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Sun Y, Shi D, Sun J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Luo B. Regulation mechanism of EBV-encoded EBER1 and LMP2A on YAP1 and the impact of YAP1 on the EBV infection status in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Res 2024; 343:199352. [PMID: 38462175 PMCID: PMC10982081 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Here we showed that EBV can upregulate the expression and activity of YAP1 protein through its encoded latent products EBV-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), enhancing the malignant characteristics of EBVaGC cells. In addition, we also showed that overexpression of YAP1 induced the expression of EBV encoding latent and lytic phase genes and proteins in the epithelial cell line AGS-EBV infected with EBV, and increased the copy number of the EBV genome, while loss of YAP1 expression reduced the aforementioned indicators. Moreover, we found that YAP1 enhanced EBV lytic reactivation induced by two known activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylhorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and sodium butyrate (NaB). These results indicated a bidirectional regulatory mechanism between EBV and YAP1 proteins, providing new experimental evidence for further understanding the regulation of EBV infection patterns and carcinogenic mechanisms in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiting Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, ZiBo 255036, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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2
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Nunes JM, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells as a Systemic Pathological Axis in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Viruses 2024; 16:572. [PMID: 38675914 PMCID: PMC11053605 DOI: 10.3390/v16040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is critical for advancing treatment options. This review explores the novel hypothesis that a herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells (ECs) may underlie ME/CFS symptomatology. We review evidence linking herpesviruses to persistent EC infection and the implications for endothelial dysfunction, encompassing blood flow regulation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment-symptoms consistent with ME/CFS and Long COVID. This paper provides a synthesis of current research on herpesvirus latency and reactivation, detailing the impact on ECs and subsequent systemic complications, including latent modulation and long-term maladaptation. We suggest that the chronicity of ME/CFS symptoms and the multisystemic nature of the disease may be partly attributable to herpesvirus-induced endothelial maladaptation. Our conclusions underscore the necessity for further investigation into the prevalence and load of herpesvirus infection within the ECs of ME/CFS patients. This review offers conceptual advances by proposing an endothelial infection model as a systemic mechanism contributing to ME/CFS, steering future research toward potentially unexplored avenues in understanding and treating this complex syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M. Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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3
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Shehab M, Hussein H, Fadlallah S, Rahal EA. An IL-17A-centric response to Epstein-Barr virus DNA mediated by dendritic Cell-T cell interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1243366. [PMID: 38638687 PMCID: PMC11024278 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1243366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with a considerable number of autoimmune diseases. We have previously demonstrated that EBV DNA enhances the production of IL-17A, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, via endosomal Toll-like receptor signalling. Methods: We used RNA-seq to analyze the transcriptional profile of mouse immune cells treated with EBV DNA. Results: We observed that EBV DNA upregulates an IL-17A-centric network of mediators. Ensemble Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (EGSEA) showed enriched expression of sets involved in inflammatory responses including IFNγ and TNF-α-associated pathways as well as proinflammatory diseases. On the other hand, while macrophages and B cells were somewhat able to induce an IL-17A response from T cells to EBV DNA, they were less potent than dendritic cells. EBV virions were also capable of eliciting the production of inflammatory mediators from dendritic cell-T cell cultures largely mirroring responses to the viral DNA. Conclusions: Given the wide prevalence of EBV in the population, our analyses reveal a network of mediators and cell types that may serve as therapeutic targets in a large proportion of people affected by autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shehab
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Hussein
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sukayna Fadlallah
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias A. Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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4
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O’Leary CA, Tompkins VS, Rouse WB, Nam G, Moss W. Thermodynamic and structural characterization of an EBV infected B-cell lymphoma transcriptome. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac082. [PMID: 36285286 PMCID: PMC9585548 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely prevalent human herpes virus infecting over 95% of all adults and is associated with a variety of B-cell cancers and induction of multiple sclerosis. EBV accomplishes this in part by expression of coding and noncoding RNAs and alteration of the host cell transcriptome. To better understand the structures which are forming in the viral and host transcriptomes of infected cells, the RNA structure probing technique Structure-seq2 was applied to the BJAB-B1 cell line (an EBV infected B-cell lymphoma). This resulted in reactivity profiles and secondary structural analyses for over 10000 human mRNAs and lncRNAs, along with 19 lytic and latent EBV transcripts. We report in-depth structural analyses for the human MYC mRNA and the human lncRNA CYTOR. Additionally, we provide a new model for the EBV noncoding RNA EBER2 and provide the first reported model for the EBV tandem terminal repeat RNA. In-depth thermodynamic and structural analyses were carried out with the motif discovery tool ScanFold and RNAfold prediction tool; subsequent covariation analyses were performed on resulting models finding various levels of support. ScanFold results for all analyzed transcripts are made available for viewing and download on the user-friendly RNAStructuromeDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin A O’Leary
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Warren B Rouse
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gijong Nam
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Walter N Moss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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5
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Nakhaie M, Jalilian FA, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Yarani R, Shojaeian A. Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:58. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exosomes are the smallest group of extracellular vesicles in size from 30 to 150 nm, surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, and originate from multivesicular bodies secreted by different types of cells, such as virus-infected cells. The critical role of exosomes is information transfer among cells, representing a unique way for intercellular communication via a load of many kinds of molecules, including various signaling proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the role of exosomes in promoting human oncogenic viruses-associated cancers.
