1
|
Liu ZH, Xia Y, Ai S, Wang HL. Health risks of Bisphenol-A exposure: From Wnt signaling perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118752. [PMID: 38513750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Human beings are routinely exposed to chronic and low dose of Bisphenols (BPs) due to their widely pervasiveness in the environment. BPs hold similar chemical structures to 17β-estradiol (E2) and thyroid hormone, thus posing threats to human health by rendering the endocrine system dysfunctional. Among BPs, Bisphenol-A (BPA) is the best-known and extensively studied endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). BPA possesses multisystem toxicity, including reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Particularly, the central nervous system (CNS), especially the developing one, is vulnerable to BPA exposure. This review describes our current knowledge of BPA toxicity and the related molecular mechanisms, with an emphasis on the role of Wnt signaling in the related processes. We also discuss the role of oxidative stress, endocrine signaling and epigenetics in the regulation of Wnt signaling by BPA exposure. In summary, dysfunction of Wnt signaling plays a key role in BPA toxicity and thus can be a potential target to alleviate EDCs induced damage to organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Yanzhou Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Shu Ai
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selvaggi F, Catalano T, Lattanzio R, Cotellese R, Aceto GM. Wingless/It/β-catenin signaling in liver metastasis from colorectal cancer: A focus on biological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2764-2783. [PMID: 37274070 PMCID: PMC10237106 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most common site of metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) are the result of molecular mechanisms that involve different cells of the liver microenvironment. The aberrant activation of Wingless/It (Wnt)/β-catenin signals downstream of Wnt ligands initially drives the oncogenic transformation of the colon epithelium, but also the progression of metastatization through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition/mesenchymal-epithelial transition interactions. In liver microenvironment, metastatic cells can also survive and adapt through dormancy, which makes them less susceptible to pro-apoptotic signals and therapies. Treatment of CRLMs is challenging due to its variability and heterogeneity. Advances in surgery and oncology have been made in the last decade and a pivotal role for Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been re-cognized in chemoresistance. At the state of art, there is a lack of clear understanding of why and how this occurs and thus where exactly the opportunities for developing anti-CRLMs therapies may lie. In this review, current knowledge on the involvement of Wnt signaling in the development of CRLMs was considered. In addition, an overview of useful biomarkers with a revision of surgical and non-surgical therapies currently accepted in the clinical practice for colorectal liver metastasis patients were provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Selvaggi
- Department of Surgical, ASL2 Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Ospedale Clinicizzato SS Annunziata of Chieti, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Teresa Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
- Villa Serena Foundation for Research, Villa Serena - Del Dott. L. Petruzzi, Città Sant’Angelo 65013, Pescara, Italy
| | - Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo L, Dou Y, Xiang Y, Luo L, Xu X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liang T. Systematic analysis of cancer-specific synthetic lethal interactions provides insight into personalized anticancer therapy. FEBS J 2023; 290:1531-1548. [PMID: 36181326 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The concept of synthetic lethality has great potential for anticancer therapy as a new strategy to specifically kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. To further understand the potential molecular interactions and gene characteristics involved in synthetic lethality, we performed a comprehensive analysis of predicted cancer-specific genetic interactions. Many genes were identified as cancer-associated genes that contributed to multiple biological processes and pathways, and the gene features were not random, indicating their potential roles in human carcinogenesis. Some relevant genes detected in multiple cancers were prone to be enriched in specific biological progresses and pathways, especially processes associated with DNA damage, chromosome-related functions and cancer pathways. These findings strongly implicated potential roles for these genes in cancer pathophysiology and functional relationships, as well as applications for future anticancer drug discovery. Further experimental validation indicated that the synthetic lethal interaction of APC and GFER may provide a potential anticancer strategy for patients with APC-mutant colon cancer. These results will contribute to further exploration of synthetic lethal interactions and broader application of the concept of synthetic lethality in anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
| | - Yuyang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
| | - Yangyang Xiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
