potential diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for gliomas. They would also be great therapeutic agents, especially if they could cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Accordingly, in the current review, the contribution of miRNAs to glioma pathogenesis is first discussed, then their glioma-related diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic potential is highlighted briefly.

Remarkable immune and clinical value of novel ferroptosis-related genes in glioma

Ferroptosis is a neoteric model of regulated cell death that shows great potential for the understanding of tumor immunology and as a target for therapy. The present study aimed to identify ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glioma and to explore their value through systematic analysis. Ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified through the Gene Expression Omnibus database in combination with the FerrDb database and analyzed in the Genotype-Tissue Expression database and The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Possible signaling pathways involved were explored by construction of enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction of these DEGs. Potential regulation of the immune microenvironment, immune checkpoint and chemokine was postulated by immune analysis. A prognosis model for glioma was developed using survival analysis, exhibited by the nomogram and evaluated by the calibration curve. The prognostic value of the model was validated by using an independent cohort. A total of 15 ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified, including 7 down-regulated and 8 up-regulated, with ATP6V1G2, GABARAPL1 and GOT1 as hub genes. The expression of all 3 hub genes was positively correlated with T follicular helper cells and natural killer CD56bright cells. These hub genes were negatively correlated with the macrophage cell type as well as B7H3, PDCD1, LAG3 and CXCL16, CXCR4, CCR5. Low expression of all 3 hub genes was associated with poor prognosis in glioma cases. ATP6V1G2 might be an independent prognostic factor and, as such, a high-precision prognostic model of glioma was constructed. We identified novel ferroptosis-related genes with clinical value in glioma and revealed their possible tumor immune relevance. Furthermore, in glioma, we pinpointed underlying critical elements of the chemokine, immune microenvironment and immune checkpoint, and were able to develop a predictive model of prognosis.

Cell-free plasma microRNAs that identify patients with glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is still one of the most commonly diagnosed advanced stage primary brain tumors. Current treatments for patients with primary GBM (pGBM) are often not effective and a significant proportion of the patients with pGBM recur. The effective treatment options for recurrent GBM (rGBM) are limited and survival outcomes are poor. This retrospective multicenter pilot study aims to determine potential cell-free microRNAs (cfmiRs) that identify patients with pGBM and rGBM tumors. 2,083 miRs were assessed using the HTG miRNA whole transcriptome assay (WTA). CfmiRs detection was compared in pre-operative plasma samples from patients with pGBM (n = 32) and rGBM (n = 13) to control plasma samples from normal healthy donors (n = 73). 265 cfmiRs were found differentially expressed in plasma samples from pGBM patients compared to normal healthy donors (FDR < 0.05). Of those 193 miRs were also detected in pGBM tumor tissues (n = 15). Additionally, we found 179 cfmiRs differentially expressed in rGBM, of which 68 cfmiRs were commonly differentially expressed in pGBM. Using Random Forest algorithm, specific cfmiR classifiers were found in the plasma of pGBM, rGBM, and both pGBM and rGBM combined. Two common cfmiR classifiers, miR-3180-3p and miR-5739, were found in all the comparisons. In receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis for rGBM miR-3180-3p showed a specificity of 87.7% and a sensitivity of 100% (AUC = 98.5%); while miR-5739 had a specificity of 79.5% and sensitivity of 92.3% (AUC = 90.2%). This study demonstrated that plasma samples from pGBM and rGBM patients have specific miR signatures. CfmiR-3180-3p and cfmiR-5739 have potential utility in diagnosing patients with pGBM and rGBM tumors using a minimally invasive blood assay.

Sensitive and convenient detection of miRNA-145 using a gold nanoparticle-HCR coupled system: computational and in vitro validations

Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a challenging disease that requires timely diagnosis. Therefore, an ultrasensitive optical biosensor based on hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was developed to detect microRNA-145 (miRNA-145) as an MS biomarker. To construct such a sensor, HCR occurred between specific hairpin probes, as MB1 contains a poly-cytosine nucleotide loop and MB2 has a poly-guanine nucleotide sticky end. By introducing miR-145 as a target sequence, long-range dsDNA polymers are formed. Then, positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incubated with the HCR product, which adsorbed onto the dsDNA polymers due to electrostatic adsorption. This resulted in the precipitation of the AuNPs. By incubating different concentrations of miR-145 with AuNPs, the changes in the UV-vis spectrum of the supernatant were analyzed. The proposed biosensor showed a great ability to detect miR-145 in a wide linear range from 1 pM-1 nM with an excellent detection limit (LOD) of 0.519 nM. Furthermore, the developed biosensor indicated considerable selectivity in discriminating between miR-145 and mismatched sequences. It shows high selectivity in differentiating targets. Interestingly, the proposed method was also able to detect miRNA-145 in the diluted serum samples. In conclusion, this sensing platform exhibits high selectivity and specificity for the detection of circulating microRNAs, which holds great promise for translation to routine clinical applications.