Methods
Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases includeing Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results
It has been shown that exosomes can create the conditions for viral spread in viral infections. Exosome secretion in a human tumor virus can switch on the cell signaling pathways by transferring exosome-encapsulated molecules, including viral oncoproteins, signal transduction molecules, and virus-encoded miRNAs, into various cells.
Conclusion
Given the role of exosomes in viruses-associated cancers, they can also be considered as molecular targets in diagnosis and treatment.
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6
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The Impact of Deleting Stem-Loop 1 of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded RNA 1 on Cell Proliferation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112538. [PMID: 36423146 PMCID: PMC9696203 DOI: 10.3390/v14112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) are two small, noncoding, structurally conserved transcripts, constitutively expressed at >106 copies per EBV-infected cell. They have been shown to drive cell growth. However, the mechanism(s) involved in EBER-induced proliferation is not clear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and structural impact of EBER1. Sequences of EBER1 stem-loops (SL) 1, 3, and 4 were deleted, creating three mutants: ∆SL1, ∆SL3, and ∆SL4. These mutants were cloned into pHebo plasmids and expressed in Jurkat cell lines. Cells transfected with wildtype EBER1 and pHebo were used as controls. Cell proliferation was monitored by microscopy and flow cytometry. Microarray, qPCR, and Western blotting were used to investigate the cell cycle markers. We found significantly higher cell proliferation in wildtype EBER1 cells compared to pHebo, ∆SL1, and ∆SL3, but not ∆SL4 mutants. There was also significant upregulation of S-phase and G2/M phase markers in wildtype EBER1 and ∆SL4 mutant. Furthermore, CDT1, a factor for DNA replication, was upregulated in wildtype EBER1 and ∆SL4 mutant. However, in ∆SL1 mutant, CDT1 was significantly downregulated and translocated to the cytoplasm. These data indicate that the structure of EBER1 is important in cell proliferation.
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7
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Nash A, Ryan EJ. The oncogenic gamma herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijack retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) facilitating both viral and tumour immune evasion. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200246. [PMID: 35998812 PMCID: PMC9424536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses evade host immunity to establish persistent lifelong infection with dormant latent and replicative lytic phases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) are double-stranded DNA herpesviruses that encode components to activate RNA sensors, (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Yet both viruses can effectively evade the antiviral immune response. The ability of these viruses to disarm RIG-I to evade immunity allowing viral persistency can contribute to the creation of a protected niche that facilitates tumour growth and immune evasion. Alternatively, viral nucleic acids present in the cytosol during the replicative phase of the viral lifecycle can activate pro-inflammatory signaling downstream of RIG-I augmenting tumour promoting inflammation. Understanding how these viral proteins disrupt innate immune pathways could help identify mechanisms to boost immunity, clearing viral infection and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy for virally induced cancers. Here we review literature on the strategies EBV and KSHV use to either enhance or inhibit RLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J. Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland,Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland,Corresponding author. Department of Biological Sciences.
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8
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Wyżewski Z, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Myszka A. Virus-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis in the Context of EBV-Associated Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137265. [PMID: 35806271 PMCID: PMC9266970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. For this reason, EBV encodes a set of anti-apoptotic products. They may increase the viability of infected cells and enhance their resistance to chemotherapy, thereby contributing to the development of EBV-associated diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), gastric cancer (GC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and several other malignancies. In this paper, we have described the molecular mechanism of anti-apoptotic actions of a set of EBV proteins. Moreover, we have reviewed the pro-survival role of non-coding viral transcripts: EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), in EBV-carrying malignant cells. The influence of EBV on the expression, activity and/or intracellular distribution of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family members, has been presented. Finally, we have also discussed therapeutic perspectives of targeting viral anti-apoptotic products or their molecular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-208-338
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
| | | | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
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9
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051017. [PMID: 35632758 PMCID: PMC9146158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.
