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Qian J, Liao G, Chen M, Peng RW, Yan X, Du J, Huang R, Pan M, Lin Y, Gong X, Xu G, Zheng B, Chen C, Yang Z. Advancing cancer therapy: new frontiers in targeting DNA damage response. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1474337. [PMID: 39372203 PMCID: PMC11449873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1474337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a core characteristic of cancer, often stemming from defects in DNA damage response (DDR) or increased replication stress. DDR defects can lead to significant genetic alterations, including changes in gene copy numbers, gene rearrangements, and mutations, which accumulate over time and drive the clonal evolution of cancer cells. However, these vulnerabilities also present opportunities for targeted therapies that exploit DDR deficiencies, potentially improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. The development of PARP inhibitors like Olaparib has significantly improved the treatment of cancers with DDR defects (e.g., BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations) based on synthetic lethality. This achievement has spurred further research into identifying additional therapeutic targets within the DDR pathway. Recent progress includes the development of inhibitors targeting other key DDR components such as DNA-PK, ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2, and Wee1 kinases. Current research is focused on optimizing these therapies by developing predictive biomarkers for treatment response, analyzing mechanisms of resistance (both intrinsic and acquired), and exploring the potential for combining DDR-targeted therapies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This article provides an overview of the latest advancements in targeted anti-tumor therapies based on DDR and their implications for future cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Maohui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Cardiac Medical Center Nursing, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianting Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Renjie Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Maojie Pan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxing Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xian Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guobing Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Tumors of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
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Wu J, Song L, Lu M, Gao Q, Xu S, Zhou P, Ma T. The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e613. [PMID: 38898995 PMCID: PMC11185949 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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3
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Li P, Gai X, Li Q, Yang Q, Yu X. DNA-PK participates in pre-rRNA biogenesis independent of DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6360-6375. [PMID: 38682589 PMCID: PMC11194077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Although DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PK-i) have been applied in clinical trials for cancer treatment, the biomarkers and mechanism of action of DNA-PK-i in tumor cell suppression remain unclear. Here, we observed that a low dose of DNA-PK-i and PARP inhibitor (PARP-i) synthetically suppresses BRCA-deficient tumor cells without inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Instead, we found that a fraction of DNA-PK localized inside of nucleoli, where we did not observe obvious DSBs. Moreover, the Ku proteins recognize pre-rRNA that facilitates DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation independent of DNA damage. Ribosomal proteins are also phosphorylated by DNA-PK, which regulates pre-rRNA biogenesis. In addition, DNA-PK-i acts together with PARP-i to suppress pre-rRNA biogenesis and tumor cell growth. Collectively, our studies reveal a DNA damage repair-independent role of DNA-PK-i in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochen Gai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sriraman N, Sarkar A, Naskar S, Mahajan N, Mukherjee O, Pradeep R, George M, Sarkar K. Immunomodulatory effects of Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by utilizing dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation and T helper (TH) cell differentiation. Med Oncol 2024; 41:107. [PMID: 38580762 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Diospyros peregrina is a dioecious plant which is native to India. It belongs to the family of Ebenaceae and is extensively used to treat various ailments, such as leucorrhoea and other uterine-related problems. Though few studies have been on D. peregrina for their anti-tumour response, little is known. Therefore, this intrigued us to understand its immunomodulator capabilities on various types of cancer extensively. Our primary focus is on NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer), which is ranked as the second largest form of cancer in the world, and the treatments demand non-invasive agents to target NSCLC effectively. In an objective to generate an efficient Lung Cancer Associated Antigen (LCA) specific anti-tumour immune response, LCA was presented using dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of D. peregrina fruit preparation (DFP). Moreover, we also investigated DFP's role in the differentiation of T-helper (TH) cells. Therefore, this study aimed at better LCA presentation mediated by DFP by activating the LCA pulsed DCs and T helper cell differentiation for better immune response. DCs were pulsed with LCA for tumour antigen presentation in vitro, with and without DFP. Differentially pulsed DCs were irradiated to co-culture with autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. Extracellular supernatants were collected for the estimation of cytokine levels by ELISA. LDH release assay was performed to test Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated lung tumour cell cytotoxicity. Thus, DFP may be a potential vaccine to generate anti-LCA immune responses to restrict NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaneetan Sriraman