| | - Lulu Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Xinru Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pakpisutkul J, Suwapraphan J, Sripayak N, Sitkhuntod N, Loyrat S, Yahayo W, Supabphol R. The Effects of Vernonia cinerea Less Extracts on Antioxidant Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3923-3930. [PMID: 36444606 PMCID: PMC9930942 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.11.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the capability of Vernonia cinerea extracts to disrupt the intracellular oxidative-antioxidative status in colorectal cancer cells. METHODS All experiments were conducted on two colorectal cancer cell lines (SW620 and HT29) with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Vernonia cinerea (VC). The cytotoxicity of both extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Cells were treated for 1, 4, and 7 days with different concentrations of aqueous and ethanol extracts ranging from 100-700 and 10-150 μg/ml respectively. The antioxidant capacity of cell lysates was determined by the 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. The possible action mechanism was also investigated through gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. RESULTS Both aqueous and ethanol extracts showed dose/time-dependent manners in all assays. Ethanol extract had a higher potency for cytotoxicity with obviously lower IC50 and a higher antioxidant capability in cytoplasmic content than aqueous extract, especially at 4-day treatment. Low MDA content and gene expression alteration of four enzymes involved in antioxidant status were found in cells treated with ethanol extract compared to aqueous extract. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol VC extracts can cause cytotoxicity to human colorectal cancer cells, possibly be involved in oxidative stress, and/or interfere with oxidative-antioxidative balance by radical scavenging in vitro.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Sun M, Jiao Y, Lin B, Yang Q. PHGDH Inhibitor CBR-5884 Inhibits Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Progression via ROS/Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathway and Plays a Synergistic Role with PARP Inhibitor Olaparib. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9029544. [PMID: 36105480 PMCID: PMC9467758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9029544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PHGDH attaches importance to serine biosynthesis in cancer cells and maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis. However, the role of PHGDH inhibitor CBR-5884 in cell ROS level and its downstream pathways has not been explored in epithelial ovarian cancer. Thus, we investigated the function and possible mechanism of PHGDH inhibitor CBR-5884 on epithelial ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. A2780, OVCAR3, and ES-2 were treated with CBR-5884 at different concentrations or different time points. Results showed that CBR-5884 inhibited epithelial ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and increases cell ROS level. Meanwhile, CBR-5884 exerts antitumor effect through activating ROS/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Besides, CBR-5884 exerts antitumor effect in vivo. What's more, we explored the effect of CBR-5884 with or without PARP inhibitor Olaparib, which showed that the two together had a larger effect. In conclusion, PHGDH inhibitor CBR-5884 inhibits epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion through activating ROS/Wnt/β-catenin pathway and plays a synergistic role with PARP inhibitor olaparib, which provided a theoretical basis for PHGDH inhibitor CBR-5884 in clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Meige Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yisheng Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selvaggi F, Catalano T, Cotellese R, Aceto GM. Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways in Primary Liver Tumours: From Microenvironment Signaling to Therapeutic Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081912. [PMID: 35454818 PMCID: PMC9024538 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancers (PLCs) are steadily increasing in incidence and mortality in the world. They have a poor prognosis due to their silent nature, late discovery and resistance to common chemotherapy. At present, there are limited treatment alternatives, and the understanding of PLC molecular aspects is essential to develop more efficient drugs and therapeutic surgical and loco-regional strategies. A clear causal link with liver damage, inflammation, and regeneration has been found in the occurrence of PLC over the last few decades. Physiologically, Wingless/It (Wnt)-β-catenin signaling plays a key role in liver development, metabolic zonation and regeneration. Loss of functional homeostasis of this pathway appears to be a major driver of carcinogenesis in the liver parenchyma. In the hepatic microenvironment, molecular deregulations that exceed the Wnt signaling biological capacity can induce tumor initiation and progression. Indeed, somatic mutations are identified in key components of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling and in PLCs and precancerous lesions. In this review, the altered functions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are considered in human PLCs, with emphasis on hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), cholangiocarcinomas (CCA) and hepatoblastomas (HB). Based on recent literature, we also focused on liver cancerogenesis through Wnt deregulation. An overview of preclinical and clinical studies on approved and experimental drugs, targeting the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in PLCs, is proposed. In addition, the clinical implication of molecule inhibitors that have been shown to possess activity against the Wnt pathway in association with conventional surgical and loco-regional therapies are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Selvaggi