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10
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Meier UC, Cipian RC, Karimi A, Ramasamy R, Middeldorp JM. Cumulative Roles for Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Endogenous Retroviruses, and Human Herpes Virus-6 in Driving an Inflammatory Cascade Underlying MS Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757302. [PMID: 34790199 PMCID: PMC8592026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles for viral infections and aberrant immune responses in driving localized neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) are the focus of intense research. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as a persistent and frequently reactivating virus with major immunogenic influences and a near 100% epidemiological association with MS, is considered to play a leading role in MS pathogenesis, triggering localized inflammation near or within the central nervous system (CNS). This triggering may occur directly via viral products (RNA and protein) and/or indirectly via antigenic mimicry involving B-cells, T-cells and cytokine-activated astrocytes and microglia cells damaging the myelin sheath of neurons. The genetic MS-risk factor HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501β, DRA1*0101α) may contribute to aberrant EBV antigen-presentation and anti-EBV reactivity but also to mimicry-induced autoimmune responses characteristic of MS. A central role is proposed for inflammatory EBER1, EBV-miRNA and LMP1 containing exosomes secreted by viable reactivating EBV+ B-cells and repetitive release of EBNA1-DNA complexes from apoptotic EBV+ B-cells, forming reactive immune complexes with EBNA1-IgG and complement. This may be accompanied by cytokine- or EBV-induced expression of human endogenous retrovirus-W/-K (HERV-W/-K) elements and possibly by activation of human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) in early-stage CNS lesions, each contributing to an inflammatory cascade causing the relapsing-remitting neuro-inflammatory and/or progressive features characteristic of MS. Elimination of EBV-carrying B-cells by antibody- and EBV-specific T-cell therapy may hold the promise of reducing EBV activity in the CNS, thereby limiting CNS inflammation, MS symptoms and possibly reversing disease. Other approaches targeting HHV-6 and HERV-W and limiting inflammatory kinase-signaling to treat MS are also being tested with promising results. This article presents an overview of the evidence that EBV, HHV-6, and HERV-W may have a pathogenic role in initiating and promoting MS and possible approaches to mitigate development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute-Christiane Meier
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abbas Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091380. [PMID: 34572593 PMCID: PMC8470332 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment. This review will provide a summary of the interaction between both psychological and cellular stressors resulting in EBV reactivation. It will examine mechanisms by which EBV establishes and maintains latency and will conclude with a brief overview of treatments targeting EBV.
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12
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Ahmed W, Hassan Z, Abdelmowla YAA, Philip PS, Shmygol A, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus noncoding small RNA (EBER1) induces cell proliferation by up-regulating cellular mitochondrial activity and calcium influx. Virus Res 2021; 305:198550. [PMID: 34454973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNAs (EBER1 and EBER2) are two non-polyadenylated, non-protein coding small RNAs expressed at high levels in all forms of EBV latent infections. Although not directly involved in cell transformation, a number of studies have reported that these RNAs may be involved in cell proliferation. However, which of the two EBERs play a major role in this process and the mechanisms involved remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of EBER1-induced cell proliferation. Using stably transfected EBER1 cell lines, and multiple methodologies, we show that EBER1 transfected epithelial, B and T cell lines proliferate at a higher rate, have higher metabolic activity and increased DNA synthesis. The mitochondrial number and activity was also observed to be higher in the EBER1 transfected cells. Moreover, cytochrome c activity and store operated calcium entry (SOCE) were potentiated in the EBER1 expressing cells. Finally, the genes associated with cell proliferation were also observed to be up-regulated in the EBER1 transfected cells. Taken together, our data has unravelled the role of mitochondria and cellular calcium pathway that appear to be involved in EBER1 induced cell proliferation of EBV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubaida Hassan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasmeen A A Abdelmowla
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pretty S Philip
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anatoliy Shmygol