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sohom Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nitika Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Oishi Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - R Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Melvin George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Studstill CJ, Mac M, Moody CA. Interplay between the DNA damage response and the life cycle of DNA tumor viruses. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200272. [PMID: 37918513 PMCID: PMC10685005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 % of human cancers are associated with virus infection. DNA tumor viruses can induce tumor formation in host cells by disrupting the cell's DNA replication and repair mechanisms. Specifically, these viruses interfere with the host cell's DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex network of signaling pathways that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. DNA tumor viruses can disrupt these pathways by expressing oncoproteins that mimic or inhibit various DDR components, thereby promoting genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular mechanisms by which DNA tumor viruses interact with DDR components, as well as the ways in which these interactions contribute to viral replication and tumorigenesis. Understanding the interplay between DNA tumor viruses and the DDR pathway is critical for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virally associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which human papillomavirus (HPV), merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interfere with DDR pathways to facilitate their respective life cycles, and the consequences of such interference on genomic stability and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Michelle Mac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Cary A Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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Dexheimer TS, Coussens NP, Silvers T, Wright J, Morris J, Doroshow JH, Teicher BA. Multicellular Complex Tumor Spheroid Response to DNA Repair Inhibitors in Combination with DNA-damaging Drugs. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1648-1661. [PMID: 37637936 PMCID: PMC10452929 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids comprised of malignant cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells served as an in vitro model of human solid tumors to investigate the potentiation of DNA-damaging drugs by pharmacologic modulation of DNA repair pathways. The DNA-damaging drugs, topotecan, trabectedin, and temozolomide were combined with varied inhibitors of DNA damage response enzymes including PARP (olaparib or talazoparib), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated; AZD-1390), ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein; berzosertib or elimusertib), and DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase; nedisertib or VX-984). A range of clinically achievable concentrations were tested up to the clinical Cmax, if known. Mechanistically, the types of DNA damage induced by temozolomide, topotecan, and trabectedin are distinct, which was apparent from the response of spheroids to combinations with various DNA repair inhibitors. Although most combinations resulted in additive cytotoxicity, synergistic activity was observed for temozolomide combined with PARP inhibitors as well as combinations of the ATM inhibitor AZD-1390 with either topotecan or trabectedin. These findings might provide guidance for the selection of anticancer agent combinations worthy of further investigation. Significance Clinical efficacy of DNA-damaging anticancer drugs can be influenced by the DNA damage response in tumor cells. The potentiation of DNA-damaging drugs by pharmacologic modulation of DNA repair pathways was assessed in multicellular tumor spheroids. Although most combinations demonstrated additive cytotoxicity, synergistic cytotoxicity was observed for several drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Dexheimer
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratories, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nathan P Coussens
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratories, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas Silvers
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratories, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John Wright
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Joel Morris
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
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Taffoni C, Schüssler M, Vila IK, Laguette N. Harnessing the cooperation between DNA-PK and cGAS in cancer therapies: The cooperation between DNA-PK and cGAS shapes tumour immunogenicity. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300045. [PMID: 37147791 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is central for the initiation of anti-tumoural immune responses. Enormous effort has been made to optimise the design and administration of STING agonists to stimulate tumour immunogenicity. However, in certain contexts the cGAS-STING axis fuels tumourigenesis. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of cGAS expression and activity. We particularly focus our attention on the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex, that recently emerged as an activator of inflammatory responses in tumour cells. We propose that stratification analyses on cGAS and DNA-PK expression/activation status should be carried out to predict treatment efficacy. We herein also provide insights into non-canonical functions borne by cGAS and cGAMP, highlighting how they may influence tumourigenesis. All these parameters should be taken into consideration concertedly to choose strategies aiming to effectively boost tumour immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Taffoni
- IGMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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8
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Lee YR, Kang GS, Oh T, Jo HJ, Park HJ, Ahn GO. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit (DNA-PKcs): Beyond the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Mol Cells 2023; 46:200-205. [PMID: 36756777 PMCID: PMC10086554 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family is a well-known player in repairing DNA double strand break through non-homologous end joining pathway. This mechanism has allowed us to understand its critical role in T and B cell development through V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination, respectively. We have also learned that the defects in these mechanisms lead to severely combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Here we highlight some of the latest evidence where DNA-PKcs has been shown to localize not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm, phosphorylating various proteins involved in cellular metabolism and cytokine production. While it is an exciting time to unveil novel functions of DNA-PKcs, one should carefully choose experimental models to study DNA-PKcs as the experimental evidence has been shown to differ between cells of defective DNA-PKcs and those of DNA-PKcs knockout. Moreover, while there are several DNA-PK inhibitors currently being evaluated in the clinical trials in attempt to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, multiple functions and subcellular localization of DNA-PKcs in various types of cells may further complicate the effects at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Justice JL, Cristea IM. Nuclear antiviral innate responses at the intersection of DNA sensing and DNA repair. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1056-1071. [PMID: 35641341 PMCID: PMC9560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The coevolution of vertebrate and mammalian hosts with DNA viruses has driven the ability of host cells to distinguish viral from cellular DNA in the nucleus to induce intrinsic immune responses. Concomitant viral mechanisms have arisen to inhibit DNA sensing. At this virus-host interface, emerging evidence links cytokine responses and cellular homeostasis pathways, particularly the DNA damage response (DDR). Nuclear DNA sensors, such as the interferon (IFN)-γ inducible protein 16 (IFI16), functionally intersect with the DDR regulators ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Here, we discuss accumulating knowledge for the DDR-innate immunity signaling axis. Through the lens of this infection-driven signaling axis, we present host and viral molecular strategies acquired to regulate autoinflammation and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Carlsen L, El-Deiry WS. Anti-cancer immune responses to DNA damage response inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms and progress toward clinical translation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:998388. [PMID: 36276148 PMCID: PMC9583871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.998388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response inhibitors are widely used anti-cancer agents that have potent activity against tumor cells with deficiencies in various DNA damage response proteins such as BRCA1/2. Inhibition of other proteins in this pathway including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, or ATM can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and such combinations are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of many malignancies including breast, ovarian, rectal, and lung cancer. Unrepaired DNA damage induced by DNA damage response inhibitors alone or in combination with radio- or chemotherapy has a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells and can also engage anti-cancer innate and adaptive immune responses. DNA damage-induced immune stimulation occurs by a variety of mechanisms including by the cGAS/STING pathway, STAT1 and downstream TRAIL pathway activation, and direct immune cell activation. Whether or not the relative contribution of these mechanisms varies after treatment with different DNA damage response inhibitors or across cancers with different genetic aberrations in DNA damage response enzymes is not well-characterized, limiting the design of optimal combinations with radio- and chemotherapy. Here, we review how the inhibition of key DNA damage response enzymes including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, and ATM induces innate and adaptive immune responses alone or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. We also discuss current progress in the clinical translation of immunostimulatory DNA-damaging treatment regimens and necessary future directions to optimize the immune-sensitizing potential of DNA damage response inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Wafik S. El-Deiry,
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11
