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Huang S, Zhang X, Luo K, Jiang L, Jiang J, Li R. Oxysterol-Binding Protein 2 Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression Through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2022; 11:762233. [PMID: 35127474 PMCID: PMC8810821 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein 2 (OSBP2) is crucial for promoting the growth and development of cancers; however, its effects on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are still unclear. Here, we report that OSBP2 is an efficient tumor-associated protein to lead to extremely malignant characteristics in PDAC. We discovered that increased OSBP2 expression in primary tumors was associated with shorter survival in PDAC patients. Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to analyze the levels of OSBP2 expression in PDAC tissues and adjacent paracancerous tissues. We used wound healing and Transwell assays to evaluate the effects of OSBP2 on PDAC cell (ASPC-1 and BXPC-3) migration and invasion, respectively, and CCK-8 and Annexin V/PI double staining to evaluate the effects of OSBP2 on PDAC cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was used to analyze the effect of OSBP2 on the PDAC cell phenotype. We also explored the effect of OSBP2 on chemosensitivity to gemcitabine (GEM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We validated these findings in an in vivo mouse model. The data show that OSBP2 overexpression promoted PDAC cell migration, invasion, proliferation and chemotherapy resistance, and decreased apoptosis. OSBP2 overexpression downregulated E-cadherin expression and upregulated N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, Slug, ZEB1, and β-catenin expression. Taken together, our findings indicated that OSBP2 was overexpressed in PDAC and that upregulation of OSBP2 may promote PDAC progression. Therefore, OSBP2 may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic value in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Hua County People’s Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Renfeng Li
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Tanabe S. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1393:1-49. [PMID: 36587300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12974-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cellular phenotypic change from epithelial to mesenchymal-like features, is related to the resistance and metastasis of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several signal transduction mechanisms induce EMT, which causes the gene expression alteration to induce the acquisition of resistance and metastasis in cancer. EMT is characterized with high gene expression of cadherin 2 (N-cadherin) and vimentin, and sparse cell-cell junction. The cells with EMT-phenotype have migration, metastasis and drug-resistance capacity, which are main characteristics of CSCs. It seems that the main population of CSCs exhibits EMT phenotype, whereas some populations consist of phenotypes other than EMT. In this chapter, EMT mechanism, phenotypic features of EMT and CSCs, signal transduction in EMT and CSCs, differences between EMT and CSCs, and the role of EMT in CSCs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihori Tanabe
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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3
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Zaarour RF, Prasad P, Venkatesh GH, Khouzam RA, Amirtharaj F, Zeinelabdin N, Rifath A, Terry S, Nawafleh H, El Sayed Y, Chouaib S. Waterpipe smoke condensate influences epithelial to mesenchymal transition and interferes with the cytotoxic immune response in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:879-890. [PMID: 33469682 PMCID: PMC7859923 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WPS) continues to spread globally and presents serious health hazards. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of treatment with WPS condensate (WPSC) on lung cell proliferation and plasticity as well as tumor cell recognition and killing by natural killer (NK) cells using cytotoxicity assays. The results indicated that exposure of normal and cancer lung cell lines to WPSC resulted in a decrease in their in vitro growth in a dose-dependent manner and it induced tumor senescence. In addition, WPSC selectively caused DNA damage as revealed by an increase in γH2AX and 53BP1 in tumor lung cells. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms altered by WPSC, we conducted a global comprehensive transcriptome analysis of WPSC-treated tumor cells. Data analysis identified an expression profile of genes that best distinguished treated and non-treated cells involving several pathways. Of these pathways, we focused on those involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness. Results showed that WPSC induced an increase in SNAI2 expression associated with EMT, ACTA2 and SERPINE2 were involved in invasion and CD44 was associated with stemness. Furthermore, WPSC exposure increased the expression of inflammatory response genes including CASP1, IL1B, IL6 and CCL2. While immune synapse formation between NK and WPSC-treated lung cancer target cells was not affected, the capacity of NK cells to kill these target cells was reduced. The data reported in the present study are, to the best of our knowledge, the first in vitro demonstration of WPSC effects on lung cellular parameters providing evidence of its potential involvement in tumor physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Faouzi Zaarour
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Prathibha Prasad
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | | | - Raefa Abou Khouzam