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Mardhiyah I, Ardiyan YN, Aliyah SH, Sitepu EC, Herdini C, Dwianingsih EK, Asfarina F, Sumartiningsih S, Fachiroh J, Paramita DK. Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and the Presence of Macrophage M2 and T Regulatory Cells in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:2363-2370. [PMID: 34452547 PMCID: PMC8629461 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.8.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between TLR3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL6) expression with the distribution of macrophage M2 and Treg on Epstein Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBER+) nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues. METHODS A total of 23 FFPE NPC tissue samples were obtained from patients in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2008-2010, which expressed EBER was collected. The expressions of TLR3, TNFα, and IL6 were examined using immunofluorescence assay. The distribution of macrophage M2 and Treg were examined by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD163 and -FOXP3 antibodies, respectively. The quantification of fluorescence intensity was analyzed by the RGB space method using ImageJ software. The M2 interpretation was done by the eyeballing method and the M2 scores were divided into 0 (negative), 1 (scant), 2 (focal), 3 (abundant). The average number of Treg FOXP3+ cells in five high power fields was counted. The relationship between variables were tested by the Spearman correlation test, and the coefficient correlation was used to see the correlation between variables. RESULTS All EBER+ NPC specimens showed TLR3 expression intracellularly. The expression of TNFα could be observed in the cell membranes and secreted extracellularly, while IL6 was secreted to the extracellular area. The expression of TNFα was two times higher than IL6. Most specimens showed low M2 score (56.52%) and high Treg (52.17%). A positive correlation was found between TLR3 and IL6 (12.9%). TNFα was positively correlated with the M2 distribution of 13.7% and Treg distribution of 12.9%, while the rest were explained by other factors. CONCLUSION TNFα has a positive correlation with M2 and Treg distribution,but mostly through a different mechanism other than EBER-TLR3 interaction. Possibly, other pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the formation of the NPC microenvironment, especially related to the presence of M2 and Treg, which provide immunosuppressive effects in NPC tumors. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffah Mardhiyah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Yustina Nuke Ardiyan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta.
| | - Siti Hamidatul Aliyah
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Pharmacy Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Harapan Ibu, Jambi, Indonesia.
| | - Enda Cindylosa Sitepu
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Camelia Herdini
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Ery Kus Dwianingsih
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Fatin Asfarina
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (Integrated Research Laboratory), Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Sumartiningsih Sumartiningsih
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (Integrated Research Laboratory), Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Jajah Fachiroh
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Kartikawati Paramita
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (Integrated Research Laboratory), Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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14
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Bouvet M, Voigt S, Tagawa T, Albanese M, Chen YFA, Chen Y, Fachko DN, Pich D, Göbel C, Skalsky RL, Hammerschmidt W. Multiple Viral microRNAs Regulate Interferon Release and Signaling Early during Infection with Epstein-Barr Virus. mBio 2021; 12:e03440-20. [PMID: 33785626 PMCID: PMC8092300 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03440-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, encodes 44 microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate many genes with various functions in EBV-infected cells. Multiple target genes of the EBV miRNAs have been identified, some of which play important roles in adaptive antiviral immune responses. Using EBV mutant derivatives, we identified additional roles of viral miRNAs in governing versatile type I interferon (IFN) responses upon infection of human primary mature B cells. We also found that Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and LF2, viral genes with previously reported functions in inducing or regulating IFN-I pathways, had negligible or even contrary effects on secreted IFN-α in our model. Data mining and Ago PAR-CLIP experiments uncovered more than a dozen previously uncharacterized, direct cellular targets of EBV miRNA associated with type I IFN pathways. We also identified indirect targets of EBV miRNAs in B cells, such as TRL7 and TLR9, in the prelatent phase of infection. The presence of epigenetically naive, non-CpG methylated viral DNA was essential to induce IFN-α secretion during EBV infection in a TLR9-dependent manner. In a newly established fusion assay, we verified that EBV virions enter a subset of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and determined that these infected pDCs are the primary producers of IFN-α in EBV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings document that many EBV-encoded miRNAs regulate type I IFN response in newly EBV infected primary human B cells in the prelatent phase of infection and dampen the acute release of IFN-α in pDCs upon their encounter with EBV.IMPORTANCE Acute antiviral functions of all nucleated cells rely on type I interferon (IFN-I) pathways triggered upon viral infection. Host responses encompass the sensing of incoming viruses, the activation of specific transcription factors that induce the transcription of IFN-I genes, the secretion of different IFN-I types and their recognition by the heterodimeric IFN-α/β receptor, the subsequent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and, finally, the transcription of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In sum, these cellular functions establish a so-called antiviral state in infected and neighboring cells. To counteract these cellular defense mechanisms, viruses have evolved diverse strategies and encode gene products that target antiviral responses. Among such immune-evasive factors are viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that can interfere with host gene expression. We discovered that multiple miRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) control over a dozen cellular genes that contribute to the antiviral states of immune cells, specifically B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We identified the viral DNA genome as the activator of IFN-α and question the role of abundant EBV EBERs, that, contrary to previous reports, do not have an apparent inducing function in the IFN-I pathway early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Bouvet
