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Tecik M, Adan A. Emerging DNA Methylome Targets in FLT3-ITD-Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Combination Therapy with Clinically Approved FLT3 Inhibitors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2024; 25:719-751. [PMID: 38696033 PMCID: PMC11222205 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-024-01202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation of the FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) is the most common mutation observed in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. It represents poor prognosis due to continuous activation of downstream growth-promoting signaling pathways such as STAT5 and PI3K/AKT. Hence, FLT3 is considered an attractive druggable target; selective small FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3Is), such as midostaurin and quizartinib, have been clinically approved. However, patients possess generally poor remission rates and acquired resistance when FLT3I used alone. Various factors in patients could cause these adverse effects including altered epigenetic regulation, causing mainly abnormal gene expression patterns. Epigenetic modifications are required for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation; however, critical driver mutations have been identified in genes controlling DNA methylation (such as DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1/2). These regulators cause leukemia pathogenesis and affect disease diagnosis and prognosis when they co-occur with FLT3-ITD mutation. Therefore, understanding the role of different epigenetic alterations in FLT3-ITD AML pathogenesis and how they modulate FLT3I's activity is important to rationalize combinational treatment approaches including FLT3Is and modulators of methylation regulators or pathways. Data from ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will further precisely define the potential use of epigenetic therapy together with FLT3Is especially after characterized patients' mutational status in terms of FLT3 and DNA methlome regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Tecik
- Bioengineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysun Adan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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2
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Schiroli G, Kartha V, Duarte FM, Kristiansen TA, Mayerhofer C, Shrestha R, Earl A, Hu Y, Tay T, Rhee C, Buenrostro JD, Scadden DT. Cell of origin epigenetic priming determines susceptibility to Tet2 mutation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4325. [PMID: 38773071 PMCID: PMC11109152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mutations can result in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Here, we investigate how the cell state preceding Tet2 mutation impacts the pre-malignant phenotype. Using an inducible system for clonal analysis of myeloid progenitors, we find that the epigenetic features of clones at similar differentiation status are highly heterogeneous and functionally respond differently to Tet2 mutation. Cell differentiation stage also influences Tet2 mutation response indicating that the cell of origin's epigenome modulates clone-specific behaviors in CH. Molecular features associated with higher risk outcomes include Sox4 that sensitizes cells to Tet2 inactivation, inducing dedifferentiation, altered metabolism and increasing the in vivo clonal output of mutant cells, as confirmed in primary GMP and HSC models. Our findings validate the hypothesis that epigenetic features can predispose specific clones for dominance, explaining why identical genetic mutations can result in different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Schiroli
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vinay Kartha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Fabiana M Duarte
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Trine A Kristiansen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christina Mayerhofer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rojesh Shrestha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Earl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Tristan Tay
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Catherine Rhee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Azizidoost S, Nasrolahi A, Sheykhi-Sabzehpoush M, Anbiyaiee A, Khoshnam SE, Farzaneh M, Uddin S. Signaling pathways governing the behaviors of leukemia stem cells. Genes Dis 2024; 11:830-846. [PMID: 37692500 PMCID: PMC10491880 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a malignancy in the blood that develops from the lymphatic system and bone marrow. Although various treatment options have been used for different types of leukemia, understanding the molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of leukemia is necessary. Recent studies showed that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis of leukemia by targeting several signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, and STAT3. LSCs are highly proliferative cells that stimulate tumor initiation, migration, EMT, and drug resistance. This review summarizes cellular pathways that stimulate and prevent LSCs' self-renewal, metastasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6193673111, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6193673111, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Sheykhi-Sabzehpoush
- Department of Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 2193672411, Iran
| | - Amir Anbiyaiee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6193673111, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6193673111, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6193673111, Iran