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Song L, Yu M, Jin R, Gu M, Wang Z, Hou D, Xu S, Wang J, Ma T. Long-Read Sequencing Annotation of the Transcriptome in DNA-PK Inactivated Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:941638. [PMID: 35992789 PMCID: PMC9382581 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.941638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) with a Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer constitutes the intact DNA-PK kinase, which is an upstream component of the DNA repair machinery that signals the DNA damage, orchestrates the DNA repair, and serves to maintain genome integrity. Beyond its role in DNA damage repair, the DNA-PK kinase is also implicated in transcriptional regulation and RNA metabolism, with an illuminated impact on tumor progression and therapeutic responses. However, the efforts to identify DNA-PK regulated transcriptomes are limited by short-read sequencing to resolve the full complexity of the transcriptome. Therefore, we leveraged the PacBio Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) Sequencing platform to study the transcriptome after DNA-PK inactivation to further underscore the importance of its role in diseases. Our analysis revealed additional novel transcriptome and complex gene structures in the DNA-PK inactivated cells, identifying 8,355 high-confidence new isoforms from 3,197 annotated genes and 523 novel genes. Among them, 380 lncRNAs were identified. We validated these findings using computational approaches and confirmatory transcript quantification with short-read sequencing. Several novel isoforms representing distinct splicing events have been validated through PCR experiments. Our analyses provide novel insights into DNA-PK function in transcriptome regulation and RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Song
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjun Yu
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Renjing Jin
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Gu
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dailun Hou
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaofa Xu, ; Jinghui Wang, ; Teng Ma,
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaofa Xu, ; Jinghui Wang, ; Teng Ma,
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaofa Xu, ; Jinghui Wang, ; Teng Ma,
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12
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Barbosa-Silva A, Magalhães M, Da Silva GF, Da Silva FAB, Carneiro FRG, Carels N. A Data Science Approach for the Identification of Molecular Signatures of Aggressive Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2325. [PMID: 35565454 PMCID: PMC9103663 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main hallmarks of cancer include sustaining proliferative signaling and resisting cell death. We analyzed the genes of the WNT pathway and seven cross-linked pathways that may explain the differences in aggressiveness among cancer types. We divided six cancer types (liver, lung, stomach, kidney, prostate, and thyroid) into classes of high (H) and low (L) aggressiveness considering the TCGA data, and their correlations between Shannon entropy and 5-year overall survival (OS). Then, we used principal component analysis (PCA), a random forest classifier (RFC), and protein-protein interactions (PPI) to find the genes that correlated with aggressiveness. Using PCA, we found GRB2, CTNNB1, SKP1, CSNK2A1, PRKDC, HDAC1, YWHAZ, YWHAB, and PSMD2. Except for PSMD2, the RFC analysis showed a different list, which was CAD, PSMD14, APH1A, PSMD2, SHC1, TMEFF2, PSMD11, H2AFZ, PSMB5, and NOTCH1. Both methods use different algorithmic approaches and have different purposes, which explains the discrepancy between the two gene lists. The key genes of aggressiveness found by PCA were those that maximized the separation of H and L classes according to its third component, which represented 19% of the total variance. By contrast, RFC classified whether the RNA-seq of a tumor sample was of the H or L type. Interestingly, PPIs showed that the genes of PCA and RFC lists were connected neighbors in the PPI signaling network of WNT and cross-linked pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Barbosa-Silva
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E14NS, UK
- ITTM S.A.-Information Technology for Translational Medicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4354 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Milena Magalhães
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ferreira Da Silva
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Alves Barbosa Da Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional de Sistemas Biológicos, Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Raquel Gonçalves Carneiro
- Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231050, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
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13
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Zhao S, Xu B, Ma W, Chen H, Jiang C, Cai J, Meng X. DNA Damage Repair in Brain Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:829268. [PMID: 35095931 PMCID: PMC8792754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.829268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With the gradual understanding of tumor development, many tumor therapies have been invented and applied in clinical work, and immunotherapy has been widely concerned as an emerging hot topic in the last decade. It is worth noting that immunotherapy is nowadays applied under too harsh conditions, and many tumors are defined as “cold tumors” that are not sensitive to immunotherapy, and brain tumors are typical of them. However, there is much evidence that suggests a link between DNA damage repair mechanisms and immunotherapy. This may be a breakthrough for the application of immunotherapy in brain tumors. Therefore, in this review, first, we will describe the common pathways of