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Fu Adam Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Torres K, Landeros N, Wichmann IA, Polakovicova I, Aguayo F, Corvalan AH. EBV miR-BARTs and human lncRNAs: Shifting the balance in competing endogenous RNA networks in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166049. [PMID: 33401001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) contribute to the regulation of gene expression. By acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) hijack microRNAs (miRNAs) and inhibit their ability to bind their coding targets. Viral miRNAs can compete with and target the same transcripts as human miRNAs, shifting the balance in networks associated with multiple cellular processes and diseases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an example of how a subset of viral coding RNA and non-coding RNAs can cause deregulation of human transcripts and contribute to the development of EBV-associated malignancies. EBV non-coding transforming genes include lncRNAs (i.e circular RNAs), and small ncRNAs (i.e. miRNAs). Among the latter, most ongoing research has focused on miR-BARTs whereas target many genes associated with apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in EBV-associated gastric cancer (GC). In this review, we propose to include the interactions between EBV ncRNAs human transcripts in the hypothesis known as "competitive viral and host RNAs". These interactions may shift the balance in biological pathways such as apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in EBV-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Landeros
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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17
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Yin Q, Strong MJ, Zhuang Y, Flemington EK, Kaminski N, de Andrade JA, Lasky JA. Assessment of viral RNA in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using RNA-seq. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:81. [PMID: 32245461 PMCID: PMC7119082 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous publications suggest an association between herpes virus infection and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). These reports have employed immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and/or PCR, which are susceptible to specificity artifacts. Methods We investigated the possible association between IPF and viral RNA expression using next-generation sequencing, which has the potential to provide a high degree of both sensitivity and specificity. We quantified viral RNA expression for 740 viruses in 28 IPF patient lung biopsy samples and 20 controls. Key RNA-seq results were confirmed using Real-time RT-PCR for select viruses (EBV, HCV, herpesvirus saimiri and HERV-K). Results We identified sporadic low-level evidence of viral infections in our lung tissue specimens, but did not find a statistical difference for expression of any virus, including EBV, herpesvirus saimiri and HERV-K, between IPF and control lungs. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication that employs RNA-seq to assess whether viral infections are linked to the pathogenesis of IPF. Our results do not address the role of viral infection in acute exacerbations of IPF, however, this analysis patently did not support an association between herpes virus detection and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yin
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michael J Strong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, Ste S441D, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Joao A de Andrade
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue South, B1317 MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232-2650, USA
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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18
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Recent Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein-Barr Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030226. [PMID: 32197545 PMCID: PMC7157745 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV. Methods such as the heterophile antibody test, immunofluorescence assays, enzyme immunoassays, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also employed in the detection of EBV in different types of samples. The determination of EBV viral load using PCR, however, is gaining more prominence in the diagnosis of EBV-associated diseases. Given the challenge of false positive/negative results that are sometimes experienced during the detection of EBV, variability in results from different laboratories, and the impact of factors such as sample type and the immunological status of patients from whom samples are collected, the need to critically examine these present methods is invaluable. This review thus presents current advances in the detection of EBV, detailing the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques. In addition, fundamental virological concepts are highlighted to enhance the greater understanding, the proper application, and the interpretation of EBV tests.