- Unit of General Surgery, Ospedale Floraspe Renzetti, 66034 Lanciano, Chieti, Italy;
| | - Teresa Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Villa Serena Foundation for Research, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Pescara, Italy
| | - Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Savino L, Di Marcantonio MC, Moscatello C, Cotellese R, Centurione L, Muraro R, Aceto GM, Mincione G. Effects of H 2O 2 Treatment Combined With PI3K Inhibitor and MEK Inhibitor in AGS Cells: Oxidative Stress Outcomes in a Model of Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860760. [PMID: 35372019 PMCID: PMC8966616 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is worldwide the fifth and third cancer for incidence and mortality, respectively. Stomach wall is daily exposed to oxidative stress and BER system has a key role in the defense from oxidation-induced DNA damage, whilst ErbB receptors have important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. We used AGS cells as an aggressive gastric carcinoma cell model, treated with H2O2 alone or combined with ErbB signaling pathway inhibitors, to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress in gastric cancer, focusing on the modulation of ErbB signaling pathways and their eventual cross-talk with BER system. We showed that treatment with H2O2 combined with PI3K/AKT and MEK inhibitors influenced cell morphology and resulted in a reduction of cancer cell viability. Migration ability was reduced after H2O2 treatment alone or combined with MEK inhibitor and after PI3K/AKT inhibitor alone. Western blotting analysis showed that oxidative stress stimulated EGFR pathway favoring the MAPKs activation at the expense of PI3K/AKT pathway. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR showed ErbB2 and OGG1 increase under oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, we suggest that in AGS cells a pro-oxidant treatment can reduce gastric cancer cell growth and migration via a different modulation of PI3K and MAPKs pathways. Moreover, the observed ErbB2 and OGG1 induction is a cellular response to protect the cells from H2O2-induced cell death. In conclusion, to tailor specific combinations of therapies and to decide which strategy to use, administration of a chemotherapy that increases intracellular ROS to toxic levels, might not only be dependent on the tumor type, but also on the molecular targeting therapy used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Savino
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Di Marcantonio
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmelo Moscatello
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Centurione
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaella Muraro
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Mincione
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu X, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Zhang H, Guo X, You Q, Wang L. Methods for the Discovery and Identification of Small Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress-Related Protein–Protein Interactions: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040619. [PMID: 35453304 PMCID: PMC9025695 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress response pathway is one of the hotspots of current pharmaceutical research. Many proteins involved in these pathways work through protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Hence, targeting PPI to develop drugs for an oxidative stress response is a promising strategy. In recent years, small molecules targeting protein–protein interactions (PPIs), which provide efficient methods for drug discovery, are being investigated by an increasing number of studies. However, unlike the enzyme–ligand binding mode, PPIs usually exhibit large and dynamic binding interfaces, which raise additional challenges for the discovery and optimization of small molecules and for the biochemical techniques used to screen compounds and study structure–activity relationships (SARs). Currently, multiple types of PPIs have been clustered into different classes, which make it difficult to design stationary methods for small molecules. Deficient experimental methods are plaguing medicinal chemists and are becoming a major challenge in the discovery of PPI inhibitors. In this review, we present current methods that are specifically used in the discovery and identification of small molecules that target oxidative stress-related PPIs, including proximity-based, affinity-based, competition-based, structure-guided, and function-based methods. Our aim is to introduce feasible methods and their characteristics that are implemented in the discovery of small molecules for different types of PPIs. For each of these methods, we highlight successful examples of PPI inhibitors associated with oxidative stress to illustrate the strategies and provide insights for further design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hengheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
| |
Collapse
|