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Francis Amirtharaj
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Nagwa Zeinelabdin
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Ayesha Rifath
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Stephane Terry
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine - University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Husam Nawafleh
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
| | - Yehya El Sayed
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences (BCE), American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, UAE
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, UAE
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine - University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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4
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Safa AR. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a hallmark in pancreatic cancer stem cell migration, metastasis formation, and drug resistance. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2020; 6:36. [PMID: 34841087 PMCID: PMC8623975 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, tumor progression, and chemoresistance are the major causes of death in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Tumor dissemination is associated with the activation of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, a program by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-to-cell adhesion, and acquire migratory and invasive abilities to become mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). These MSCs are multipotent stromal cells capable of differentiating into various cell types and trigger the phenotypic transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. Therefore, EMT promotes migration and survival during cancer metastasis and confers stemness features to particular subsets of cells. Furthermore, a major problem limiting our ability to treat PDAC is the existence of rare populations of pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) or cancer-initiating cells in pancreatic tumors. PCSCs may represent sub-populations of tumor cells resistant to therapy which are most crucial for driving invasive tumor growth. These cells are capable of regenerating the cellular heterogeneity associated with the primary tumor when xenografted into mice. Therefore, the presence of PCSCs has prognostic relevance and influences the therapeutic response of tumors. PCSCs express markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) including CD24, CD133, CD44, and epithelial specific antigen as well as the drug transporter ABCG2 grow as spheroids in a defined growth medium. A major difficulty in studying tumor cell dissemination and metastasis has been the identification of markers that distinguish metastatic cancer cells from cells that are normally circulating in the bloodstream or at sites where these cells metastasize. Evidence highlights a linkage between CSC and EMT. In this review, The current understanding of the PCSCs, signaling pathways regulating these cells, PDAC heterogeneity, EMT mechanism, and links between EMT and metastasis in PCSCs are summarised. This information may provide potential therapeutic strategies to prevent EMT and trigger CSC growth inhibition and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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5
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Ranganathan S, Kumar S, Mohanty SS, Jolly MK, Rangarajan A. Cellular Plasticity in Matrix-attached and -Detached Cells: Implications in Metastasis. J Indian Inst Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Sun HR, Wang S, Yan SC, Zhang Y, Nelson PJ, Jia HL, Qin LX, Dong QZ. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1104. [PMID: 31709180 PMCID: PMC6821685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated in a variety of tumors and are thought to act as a clonogenic core for the genesis of new tumor growth. This small subpopulation of cancer cells has been proposed to help drive tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence and conventional therapy resistance. CSCs show self-renewal and flexible clonogenic properties and help define specific tumor microenvironments (TME). The interaction between CSCs and TME is thought to function as a dynamic support system that fosters the generation and maintenance of CSCs. Investigation of the interaction between CSCs and the TME is shedding light on the biologic mechanisms underlying the process of tumor malignancy, metastasis, and therapy resistance. We summarize recent advances in CSC biology and their environment, and discuss the challenges and future strategies for targeting this biology as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Can Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Qin L, Qiu K, Hu C, Wang L, Wu G, Tan Y. Respiratory syncytial virus promoted the differentiation of Th17 cells in airway microenvironment through activation of Notch-1/Delta3. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:649-656. [PMID: 30843783 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with serious lung disease in infants and immunocompromised individuals and is linked to development of asthma. Infection of RSV has been shown to induce Th lymphocyte differentiation. The present study was designed to determine the effects of RSV on the expression of Notch-1 and the related mechanisms on subsequent differentiation of Th lymphocytes. METHODS A RSV-infected animal model was established and investigated at 7, 28 and 60 days post infection. Real-time qPCR and Western blot were used to observe the expression levels of Notch-1 in CD4+ T cells and its five ligands in lung tissues. The methylation levels of CpG islands in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and Notch-1 promoters were analysed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentiation of Th lymphocytes was assayed by real-time qPCR. The distribution of JAG1 and DLL3 in the lung tissues were assayed by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between Th17 and DLL3 was analysed by simple correlation. RESULTS The results showed that RSV promoted the expression and de-methylation of Notch-1 promoters in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, RSV infection promoted Th1 differentiation at day 7 and day 28; Th17 differentiation at day 7, day 28 and day 60; Th2 differentiation at day 28 and day 60. At the same time, RSV infection promoted the expression of JAG1 and DLL3. Activation of Notch-1/ DLL 3 in lungs may be associated with the differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that activation of RSV stimulated the differentiation of Th17 in airway microenvironment through activation Notch-1/DLL3, which may be associated with the occurrence and development of RSV-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Kezi Qiu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
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8
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Transfection of T-Box Transcription Factor BRACHYURY and SOX2 Synergistically Promote Self-Renewal and Invasive Phenotype in Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113620. [PMID: 30453543 PMCID: PMC6275038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) correlates with cancer metastasis. In addition, there is growing evidence of the association of EMT with cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recently, we showed that the T-box transcription factor BRACHYURY could be a strong regulator of EMT and the CSC phenotype, which were effectively suppressed by a BRACHYURY knockdown in an adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line. In this study, we further tested whether BRACHYURY is a regulator of cancer stemness by means of forced expression of BRACHYURY in oral cancer cell lines. BRACHYURY, SOX2, or both were stably transfected into oral carcinoma cell lines. We analysed these transfectants with respect to self-renewal phenotypes using a sphere-formation assay, and we assessed the expression levels of EMT markers and stem cell markers using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell migration and invasiveness in vitro were evaluated using a wound healing assay and a tumour cell dissemination assay, respectively. Forced expression of BRACHYURY or SOX2 slightly increased expression of EMT and stem cell markers and the self-renewal phenotype. The expression levels, however, were much lower compared to those of cancer stem cell-like cells. Forced co-expression of BRACHYURY and SOX2 strongly upregulated EMT and stem cell markers and the self-renewal phenotype. Cell migration and invasiveness in vitro were also remarkably enhanced. These synergistic effects increased expression levels of FIBRONECTIN, SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, and TGF-β2. In particular, the effects on FIBRONECTIN and TGF-β2 were significant. We found that BRACHYURY and SOX2 synergistically promote cancer stemness in oral cancer cells. This finding points to the importance of gene or protein networks associated with BRACHYURY and SOX2 in the development and maintenance of the CSC phenotype.
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9
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Yang X, Liang X, Zheng M, Tang Y. Cellular Phenotype Plasticity in Cancer Dormancy and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:505. [PMID: 30456206 PMCID: PMC6230580 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a period of cancer progression in which residual tumor cells exist, but clinically remain asymptomatic for a long time, as well as resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies. Cellular phenotype plasticity represents that cellular phenotype could convert between epithelial cells and cells with mesenchymal traits. Recently, this process has been shown to closely associate with tumor cell proliferation, cancer dormancy and metastasis. In this review, we have described different scenarios of how the transition from epithelial to mesenchymal morphology (EMT) and backwards (MET) are connected with the initiation of dormancy and reactivation of proliferation. These processes are fundamental for cancer cells to invade tissues and metastasize. Recognizing the mechanisms underlying the cellular phenotype plasticity as well as dormancy and targeting them is likely to increase the efficiency of traditional tumor treatment inhibiting tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of OralPathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of OralPathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yaling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of OralPathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang Y, Xue X, Zhao X, Qin L, Shen Y, Dou H, Sun J, Wang T, Yang DQ. Vasohibin 2 promotes malignant behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5567-5576. [PMID: 30318866 PMCID: PMC6246956 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that Vasohibin 2 (VASH2) protein may induce epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells by promoting the malignant behaviors of these cells. The present study aimed to test this hypothesis and explore the possible mechanisms involved. Methods The expression of VASH2 in PC tissues and cell lines was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot. PC cells with overexpression or knockdown of VASH2 were used to examine