The Prognostic Role of miR-31 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with high recurrence, metastasis, and poor treatment outcome. Prognostic survival biomarkers can be a valid tool for assessing a patient's life expectancy and directing therapy toward specific targets. Recent studies have reported microRNA (miR) might play a critical role in regulating different types of cancer. The main miR used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and reported in the scientific literature for HNSCC is miR-21. Other miRs have been investigated to a lesser extent (miR-99a, miR-99b, miR-100, miR-143, miR-155, miR-7, miR-424, miR-183), but among these, the one that has attracted major interest is the miR-31.

METHODS

The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, with the use of combinations of keywords, such as miR-31 AND HNSCC, microRNA AND HNSCC, and miR-31. The meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.41 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).

RESULTS

This search produced 721 records, which, after the elimination of duplicates and the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to 4 articles. The meta-analysis was conducted by applying fixed-effects models, given the low rate of heterogeneity (I² = 40%). The results of the meta-analysis report an aggregate hazard ratio (HR) for the overall survival (OS), between the highest and lowest miR-31 expression, of 1.59, with the relative intervals of confidence (1.22 2.07). Heterogeneity was evaluated through Chi² = 5.04 df = 3 (p = 0.17) and the Higgins index I² = 40; testing for the overall effect was Z = 3.44 (p = 0.00006). The forest plot shows us a worsening HR value of OS, in relation to the elevated expression of miR-31.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the data resulting from the current meta-analysis suggest that miR-31 is associated with the prognosis of patients with HNSCC and that elevated miR-31 expression could predict a poor prognosis in patients with this type of neoplasm.

MicroRNA-143 expression inhibits the growth and the invasion of osteosarcoma

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant tumor, which occurs in the metaphysis of the long diaphysis from mesenchymal tissue. Previous studies have indicated that expression of microRNA-143 (miR-143) could affect cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The present research was performed to figure out whethermiR-143 expression inhibits the growth and the invasion of OS.

Methods

We conducted a literature search in the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, SinoMed, WanFang, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) until January 2022. We used Review Manager 5.3 software to conduct our research.

Results

Twelve eligible articles were included, 5 articles were reported outcomes about mice, 11 articles were reported outcomes about human. The results of mice demonstrated that the miR-143 group had significantly better results in tumor volume, tumor weight and survival rate. The results of human demonstrated that the high level of miR-143 group had significantly better results in the 3-year, 4-year, and 5-year survival rate, lung metastasis and tumor grade.

Conclusions

MiR-143 has potentially important value in the treatment and prognosis of OS. However, more reliable animal and clinical trials are needed before miR-143 based therapies can be transferred from animal studies to human applications.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Therapeutic Resistance of Malignant Primary Brain Tumors

Brain tumors in children and adults are challenging tumors to treat. Malignant primary brain tumors (MPBTs) such as glioblastoma have very poor outcomes, emphasizing the need to better understand their pathogenesis. Developing novel strategies to slow down or even stop the growth of brain tumors remains one of the major clinical challenges. Modern treatment strategies for MPBTs are based on open surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, none of these treatments, alone or in combination, are considered effective in controlling tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18-22 nucleotide long endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by interacting with 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of mRNA-targets. It has been proven that miRNAs play a significant role in various biological processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, etc. Over the last decade, there has been an emergence of a large number of studies devoted to the role of miRNAs in the oncogenesis of brain tumors and the development of resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Wherein, among the variety of molecules secreted by tumor cells into the external environment, extracellular vesicles (EVs) (exosomes and microvesicles) play a special role. Various elements were found in the EVs, including miRNAs, which can be transported as part of these EVs both between neighboring cells and between remotely located cells of different tissues using biological fluids. Some of these miRNAs in EVs can contribute to the development of resistance to radio- and chemotherapy in MPBTs, including multidrug resistance (MDR). This comprehensive review examines the role of miRNAs in the resistance of MPBTs (e.g., high-grade meningiomas, medulloblastoma (MB), pituitary adenomas (PAs) with aggressive behavior, and glioblastoma) to chemoradiotherapy and pharmacological treatment. It is believed that miRNAs are future therapeutic targets in MPBTs and such the role of miRNAs needs to be critically evaluated to focus on solving the problems of resistance to therapy this kind of human tumors.