DNA damage repair. Second, we will focus on immunotherapy and analyze the mechanisms of DNA damage repair involved in the immune process. Third, we will review biomarkers that have been or may be used to evaluate immunotherapy for brain tumors, such as TAMs, RPA, and other molecules that may provide a precursor assessment for the rational implementation of immunotherapy for brain tumors. Finally, we will discuss the rational combination of immunotherapy with other therapeutic approaches that have an impact on the DNA damage repair process in order to open new pathways for the application of immunotherapy in brain tumors, to maximize the effect of immunotherapy on DNA damage repair mechanisms, and to provide ideas and guidance for immunotherapy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Boya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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14
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Bagheri S, Rahban M, Bostanian F, Esmaeilzadeh F, Bagherabadi A, Zolghadri S, Stanek A. Targeting Protein Kinases and Epigenetic Control as Combinatorial Therapy Options for Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:515. [PMID: 35335890 PMCID: PMC8949110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC), the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, is known as metastatic bone cancer when it spreads to the bone. Although there is still no effective treatment for advanced/metastatic PC, awareness of the molecular events that contribute to PC progression has opened up opportunities and raised hopes for the development of new treatment strategies. Androgen deprivation and androgen-receptor-targeting therapies are two gold standard treatments for metastatic PC. However, acquired resistance to these treatments is a crucial challenge. Due to the role of protein kinases (PKs) in the growth, proliferation, and metastases of prostatic tumors, combinatorial therapy by PK inhibitors may help pave the way for metastatic PC treatment. Additionally, PC is known to have epigenetic involvement. Thus, understanding epigenetic pathways can help adopt another combinatorial treatment strategy. In this study, we reviewed the PKs that promote PC to advanced stages. We also summarized some PK inhibitors that may be used to treat advanced PC and we discussed the importance of epigenetic control in this cancer. We hope the information presented in this article will contribute to finding an effective treatment for the management of advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran;
| | - Mahdie Rahban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran; (M.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Fatemeh Bostanian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran; (M.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran;
| | - Arash Bagherabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran;
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran;
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Botrugno OA, Tonon G. Genomic Instability and Replicative Stress in Multiple Myeloma: The Final Curtain? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010025. [PMID: 35008191 PMCID: PMC8750813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genomic instability is recognized as a driving force in most cancers as well as in the haematological cancer multiple myeloma and remains among the leading cause of drug resistance. Several evidences suggest that replicative stress exerts a fundamental role in fuelling genomic instability. Notably, cancer cells rely on a single protein, ATR, to cope with the ensuing DNA damage. In this perspective, we provide an overview depicting how replicative stress represents an Achilles heel for multiple myeloma, which could be therapeutically exploited either alone or in combinatorial regimens to preferentially ablate tumor cells. Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous hematological cancer that remains incurable despite the introduction of novel therapies in the clinic. Sadly, despite efforts spanning several decades, genomic analysis has failed to identify shared genetic aberrations that could be targeted in this disease. Seeking alternative strategies, various efforts have attempted to target and exploit non-oncogene addictions of MM cells, including, for example, proteasome inhibitors. The surprising finding that MM cells present rampant genomic instability has ignited concerted efforts to understand its origin and exploit it for therapeutic purposes. A credible hypothesis, supported by several lines of evidence, suggests that at the root of this phenotype there is intense replicative stress. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of replicative stress in eliciting genomic instability in MM and how MM cells rely on a single protein, Ataxia Telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related protein, ATR, to control and survive the ensuing, potentially fatal DNA damage. From this perspective, replicative stress per se represents not only an opportunity for MM cells to increase their evolutionary pool by increasing their genomic heterogeneity, but also a vulnerability that could be leveraged for therapeutic purposes to selectively target MM tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oronza A. Botrugno
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Experimental Oncology Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.A.B.); (G.T.); Tel.: +39-02-2643-6661 (O.A.B.); +39-02-2643-5624 (G.T.); Fax: +39-02-2643-6352 (O.A.B. & G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Experimental Oncology Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.A.B.); (G.T.); Tel.: +39-02-2643-6661 (O.A.B.); +39-02-2643-5624 (G.T.); Fax: +39-02-2643-6352 (O.A.B. & G.T.)