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang X. TET (Ten-eleven translocation) family proteins: structure, biological functions and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:297. [PMID: 37563110 PMCID: PMC10415333 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins (TETs), specifically, TET1, TET2 and TET3, can modify DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) iteratively to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxycytosine (5caC), and then two of these intermediates (5fC and 5caC) can be excised and return to unmethylated cytosines by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Because DNA methylation and demethylation play an important role in numerous biological processes, including zygote formation, embryogenesis, spatial learning and immune homeostasis, the regulation of TETs functions is complicated, and dysregulation of their functions is implicated in many diseases such as myeloid malignancies. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that TET2 is able to catalyze the hydroxymethylation of RNA to perform post-transcriptional regulation. Notably, catalytic-independent functions of TETs in certain biological contexts have been identified, further highlighting their multifunctional roles. Interestingly, by reactivating the expression of selected target genes, accumulated evidences support the potential therapeutic use of TETs-based DNA methylation editing tools in disorders associated with epigenetic silencing. In this review, we summarize recent key findings in TETs functions, activity regulators at various levels, technological advances in the detection of 5hmC, the main TETs oxidative product, and TETs emerging applications in epigenetic editing. Furthermore, we discuss existing challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V, Berezina TN, Rybtsov S. Hematopoietic Stem Cells and the Immune System in Development and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065862. [PMID: 36982935 PMCID: PMC10056303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) support haematopoiesis throughout life and give rise to the whole variety of cells of the immune system. Developing in the early embryo, passing through the precursor stage, and maturing into the first HSCs, they undergo a fairly large number of divisions while maintaining a high regenerative potential due to high repair activity. This potential is greatly reduced in adult HSCs. They go into a state of dormancy and anaerobic metabolism to maintain their stemness throughout life. However, with age, changes occur in the pool of HSCs that negatively affect haematopoiesis and the effectiveness of immunity. Niche aging and accumulation of mutations with age reduces the ability of HSCs to self-renew and changes their differentiation potential. This is accompanied by a decrease in clonal diversity and a disturbance of lymphopoiesis (decrease in the formation of naive T- and B-cells) and the predominance of myeloid haematopoiesis. Aging also affects mature cells, regardless of HSC, therefore, phagocytic activity and the intensity of the oxidative burst decrease, and the efficiency of processing and presentation of antigens by myeloid cells is impaired. Aging cells of innate and adaptive immunity produce factors that form a chronic inflammatory background. All these processes have a serious negative impact on the protective properties of the immune system, increasing inflammation, the risk of developing autoimmune, oncological, and cardiovascular diseases with age. Understanding the mechanisms of reducing the regenerative potential in a comparative analysis of embryonic and aging HSCs, the features of inflammatory aging will allow us to get closer to deciphering the programs for the development, aging, regeneration and rejuvenation of HSCs and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Shevyrev
- Centre for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Centre for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Berezina
- Department of Scientific Basis of Extreme Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Centre for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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Role of TET dioxygenases in the regulation of both normal and pathological hematopoiesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:294. [PMID: 36203205 PMCID: PMC9540719 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The family of ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases (TETs) consists of TET1, TET2, and TET3. Although all TETs are expressed in hematopoietic tissues, only TET2 is commonly found to be mutated in age-related clonal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies. TET2 mutation causes abnormal epigenetic landscape changes and results in multiple stages of lineage commitment/differentiation defects as well as genetic instability in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). TET2 mutations are founder mutations (first hits) in approximately 40–50% of cases of TET2-mutant (TET2MT) hematopoietic malignancies and are later hits in the remaining cases. In both situations, TET2MT collaborates with co-occurring mutations to promote malignant transformation. In TET2MT tumor cells, TET1 and TET3 partially compensate for TET2 activity and contribute to the pathogenesis of TET2MT hematopoietic malignancies. Here we summarize the most recent research on TETs in regulating of both normal and pathogenic hematopoiesis. We review the concomitant mutations and aberrant signals in TET2MT malignancies. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which concomitant mutations and aberrant signals determine lineage commitment in HSPCs and the identity of hematopoietic malignancies. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to treat TET2MT hematopoietic malignancies, including reverting the methylation state of TET2 target genes and targeting the concomitant mutations and aberrant signals.