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19
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Liu W, Luo B. The impact of EBV on the epigenetics of gastric carcinoma. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EBV is an important human tumor virus and is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of tumors, involving 10% of gastric cancer. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), EBV expresses restrict viral genes including EBV nuclear antigen 1, EBV encoded small RNAs, Bam HI-A rightward transcripts, latent membrane protein 2A and miRNAs. The role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis has received increasing attention and is considered to be another pathogenic factor in addition to Helicobacter pylori. A typical characteristic of EBVaGC is the extensive methylation of viral and host genome. Combined with other epigenetic mechanisms, EBV infection acts as an epigenetic driver of EBVaGC oncogenesis. In this review we discuss recent findings of EBV effect on host epigenetic alterations in EBVaGC and its role in oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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20
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Gwak JW, Yoo J, Suh SO, Kim J, Oh IS, Bae JY. Benign Gastric Ulcer with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Mimicking Malignant Gastric Ulcer. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 73:177-181. [PMID: 31013561 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2019.73.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, which is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, and sore throat. On the other hand, gastrointestinal symptoms of EBV infection like dyspepsia, abdominal pain are non-specific and rarely encountered, which means it is difficult to diagnose gastric involvement of EBV infection without suspicion. The relation between gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma associated with EBV infection is well defined, but relations with other EBV-associated gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis and peptic ulcer disease have rarely been reported. We report a case of benign gastric ulcer with EBV infection confirmed by endoscopic and histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Gwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong O Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Soo Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Bae
- Department of Pathology, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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21
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The interplay between Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) with the p53 and its homologs during EBV associated malignancies. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02624. [PMID: 31840114 PMCID: PMC6893087 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53, p63, and p73, the members of the p53 family of proteins, are structurally similar proteins that play central roles regulating cell cycle and apoptotic cell death. Alternative splicing at the carboxyl terminus and the utilization of different promoters further categorizes these proteins as having different isoforms for each. Among such isoforms, TA and ΔN versions of each protein serve as the pro and the anti-apoptotic proteins, respectively. Changes in the expression patterns of these isoforms are noted in many human cancers. Proteins of certain human herpesviruses, like Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), interact with p53 family members and alter their expressions in many malignancies. Upon infections in the B cells and epithelial cells, EBV expresses different lytic or latent proteins during viral replication and latency respectively to preserve viral copy number, chromosomal integrity and viral persistence inside the host. In this review, we have surveyed and summarised the interactions of EBV gene products, known so far, with the p53 family proteins. The interactions between P53 and EBV oncoproteins are observed in stomach cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the head and neck, Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC), Gastric carcinoma (GC) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). EBV latent protein EBNA1, EBNA3C, LMP-1, and lytic proteins BZLF-1 can alter p53 expressions in many cancer cell lines. Interactions of p63 with EBNA-1, 2, 5, LMP-2A and BARF-1 have also been investigated in several cancers. Similarly, associations of p73 isoform with EBV latent proteins EBNA3C and LMP-1 have been reported. Methylation and single nucleotide polymorphisms in p53 have also been found to be correlated with EBV infection. Therefore, interactions and altered expression strategies of the isoforms of p53 family proteins in EBV associated cancers propose an important field for further molecular research.
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22
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Tsang CM, Lui VWY, Bruce JP, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:84-100. [PMID: 31521748 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), also named the Cantonese cancer, is a unique cancer with strong etiological association with infection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). With particularly high prevalence in Southeast Asia, the involvement of EBV and genetic aberrations contributive to NPC tumorigenesis have remained unclear for decades. Recently, genomic analysis of NPC has defined it as a genetically homogeneous cancer, driven largely by NF-κB signaling caused by either somatic aberrations of NF-κB negative regulators or by overexpression of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an EBV viral oncoprotein. This represents a landmark finding of the NPC genome. Exome and RNA sequencing data from new EBV-positive NPC models also highlight the importance of PI3K pathway aberrations in NPC. We also realize for the first time that NPC mutational burden, mutational signatures, MAPK/PI3K aberrations, and MHC Class I gene aberrations, are prognostic for patient outcome. Together, these multiple genomic discoveries begin to shape the focus of NPC therapy development. Given the challenge of NF-κB targeting in human cancers, more innovative drug discovery approaches should be explored to target the unique atypical NF-κB activation feature of NPC. Our next decade of NPC research should focus on further identification of the -omic landscapes of recurrent and metastatic NPC, development of gene-based precision medicines, as well as large-scale drug screening with the newly developed and well-characterized EBV-positive NPC models. Focused preclinical and clinical investigations on these major directions may identify new and effective targeting strategies to further improve survival of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jeffrey P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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23