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16
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Ansari SMR, Hijazi FS, Souchelnytskyi S. Targeted and systemic insights into the crosstalk between DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit and receptors of estrogen, progesterone and epidermal growth factor in the context of cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:587-594. [PMID: 34731368 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) has emerged as a regulator of carcinogenesis. Increased expression of DNA-PKcs correlates with metastatic cancers. Here we review recently reported crosstalk of DNA-PKcs with estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) receptors. The reports show an extensive network of functional and direct interactions. Targeted studies focused on specific molecular mechanisms, and a systems biology network analysis shows unbiasedly engagement of various cellular functions. Feedforward regulation between expression and activities of DNA-PKcs and ER, DNA-PKcs-dependent phosphorylation of PR and an impact on PR-dependent transcription, and DNA-PKcs-promoted EGFR-dependent aggressiveness and metastases are examples of the results of targeted studies. Systems biology approach extracted many more genes and proteins engaged by DNA-PKcs in interaction with ER, PR, and EGFR. Examples are such regulators and predictors of breast tumorigenesis as BRCA1, TP53, and 18 genes of the MammaPrint signature. Reviewed here data suggest that the diagnostic value of DNA-PKcs in the context of ER, PR and EGFR signaling is defined by a network signature rather than by single markers. This review summarizes mechanisms of DNA-PKcs interaction with ER, PR, and EGFR, highlights tumor suppressors and oncogenes engaged by DNA-PKcs, and emphasizes the importance of diagnostic network-based signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serhiy Souchelnytskyi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar. .,Oranta CancerDiagnostics AB, 75263, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Lviv State University, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine. .,Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, 58000, Ukraine.
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17
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Proteomics-derived basal biomarker DNA-PKcs is associated with intrinsic subtype and long-term clinical outcomes in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:114. [PMID: 34504086 PMCID: PMC8429676 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise biomarkers are needed to guide better diagnostics and therapeutics for basal-like breast cancer, for which DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) has been recently reported by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium as the most specific biomarker. We evaluated DNA-PKcs expression in clinically-annotated breast cancer tissue microarrays and correlated results with immune biomarkers (training set: n = 300; validation set: n = 2401). Following a pre-specified study design per REMARK criteria, we found that high expression of DNA-PKcs was significantly associated with stromal and CD8 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Within the basal-like subtype, tumors with low DNA-PKcs and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes displayed the most favourable survival. DNA-PKcs expression by immunohistochemistry identified estrogen receptor-positive cases with a basal-like gene expression subtype. Non-silent mutations in PRKDC were significantly associated with poor outcomes. Integrating DNA-PKcs expression with validated immune biomarkers could guide patient selection for DNA-PKcs targeting strategies, DNA-damaging agents, and their combination with an immune-checkpoint blockade.
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18
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Huang R, Zhou PK. DNA damage repair: historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:254. [PMID: 34238917 PMCID: PMC8266832 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is the hallmark of various cancers with the increasing accumulation of DNA damage. The application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is typically based on this property of cancers. However, the adverse effects including normal tissues injury are also accompanied by the radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Targeted cancer therapy has the potential to suppress cancer cells' DNA damage response through tailoring therapy to cancer patients lacking specific DNA damage response functions. Obviously, understanding the broader role of DNA damage repair in cancers has became a basic and attractive strategy for targeted cancer therapy, in particular, raising novel hypothesis or theory in this field on the basis of previous scientists' findings would be important for future promising druggable emerging targets. In this review, we first illustrate the timeline steps for the understanding the roles of DNA damage repair in the promotion of cancer and cancer therapy developed, then we summarize the mechanisms regarding DNA damage repair associated with targeted cancer therapy, highlighting the specific proteins behind targeting DNA damage repair that initiate functioning abnormally duo to extrinsic harm by environmental DNA damage factors, also, the DNA damage baseline drift leads to the harmful intrinsic targeted cancer therapy. In addition, clinical therapeutic drugs for DNA damage and repair including therapeutic effects, as well as the strategy and scheme of relative clinical trials were intensive discussed. Based on this background, we suggest two hypotheses, namely "environmental gear selection" to describe DNA damage repair pathway evolution, and "DNA damage baseline drift", which may play a magnified role in mediating repair during cancer treatment. This two new hypothesis would shed new light on targeted cancer therapy, provide a much better or more comprehensive holistic view and also promote the development of new research direction and new overcoming strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.