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7
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Äijö T, Theofilatos D, Cheng M, Smith MD, Xiong Y, Baldwin AS, Tsagaratou A. TET proteins regulate T cell and iNKT cell lineage specification in a TET2 catalytic dependent manner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940995. [PMID: 35990681 PMCID: PMC9389146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TET proteins mediate DNA demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other oxidative derivatives. We have previously demonstrated a dynamic enrichment of 5hmC during T and invariant natural killer T cell lineage specification. Here, we investigate shared signatures in gene expression of Tet2/3 DKO CD4 single positive (SP) and iNKT cells in the thymus. We discover that TET proteins exert a fundamental role in regulating the expression of the lineage specifying factor Th-POK, which is encoded by Zbtb7b. We demonstrate that TET proteins mediate DNA demethylation - surrounding a proximal enhancer, critical for the intensity of Th-POK expression. In addition, TET proteins drive the DNA demethylation of site A at the Zbtb7b locus to facilitate GATA3 binding. GATA3 induces Th-POK expression in CD4 SP cells. Finally, by introducing a novel mouse model that lacks TET3 and expresses full length, catalytically inactive TET2, we establish a causal link between TET2 catalytic activity and lineage specification of both conventional and unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Äijö
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dimitris Theofilatos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meng Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ageliki Tsagaratou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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8
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Levescot A, Malamut G, Cerf-Bensussan N. Immunopathogenesis and environmental triggers in coeliac disease. Gut 2022; 71:gutjnl-2021-326257. [PMID: 35879049 PMCID: PMC9554150 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is a frequent immune enteropathy induced by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Its pathogenesis has been extensively studied and CD has emerged as a model disease to decipher how the interplay between environmental and genetic factors can predispose to autoimmunity and promote lymphomagenesis. The keystone event is the activation of a gluten-specific immune response that is driven by molecular interactions between gluten, the indispensable environmental factor, HLA-DQ2/8, the main predisposing genetic factor and transglutaminase 2, the CD-specific autoantigen. The antigluten response is however not sufficient to induce epithelial damage which requires the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). In a plausible scenario, cooperation between cytokines released by gluten-specific CD4+ T cells and interleukin-15 produced in excess in the coeliac gut, licenses the autoimmune-like attack of the gut epithelium, likely via sustained activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in IEL. Demonstration that lymphomas complicating CD arise from IEL that have acquired gain-of-function JAK1 or STAT3 mutations stresses the key role of this pathway and explains how gluten-driven chronic inflammation may promote this rare but most severe complication. If our understanding of CD pathogenesis has considerably progressed, several questions and challenges remain. One unsolved question concerns the considerable variability in disease penetrance, severity and presentation, pointing to the role of additional genetic and environmental factors that remain however uneasy to untangle and hierarchize. A current challenge is to transfer the considerable mechanistic insight gained into CD pathogenesis into benefits for the patients, notably to alleviate the gluten-free diet, a burden for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Levescot
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Malamut
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, APHP Centre, Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
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Joshi K, Liu S, Breslin S J P, Zhang J. Mechanisms that regulate the activities of TET proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:363. [PMID: 35705880 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases consists of three members, TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three TET enzymes have Fe+2 and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase activities, catalyzing the 1st step of DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and further oxidize 5hmC to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Gene knockout studies demonstrated that all three TET proteins are involved in the regulation of fetal organ generation during embryonic development and normal tissue generation postnatally. TET proteins play such roles by regulating the expression of key differentiation and fate-determining genes via (1) enzymatic activity-dependent DNA methylation of the promoters and enhancers of target genes; and (2) enzymatic activity-independent regulation of histone modification. Interacting partner proteins and post-translational regulatory mechanisms regulate the activities of TET proteins. Mutations and dysregulation of TET proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, specifically cancers. Here, we summarize the research on the interaction partners and post-translational modifications of TET proteins. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these partner proteins and modifications regulate TET functioning and target gene expression. Such information will help in the design of medications useful for targeted therapy of TET-mutant-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Joshi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Shanhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Watt SM, Hua P, Roberts I. Increasing Complexity of Molecular Landscapes in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells during Development and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3675. [PMID: 35409034 PMCID: PMC8999121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The past five decades have seen significant progress in our understanding of human hematopoiesis. This has in part been due to the unprecedented development of advanced technologies, which have allowed the identification and characterization of rare subsets of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and their lineage trajectories from embryonic through to adult life. Additionally, surrogate in vitro and in vivo models, although not fully recapitulating human hematopoiesis, have spurred on these scientific advances. These approaches have heightened our knowledge of hematological disorders and diseases and have led to their improved diagnosis and therapies. Here, we review human hematopoiesis at each end of the age spectrum, during embryonic and fetal development and on aging, providing exemplars of recent progress in deciphering the increasingly complex cellular and molecular hematopoietic landscapes in health and disease. This review concludes by highlighting links between chronic inflammation and metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with aging and in the development of clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Watt
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9BQ, UK
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Peng Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Irene Roberts
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Department of Paediatrics and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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