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Ito Y, Makita S, Maeshima AM, Hatta S, Yuda S, Suzuki T, Fukuhara S, Munakata W, Taniguchi H, Suzuki T, Maruyama D, Izutsu K. EBV-encoded RNA1-positive cells in the bone marrow specimens of patients with EBV-negative lymphomas and sarcomas. Pathol Int 2019; 69:392-397. [PMID: 31328350 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with pathogenesis of various cancers, including extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL). ENKL tumor cells are positive for EBV-encoded RNA1 (EBER1), which is the most useful marker to identify ENKL tumor cells in histopathology. Currently, EBER1 in situ hybridization (ISH) is recommended to evaluate bone marrow (BM) involvement of ENKL. However, the actual burden of EBER1-positive cells in normal BM specimens remains unclear. In the present study, we performed EBER1 ISH on 111 BM specimens, which were obtained during an initial staging procedure in patients with EBV-negative cancers and were also negative for BM involvement. One or more EBER1-positive cells per whole specimen were observed in 38 specimens (34%). The number of EBER1-positive cells was distributed as follows: single positive cell, n = 17; two positive cells, n = 13; three positive cells, n = 3; and four positive cells, n = 5. These findings suggest that four or fewer EBER1-positive cells can be observed in BM specimens of patients with non-EBV-related cancers. The clinical implications of a small number of EBER1-positive cells in BM specimens of patients with ENKL should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shinichi Makita
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyagi Maeshima
- Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hatta
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Sayako Yuda
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukuhara
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Wataru Munakata
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Dai Maruyama
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koji Izutsu
- Departments of Hematology and National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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24
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Marcelis L, Tousseyn T. The Tumor Microenvironment in Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:3-16. [PMID: 30680693 PMCID: PMC6529504 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-018-00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) cover a broad spectrum of lymphoproliferative lesions arising after solid organ or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The composition and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME), consisting of all non-malignant constituents of a tumor, is greatly impacted in PTLD through a complex interplay between 4 factors: 1) the graft organ causes immune stimulation through chronic antigen presentation; 2) the therapy to prevent organ rejection interferes with the immune system; 3) the oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), present in 80% of PTLDs, has a causative role in the oncogenic transformation of lymphocytes and influences immune responses; 4) interaction with the donor-derived immune cells accompanying the graft. These factors make PTLDs an interesting model to look at cancer-microenvironment interactions and current findings can be of interest for other malignancies including solid tumors. Here we will review the current knowledge of the TME composition in PTLD with a focus on the different factors involved in PTLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Marcelis
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - O&N IV, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - O&N IV, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 7003 24, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I Interferons in Autoimmune Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:369-393. [PMID: 30332560 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons, which make up the first cytokine family to be described and are the essential mediators of antivirus host defense, have emerged as central elements in the immunopathology of systemic autoimmune diseases, with systemic lupus erythematosus as the prototype. Lessons from investigation of interferon regulation following virus infection can be applied to lupus, with the conclusion that sustained production of type I interferon shifts nearly all components of the immune system toward pathologic functions that result in tissue damage and disease. We review recent data, mainly from studies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, that provide new insights into the mechanisms of induction and the immunologic consequences of chronic activation of the type I interferon pathway. Current concepts implicate endogenous nucleic acids, driving both cytosolic sensors and endosomal Toll-like receptors, in interferon pathway activation and suggest targets for development of novel therapeutics that may restore the immune system to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Crow
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA;
| | - Mikhail Olferiev
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA;
| | - Kyriakos A Kirou
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA;
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Chavez-Calvillo G, Martin S, Hamm C, Sztuba-Solinska J. The Structure-To-Function Relationships of Gammaherpesvirus-Encoded Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Contributions to Viral Pathogenesis. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040024. [PMID: 30261651 PMCID: PMC6315926 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have facilitated the discovery of a multitude of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with pleiotropic functions in cellular processes, disease, and viral pathogenesis. It came as no surprise when viruses were also revealed to transcribe their own lncRNAs. Among them, gammaherpesviruses, one of the three subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, code their largest number. These structurally and functionally intricate non-coding (nc) transcripts modulate cellular and viral gene expression to maintain viral latency or prompt lytic reactivation. These lncRNAs allow for the virus to escape cytosolic surveillance, sequester, and re-localize essential cellular factors and modulate the cell cycle and proliferation. Some viral lncRNAs act as “messenger molecules”, transferring information about viral infection to neighboring cells. This broad range of lncRNA functions is achieved through lncRNA structure-mediated interactions with effector molecules of viral and host origin, including other RNAs, proteins and DNAs. In this review, we discuss examples of gammaherpesvirus-encoded lncRNAs, emphasize their unique structural attributes, and link them to viral life cycle, pathogenesis, and disease progression. We will address their potential as novel targets for drug discovery and propose future directions to explore lncRNA structure and function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chavez-Calvillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chad Hamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Abstract
Viral latency can be considered a metastable, nonproductive infection state that is capable of subsequent reactivation to repeat the infection cycle. Viral latent infections have numerous associated pathologies, including cancer, birth defects, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and immunological dysfunctions. The mechanisms controlling the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency are complex and diversified among virus families, species, and strains. Yet, as examined in this review, common properties of latent viral infections can be defined. Eradicating latent virus has become an important but elusive challenge and will require a more complete understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes.