the involvement of VASH2 in EMT by detecting the expression of epithelial (E‐cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) markers and EMT‐related transcription factor ZEB1/2, in gemcitabine resistance and tumor cell invasion by apoptosis and invasion assays, and in cancer stem cell‐like phenotypes by detecting the proportion of CD24+CD44+ and side population (SP) cells in PC cells with flow cytometry. The impact of VASH2 overexpression and knockdown on components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway was also assessed. Results We found that VASH2 was highly expressed in PC tissues and cells. It promoted the EMT of PC cells by altering ZEB1/2 expression. VASH2 also stimulated invasion and chemotherapeutic resistance of PC cells and increased the proportion of cancer stem‐like cells in PC cells. VASH2 did so by upregulating the expression of multiple molecules in the Hedgehog signaling pathway of PC cells. Conclusion VASH2 promotes malignant behaviors of PC cells by inducing EMT via activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Qin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Dou
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Sun
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Qing Yang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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11
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Mitra T, Prasad P, Mukherjee P, Chaudhuri SR, Chatterji U, Roy SS. Stemness and chemoresistance are imparted to the OC cells through TGFβ1 driven EMT. J Cell Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29537103 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fourth most common gynecological malignancy due to its highly aggressive, recurrent, and drug-resistant nature. The last two features are rendered by the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Factors like TGFβ1 and their downstream signaling pathways are upregulated in most cancers and are known to induce EMT and stemness, but the exact mechanisms underlying the process remain unelucidated. In our study, TGFβ1 induced enhanced stem-like properties like high expression of the pluripotent markers SOX2, OCT4a, and NANOG, along with CD44, and CD117 in the OC cells. In addition, increased activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, formation of compact spheroids, and a quiescent phenotype were observed. In deciphering the mechanism behind it, our data propose ZEB1 transcription factor to play a substantial role in inducing the EMT-mediated stemness and chemoresistance. Further, in our study, we elucidated the significant contribution of both Smad and non-Smad pathways like ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK pathways in the induction of stem-like characteristics. The novelty of the study also resides with the fact in the expression of different lineage-specific markers, like CD31, CD45, and CD117 along with CD44 in the TGFβ1-induced epithelial ovarian cancer spheroids. This suggests a tendency of the spheroidal cells towards differentiating into heterogenic populations, which is a distinctive feature of a stem cell. Taken together, the present study provides an insight to the molecular cues involved in the acquisition of stemness and chemoresistance along with tumor heterogeneity in TGFβ1-induced OC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Mitra
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Parash Prasad
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Mukherjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Susri Ray Chaudhuri
- Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sib S Roy
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus, Kolkata, India
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12
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Dai Y, Wang L, Tang J, Cao P, Luo Z, Sun J, Kiflu A, Sai B, Zhang M, Wang F, Li G, Xiang J. Activation of anaphase-promoting complex by p53 induces a state of dormancy in cancer cells against chemotherapeutic stress. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25478-92. [PMID: 27009858 PMCID: PMC5041919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a stage in tumor progression in which residual disease remains occult and asymptomatic for a prolonged period. Cancer cell dormancy is the main cause of cancer recurrence and failure of therapy. However, cancer dormancy is poorly characterized and the mechanisms of how cancer cells develop dormancy and relapse remain elusive. In this study, 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) was used to induce cancer cell dormancy. We found that cancer cells escape the cytotoxicity of 5-FU by becoming “dormant”. After exposure to 5-FU, residual non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), followed by mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These EMT-transformed NSCLC cells were in the state of cell quiescence where cells were not dividing and were arrested in the cell cycle in G0-G1. The dormant cells underwent an EMT showed characteristics of cancer stem cells. P53 is strongly accumulated in response to 5-FU-induced dormant cells through the activation of ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) and TGF-β/Smad signaling. In contrast to the EMT-transformed cells, MET-transformed cells showed an increased ability to proliferate, suggesting that dormant EMT cells were reactivated in the MET process. During the EMT-MET process, DNA repair including nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) is critical to dormant cell reactivation. Our findings provide a mechanism to unravel cancer cell dormancy and reactivation of the cancer cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Dai