The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer

Neutrophils are vital components of innate and adaptive immunity. It is widely acknowledged that in various pathological conditions, neutrophils are activated and release condensed DNA strands, triggering the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs have been shown to be effective in fighting against microbial infections and modulating the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, including malignant tumors. This review describes the current knowledge on the biological characteristics of NETs. Additionally, the mechanisms of NETs in cancer are discussed, including the involvement of signaling pathways and the crosstalk between other cancer-related mechanisms, including inflammasomes and autophagy. Finally, based on previous and current studies, the roles of NET formation and the potential therapeutic targets and strategies related to NETs in several well-studied types of cancers, including breast, lung, colorectal, pancreatic, blood, neurological, and cutaneous cancers, are separately reviewed and discussed.

MicroRNAs and Extracellular Vesicles as Distinctive Biomarkers of Precocious and Advanced Stages of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Development

Triple negative breast cancer presents higher mortality and poorer survival rates than other breast cancer (BC) types, due to the proneness to brain metastases formation, which are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Therefore, the discovery of BC brain metastases (BCBM) biomarkers appears pivotal for a timely intervention. With this work, we aimed to disclose microRNAs (miRNAs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the circulation as biomarkers of BCBM formation. Using a BCBM animal model, we analyzed EVs in plasma by nanoparticle tracking analysis and ascertained their blood-brain barrier (BBB) origin by flow cytometry. We further evaluated circulating miRNAs by RT-qPCR and their brain expression by in situ hybridization. In parallel, a cellular model of BCBM formation, combining triple negative BC cells and BBB endothelial cells, was used to differentiate the origin of biomarkers. Established metastases were associated with an increased content of circulating EVs, particularly of BBB origin. Interestingly, deregulated miRNAs in the circulation were observed prior to BCBM detection, and their brain origin was suggested by matching alterations in brain parenchyma. In vitro studies indicated that miR-194-5p and miR-205-5p are expressed and released by BC cells, endothelial cells and during their interaction. These results highlight miRNAs and EVs as biomarkers of BCBM in early and advanced stages, respectively.

MicroRNA-210 targets FBXO31 to inhibit tumor progression and regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Evidence from previous studies showed that the dysregulation of microRNA (miR) is frequently associated with tumor progression. The aberrant miR‐210 expression has been identified in a variety of tumors. However, its biological roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) still need further elucidation. Thus, in the current study we explore the roles of miR‐210 in ESCC progression. The findings of our study reveal that miR‐210 is down‐regulated in ESCC, which indicates poor prognosis and aggressive tumor progression. Moreover, miR‐210 restoration was found to enhance ESCC viability, invasion, and migration abilities. F‐Box only protein 31 (FBXO31) was confirmed to be one of the targets of miR‐210 in ESCC cells. Results also revealed that miR‐210 played crucial roles in regulating ESCC cell epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In conclusion, data show that miR‐210 serves as an anti‐ESCC miR via down‐regulation of FBXO31 and regulation of EMT and Wnt signaling, suggesting that the miR‐210/FBXO31 axis may function as promising therapeutic targets and effective prognostic markers for ESCC patients.

miR‐210 serves as an anti‐ESCC miR via down‐regulation of FBXO31 and regulation of EMT and Wnt signaling

CKAP2L Knockdown Exerts Antitumor Effects by Increasing miR-4496 in Glioblastoma Cell Lines

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of the central nervous system malignancy glioma, overall survival remains poor. Cytoskeleton-associated protein 2-like (CKAP2L), which plays key roles in neural progenitor cell division, has also been linked to poor prognosis in lung cancer. In the present study, we investigated the role of CKAP2L in glioma. From bioinformatics analyses of datasets from The Cancer Gene Atlas and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas, we found that CKAP2L expression correlates with tumor grade and overall survival. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that MITOTIC_SPINDLE, G2M_CHECKPOINT, and E2F_TARGETS are crucially enriched phenotypes associated with high CKAP2L expression. Using U87MG, U118MG, and LNZ308 human glioma cells, we confirmed that CKAP2L knockdown with siCKAP2L inhibits glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Interestingly, CKAP2L knockdown also induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, which is consistent with the GSEA finding. Finally, we observed that CKAP2L knockdown led to significant increases in miR-4496. Treating cells with exogenous miR-4496 mimicked the effect of CKAP2L knockdown, and the effects of CKAP2L knockdown could be suppressed by miR-4496 inhibition. These findings suggest that CKAP2L is a vital regulator of miR-4496 activity and that CKAP2L is a potentially useful prognostic marker in glioma.