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19
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Faulhaber EM, Jost T, Symank J, Scheper J, Bürkel F, Fietkau R, Hecht M, Distel LV. Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:925. [PMID: 34204447 PMCID: PMC8235750 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Kinase inhibitors (KI) targeting components of the DNA damage repair pathway are a promising new type of drug. Combining them with ionizing radiation therapy (IR), which is commonly used for treatment of head and neck tumors, could improve tumor control, but could also increase negative side effects on surrounding normal tissue. (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed. Cell death and cell cycle arrest were determined using flow cytometry. Additionally, clonogenic survival and migration were analyzed. (3) Studied HNSCC cell lines reacted differently to DDRi. An increase in cell death for all of the malignant cells could be observed when combining IR and KI. Healthy fibroblasts were not affected by simultaneous treatment. Migration was partially impaired. Influence on the cell cycle varied between the cell lines and inhibitors; (4) In conclusion, a combination of DDRi with IR could be feasible for patients with HNSCC. Side effects on healthy cells are expected to be limited to normal radiation-induced response. Formation of metastases could be decreased because cell migration is impaired partially. The treatment outcome for HPV-negative tumors tends to be improved by combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Faulhaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Symank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Scheper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Bürkel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Zhang T, Sun B, Zhong C, Xu K, Wang Z, Hofman P, Nagano T, Legras A, Breadner D, Ricciuti B, Divisi D, Schmid RA, Peng RW, Yang H, Yao F. Targeting histone deacetylase enhances the therapeutic effect of Erastin-induced ferroptosis in EGFR-activating mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1857-1872. [PMID: 34012798 PMCID: PMC8107764 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Intrinsic or acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is common, thus strategies for the management of EGFR-TKIs resistance are urgently required. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of cell death that has been implicated in tumorigenesis and resistance treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that ferroptosis can be therapeutically exploited for the treatment of solid tumors; however, whether ferroptosis can be targeted to treat EGFR mutant lung cancer and/or overcome the resistance to EGFR-TKIs is still unknown. Methods The effect of ferroptosis inducers on a panel of EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines, including those with EGFR-TKI intrinsic and acquired (generated by long-term exposure to the third-generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib), was determined using cytotoxicity assays. Further, drug candidates to enhance the effect of ferroptosis inducers were screened through implementing WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) and CMAP (connectivity map) analysis. Flow cytometry-based apoptosis and lipid hydroperoxides measurement were used to evaluate the cell fates after treatment. Results Compared with EGFR-TKI-sensitive cells, those with intrinsic or acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI display high sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers. In addition, Vorinostat, a clinically used inhibitor targeting histone deacetylase, can robustly enhance the efficacy of ferroptosis inducers, leading to a dramatic increase of hydroperoxides in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. Mechanistically, Vorinostat promotes ferroptosis via xCT downregulation. Conclusions Ferroptosis-inducing therapy shows promise in EGFR-activating mutant lung cancer cells that display intrinsic or acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Vorinostat can further promote ferroptosis by inhibiting xCT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Institute for Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhexin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Antoine Legras
- Thoracic and Cardio-Vascular Surgery Department, Tours University Hospital, INSERM, N2C UMR 1069, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Breadner
- Division of Medical Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program at London Health Science Center, London, Canada
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Duilio Divisi
- Department of MeSVA, University of L'Aquila, Thoracic Surgery Unit, "Giuseppe Mazzini" Hospital, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Haitang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Structural insights into the role of DNA-PK as a master regulator in NHEJ. GENOME INSTABILITY & DISEASE 2021; 2:195-210. [PMID: 34723130 PMCID: PMC8549938 DOI: 10.1007/s42764-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs/PRKDC is the largest serine/threonine protein kinase of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) family and is the most highly expressed PIKK in human cells. With its DNA-binding partner Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs is required for regulated and efficient repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks via the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Loss of DNA-PKcs or other NHEJ factors leads to radiation sensitivity and unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), as well as defects in V(D)J recombination and immune defects. In this review, we highlight the contributions of the late Dr. Carl W. Anderson to the discovery and early characterization of DNA-PK. We furthermore build upon his foundational work to provide recent insights into the structure of NHEJ synaptic complexes, an evolutionarily conserved and functionally important YRPD motif, and the role of DNA-PKcs and its phosphorylation in NHEJ. The combined results identify DNA-PKcs as a master regulator that is activated by its detection of two double-strand DNA ends for a cascade of phosphorylation events that provide specificity and efficiency in assembling the synaptic complex for NHEJ.
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