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jun Sun
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Abraha Kiflu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Meili Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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13
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Ding SM, Lu AL, Zhang W, Zhou L, Xie HY, Zheng SS, Li QY. The role of cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:614-628. [PMID: 29483967 PMCID: PMC5820929 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous study showed that cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma progression by enhancing migration and invasion capability. However, few studies have explored the role of MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer (PC). In this study, we examined the exact role and associated mechanisms of MRC-5. Methods: The conditioned media for MRC-5 was used to culture PC cell lines SW1990 and PANC-1. Cell proliferation was compared based on colony formation assays of PC cells in normal media and of PC cells cultured with conditioned media of MRC-5. Cell migration and invasion were assayed by transwell chambers. The expression of EMT-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins was evaluated using Western blot. And confocal microscopy was used to further detect the expression of EMT-related proteins. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the expression changes of related genes at the mRNA level. We also used flow cytometry to examine the cell cycle, apoptotic rate, and expression of CD3, CD4, CD14, CD25, CD45, CD61, CD90, TLR1, and TLR4. Results: MRC-5 repressed the colony formation ability of PC cells and significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion potential. MRC-5 induced S-phase cell cycle arrest but did not augment the apoptotic effects in PC cells. We hypothesized that the weakened malignant biological behavior of PC cells was correlated with MRC-5-induced altered expression of the cancer stem cell marker CD90; the immune-related cell surface molecules CD14, CD25, TLR4, and TLR1; and cell polarity complexes Par, Scribble, and Crumbs. Conclusion: MRC-5 limits the malignant activities of PC cells by suppressing cancer stem cell expansion, remolding epithelial polarity, and blocking the protumoral cascade reaction coupled to TLR4, TLR1, CD14, and CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Ding
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Li Lu
- Division of oncology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Yong Li
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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14
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Sun L, Ke J, He Z, Chen Z, Huang Q, Ai W, Wang G, Wei Y, Zou X, Zhang S, Lan P, Hong C. HES1 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Resistance To 5-Fu by Inducing Of EMT and ABC Transporter Proteins. J Cancer 2017; 8:2802-2808. [PMID: 28928869 PMCID: PMC5604212 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hairy enhancer of split-1 (HES1) is a downstream transcriptional factor of Notch signaling pathway, which was found to be related to chemoresistance. This study was aimed to investigate the role of HES1 in chemoresistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Tissue microarray was used to analyze the clinical significance of HES1 in radical resected (R0) stage II/III CRC patients that received adjuvant chemotherapy. 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) chemoresistance was examined in CRC cell lines (RKO and HCT8, LOVO) with stable over-expression and inhibition of HES1 gene by cytotoxicity test. Gene expression microarray was used to investigate the enriched pathways and different expressed of genes in cells with over-expressed HES1. Expression changes of the chemoresistance related genes were confirmed by qPCR and western blot analysis. Results: Stage II CRC patients with higher HES1 expression showed higher recurrence rate after chemotherapy. Colon cancer cell lines which over-expressed HES1 were more resistant to 5-Fu treatment in vitro. Gene expression microarray revealed that HES1 was related to the signaling pathways of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug metabolism. Immunofluorescence assay showed HES1 over-expression lead to depressed E-cadherin and elevated N-cadherin. QPCR and western blot analysis confirmed that ABCC1, ABCC2 and P-gp1 were induced after HES1 over-expression. Conclusions: HES1 promotes chemoresistance to 5-Fu by prompting EMT and inducing of several ABC transporter genes. HES1 might be a novel therapeutic target in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zexian Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Wenjia Ai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yisheng Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiangcai Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chuyuan Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
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15
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Tajima H, Makino I, Ohbatake Y, Nakanuma S, Hayashi H, Nakagawara H, Miyashita T, Takamura H, Ohta T. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Effects on cancer tissue and novel perspectives. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3975-3981. [PMID: 28599404 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer has diversified following the addition of more treatment regimens; however, in spite of this, pancreatic cancer remains a fatal disease. Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy (NAC) or neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT) has been developed and implemented. For patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) and locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), a number of clinical trials have been conducted; NACRT was demonstrated to improve resectability, R0 resection rate, overall survival rate, disease-free survival rate and even an LAPC and BRPC survival advantage over NAC. However, from the knowledge obtained from resected specimens following preoperative treatment, residual pancreatic cancer tissues following NAC are rich in chemoresistant cancer stem-like cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Conversely, metformin, angiotensin receptor blocker, statins and low-dose paclitaxel are well-known as drugs that inhibit EMT, which is associated with cancer stem cell-like characteristics. Although clinical effectiveness is unlikely to be achieved using one of these as an anticancer agent, it is reasonable to use these drugs for patients with comorbidities in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, gemcitabine (GEM) affects antitumor immunity by stimulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A on the surface of cancer cells to enhance the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Considering EMT and antitumor immunity, there is a possibility that GEM and nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel therapy is the most suitable regimen for treating pancreatic cancer. However, even as preoperative treatment progresses, R0 resection is the most important factor for the long-term survival of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Isamu Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ohbatake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakanuma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Nakagawara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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16
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Khosla R, Rastogi A, Ramakrishna G, Pamecha V, Mukhopadhyay A, Vasudevan M, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. EpCAM+ Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells Exhibiting Autocrine Wnt Signaling Potentially Originate in Cirrhotic Patients. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:807-818. [PMID: 28176469 PMCID: PMC5442787 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is believed to originate from cancer stem cells (CSCs). While epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a marker of normal hepatic stem cells (HSCs), EpCAM+ cells from HCC behave like CSCs. Since HCC mostly develops on a cirrhotic background, we sought to determine whether CSC‐like EpCAM+ cells exist in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry showed that frequency of EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis was increased as compared to control. To determine whether increased EpCAM population in advanced cirrhosis harbors any CSC‐like cells, we compared molecular and functional features of EpCAM+ cells from advanced cirrhosis (Ep+CIR; n = 20) with EpCAM+ cells from both HCC (Ep+HCC; n = 20) and noncancerous/noncirrhotic (control) (Ep+NSC; n = 7) liver tissues. Ep+CIRs displayed similarity with Ep+HCC cells including upregulated expression of stemness and Notch pathway genes, enhanced self‐renewal in serial spheroid assay and generation of subcutaneous tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Moreover, transcriptome and miRNome of Ep+CIRs appeared closer to that of Ep+HCC cells than Ep+NSCs. Interestingly, more than 50% micro RNAs (miRNAs) and transcripts specifically expressed in Ep+HCCs were also expressed in Ep+CIRs. However, none of Ep+NSC specific miRNAs and only 7% Ep+NSC specific transcripts were expressed in Ep+CIRs. Further, according to gene expression and in vitro Wnt inhibition analysis, autocrine Wnt signaling appeared to be a distinct feature of Ep+CIR and Ep+HCC cells, which was absent from Ep+NSCs. EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis possibly include a population of CSC‐like cells which can be explored for early diagnosis of HCC development. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:807–818
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Khosla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viniyendra Pamecha
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Mukhopadhyay
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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17
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Hes1 promotes cell proliferation and migration by activating Bmi-1 and PTEN/Akt/GSK3β pathway in human colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38667-80. [PMID: 26452029 PMCID: PMC4770728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hes1 is a transcription factor that influences cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the effect of Hes1 on invasiveness and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. In the current study, we found that Hes1 suppressed cell apoptosis, promoted cell growth, induced EMT phenotype and cytoskeleton reconstruction, and enhanced the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we indicated that Bmi-1 mediated Hes1-induced cell proliferation and migration, downregulated PTEN and activated the Akt/GSK3β pathway, consequently induced EMT and cytoskeleton reconstruction, ultimately leading to enhanced invasiveness of cancer cells. In addition, we also found that both Hes1 and Bmi-1 could directly regulate PTEN by associating at the PTEN locus, and played important roles in regulating PTEN/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Our results provide functional and mechanistic links between Hes1 and Bmi-1/PTEN/Akt/GSK3β signaling in the development and progression of colon cancer.
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18
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Polireddy K, Chen Q. Cancer of the Pancreas: Molecular Pathways and Current Advancement in Treatment. J Cancer 2016; 7:1497-514. [PMID: 27471566 PMCID: PMC4964134 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers among all malignances, with a median overall survival of <1 year and a 5-year survival of ~5%. The dismal survival rate and prognosis are likely due to lack of early diagnosis, fulminant disease course, high metastasis rate, and disappointing treatment outcome. Pancreatic cancers harbor a variety of genetic alternations that render it difficult to treat even with targeted therapy. Recent studies revealed that pancreatic cancers are highly enriched with a cancer stem cell (CSC) population, which is resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, and therefore escapes chemotherapy and promotes tumor recurrence. Cancer cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly associated with metastasis, generation of CSCs, and treatment resistance in pancreatic cancer. Reviewed here are the molecular biology of pancreatic cancer, the major signaling pathways regulating pancreatic cancer EMT and CSCs, and the advancement in current clinical and experimental treatments for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Polireddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, USA 66160
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, USA 66160
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19
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3,6-dihydroxyflavone suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28858. [PMID: 27345219 PMCID: PMC4921838 DOI: 10.1038/srep28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical developmental program in cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance and in cancer metastasis. Here, our study found that 3,6-DHF could effectively inhibit EMT in BC cells in vitro and in vivo. 3,6-DHF effectively inhibits the formation and proliferation of BCSCs, and consequently reduces the tumor-initiating capacity of tumor cells in NOD/SCID mice. Optical in vivo imaging of cancer metastasis showed that 3,6-DHF administration suppresses the lung metastasis of BC cells in vivo. Further studies indicated that 3,6-DHF down-regulates Notch1, NICD, Hes-1 and c-Myc, consequently decreasing the formation of the functional transcriptional unit of NICD-CSL-MAML, causing Notch signaling inactivation in BC cells. Over-expression of Notch1 or inhibition of miR-34a significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of 3,6-DHF on EMT, CSCs, as well as cells migration and invasion in BC cells. These data indicated that 3,6-DHF effectively inhibits EMT and CSCs, as well as cells migration and invasion in BC cells, in which miR-34a-mediated Notch1 down-regulation plays a crucial role.
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20
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SUN ZHIFENG, HU WEIMING, XU JINFENG, KAUFMANN ANDREASM, ALBERS ANDREASE. MicroRNA-34a regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1339-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Zhang L, Tong X, Li J, Huang Y, Hu X, Chen Y, Huang J, Wang J, Liu B. Apoptotic and autophagic pathways with relevant small-molecule compounds, in cancer stem cells. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:385-97. [PMID: 26013704 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are suspected of contributing to cancer cell self-renewal capacity and resistance to radiation and/or chemotherapy. Including evasion of apoptosis and autophagic cell death, CSCs have revealed abilities to resist cell death, making them appealing targets for cancer therapy. Recently, molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and of autophagy in CSCs have been gradually explored, comparing them in stem cells and in cancer cells; distinct expression of these systems in CSCs may elucidate how these cells exert their capacity of unlimited self-renewal and hierarchical differentiation. Due to their proposed ability to drive tumour initiation and progression, CSCs may be considered to be potentially useful pharmacological targets. Further, multiple compounds have been verified as triggering apoptosis and/or autophagy, suppressing tumour growth, thus providing new strategies for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarized regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in CSCs to elucidate how key proteins participate in control of survival and death; in addition, currently well-studied compounds that target CSC apoptosis and autophagy are selectively presented. With increasing attention to CSCs in cancer therapy, researchers are now trying to find responses to unsolved questions as unambiguous as possible, which may provide novel insight into future anti-cancer regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xupeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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Beuran M, Negoi I, Paun S, Ion AD, Bleotu C, Negoi RI, Hostiuc S. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review. Pancreatology 2015; 15:217-25. [PMID: 25794655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present article summarizes and analyzes the current knowledge about the role of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the systemic invasiveness of pancreatic cancer. METHOD An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science was used to identify relevant original articles and reviews. RESULTS The EMT represents a key step during normal embryogenesis. However, increasing evidence reveals its essential role in the local progression and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Areas of interest are the cross-linking between cells undergoing the EMT and pancreatic cancer stem cells, and the correlation between the EMT and chemoresistance to standard therapies. During carcinogenesis, malignant pancreatic cells at the primary site acquire the ability to undergo the EMT, a transformation associated with increased mobility. The reverse process at secondary sites, the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), has devastating consequences, allowing neoplastic epithelial cells to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites. Consequences of the EMT are the loss of E-cadherin expression and the acquisition of mesenchymal markers including fibronectin or vimentin. Detailed knowledge of the molecular processes underlying the EMT has opened possibilities for new therapeutic agents. These include an EMT approach for patients with early cancers, to prevent invasion and dissemination, and anti-MET therapy for patients with established metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The current literature shows a strong correlation between the EMT and the systemic aggressiveness of pancreatic tumors. Individualized therapy, targeting the process of EMT and its cross-linking with cancer stem cells, may increase survival of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Beuran
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Sorin Paun
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Daniela Ion
- Physiopathology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Irina Negoi
- Embriology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
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23
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Jia Y, Wu D, Yun F, Shi L, Luo N, Liu Z, Shi Y, Sun Q, Jiang L, Wang S, Du M. Transforming growth factor-β1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in association with cancer stem-like cells in a breast cancer cell line. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:865-872. [PMID: 24955155 PMCID: PMC4057834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with altered connection and junctions between cells and changes in abilities of invasion and migration. In this study, we investigated whether SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells induced to undergo EMT exhibit changes in morphological and invasion abilities after Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) treatment. Serum-deprived SK-BR-3 cells were treated with TGF-β1 (0, 10 ng/mL) for 24 h. The cells morphological changes were observed and imaged using inverted phase contrast microscope. Scratch experiment and invasion experiment were employed to detect changes of invasion ability, cell-flow experiment was used to assess cell cycle, immunohistochemistry technique was used to detect epithelial and mesenchymal markers after the crawling cells were fixed. Our research reveal that SK-BR-3 cells become larger and more messy, the elongated cells extend pseudopodia, the link of the cells became more loosely and cell gap widened after TGF-β1 treatment. SK-BR-3 cells showed faster growing and improved invasion abilities after TGF-β1 treatment, and reduced G1 phase cells proportion in the total number of cells after the conversion, in contrast the S phase cells accounted for the proportion of the total number of cells increased. These findings indicate that TGF-β1-induced EMT in breast cancer cells may be associated with major alterations in morphological and invasion abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pathology, Erdos City Central HospitalErdos, 017000, China
| | - Fen Yun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Nianrong Luo
- Physical Examination Center, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People’s HospitalHuhhot, 010017, China
| | - Zhiyue Liu
- Department of PathoPhysiology, College of Basic Medicine of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Qinnuan Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- The College of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
| | - Maolin Du
- The College of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHuhhot, 010059, China
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Cojoc M, Peitzsch C, Trautmann F, Polishchuk L, Telegeev GD, Dubrovska A. Emerging targets in cancer management: role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1347-61. [PMID: 24124379 PMCID: PMC3794844 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its cell surface receptor CXCR4 were first identified as regulators of lymphocyte trafficking to the bone marrow. Soon after, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis was proposed to regulate the trafficking of breast cancer cells to sites of metastasis. More recently, it was established that CXCR4 plays a central role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and dissemination in the majority of malignant diseases. The stem cell concept of cancer has revolutionized the understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A growing body of evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells, referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), plays a critical role in tumor initiation, metastatic colonization, and resistance to therapy. Although the signals generated by the metastatic niche that regulate CSCs are not yet fully understood, accumulating evidence suggests a key role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. In this review we focus on physiological functions of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway and its role in cancer and CSCs, and we discuss the potential for targeting this pathway in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cojoc
- OncoRay National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Sobrevals L, Mato-Berciano A, Urtasun N, Mazo A, Fillat C. uPAR-controlled oncolytic adenoviruses eliminate cancer stem cells in human pancreatic tumors. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:1-10. [PMID: 24141108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors contain cancer stem cells highly resistant to chemotherapy. The identification of therapies that can eliminate this population of cells might provide with more effective treatments. In the current work we evaluated the potential of oncolytic adenoviruses to act against pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSC). PCSC from two patient-derived xenograft models were isolated from orthotopic pancreatic tumors treated with saline, or with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine. An enrichment in the number of PCSC expressing the cell surface marker CD133 and a marked enhancement on tumorsphere formation was observed in gemcitabine treated tumors. No significant increase in the CD44, CD24, and epithelial-specific antigen (ESA) positive cells was observed. Neoplastic sphere-forming cells were susceptible to adenoviral infection and exposure to oncolytic adenoviruses resulted in elevated cytotoxicity with both Adwt and the tumor specific AduPARE1A adenovirus. In vivo, intravenous administration of a single dose of AduPARE1A in human-derived pancreatic xenografts led to a remarkable anti-tumor effect. In contrast to gemcitabine AduPARE1A treatment did not result in PCSC enrichment. No enrichment on tumorspheres neither on the CD133(+) population was detected. Therefore our data provide evidences of the relevance of uPAR-controlled oncolytic adenoviruses for the elimination of pancreatic cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Sobrevals
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Mato-Berciano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urtasun
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adela Mazo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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