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28
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Teow SY, Liew K, Khoo ASB, Peh SC. Pathogenic Role of Exosomes in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1276-1286. [PMID: 29104494 PMCID: PMC5666526 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 40- to 100-nm membrane-bound small vesicles that carry a great variety of cellular cargoes including proteins, DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). These nanovesicles are detected in various biological fluids such as serum, urine, saliva, and seminal fluids. Exosomes serve as key mediators in intercellular communication by facilitating the transfer and exchange of cellular components from cells to cells. They contain various pathogenic factors whereby their adverse effects have been implicated in multiple viral infections and cancers. Interestingly, accumulating evidences showed that exosomes derived from tumour viruses or oncoviruses, exacerbate virus-associated cancers by remodelling the tumour microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the contributing factors of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) products-containing exosomes in viral pathogenesis and their potential implications in EBV-driven malignancies. Understanding the biological role of these exosomes in the disease would undoubtedly boost the development of a more comprehensive strategy to combat EBV-associated cancers and to better predict the therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, we also highlight the potentials and challenges of EBV products-containing exosomes being employed as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for EBV-related cancers. Since these aspects are rather underexplored, we attempt to underline interesting areas that warrant further investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeang Teow
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kitson Liew
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre (CaRC), Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre (CaRC), Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University (IMU), Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suat-Cheng Peh
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Anatomical Pathology Department, Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Cavalcante P, Marcuzzo S, Franzi S, Galbardi B, Maggi L, Motta T, Ghislandi R, Buzzi A, Spinelli L, Novellino L, Baggi F, Antozzi C, Conforti F, De Pas TM, Barberis M, Bernasconi P, Mantegazza R. Epstein-Barr virus in tumor-infiltrating B cells of myasthenia gravis thymoma: an innocent bystander or an autoimmunity mediator? Oncotarget 2017; 8:95432-95449. [PMID: 29221139 PMCID: PMC5707033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a key role in myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction. Most MG patients have thymic abnormalities, including hyperplasia and thymoma, a neoplasm of thymic epithelial cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with autoimmune diseases and tumors. Recently, we showed EBV persistence and reactivation in hyperplastic MG thymuses, suggesting that EBV might contribute to intra-thymic B cell dysregulation in MG patients. Here, we investigated EBV involvement in thymoma-associated MG, by searching for EBV markers in MG (n=26) and non-MG (n=14) thymomas. EBV DNA and EBV-encoded small nuclear RNA (EBER) 1 transcript were detected in 14/26 (53.8%) and 22/26 (84.6%) MG thymomas, and only in 3 of 14 (21.4%) non-MG thymomas. Latent EBNA2 and late gp350/220 lytic transcripts were undetectable in all, but one, thymomas, and early lytic BZLF1 transcript was absent in all samples, suggesting that early infection events and EBV reactivation were very rare in thymomas. EBER1 and 2-positive cells were detected in MG, but not in non-MG, thymomas, as well as cells expressing EBV latency proteins (EBNA1, LMP1, LMP2A), that were mainly of B cell phenotype, indicating EBV association with MG rather than with thymoma. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 transcriptional levels were higher in MG than non-MG thymomas and positively correlated with EBER1 levels, suggesting a role for EBERs in TLR3 activation. Our findings show that EBV is commonly present in thymoma-infiltrating B cells of myasthenic patients, indicating a contribution of EBV to B cell-mediated autoreactivity in MG associated with thymic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cavalcante
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Galbardi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Teresio Motta
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, ASST - Bergamo Est Ospedale Bolognini Seriate, 24068 Seriate Bergamo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ghislandi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, ASST - Bergamo Est Ospedale Bolognini Seriate, 24068 Seriate Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonella Buzzi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, ASST - Bergamo Est Ospedale Bolognini Seriate, 24068 Seriate Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luisella Spinelli
- Department of General Surgery, ASST - Bergamo Est Ospedale Bolognini Seriate, 24068 Seriate Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Novellino
- Department of General Surgery, ASST - Bergamo Est Ospedale Bolognini Seriate, 24068 Seriate Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Antozzi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Unit of Sarcomas and Thymomas, European Institute of Oncology, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Barberis
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, European Institute of Oncology, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
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Sipka S, Zilahi E, Papp G, Chen JQ, Nagy A, Hegyi K, Kónya J, Zeher M. Down-regulation of increased TRAF6 expression in the peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome by an EBV-EBER1-specific synthetic single-stranded complementary DNA molecule. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:614-621. [PMID: 28470929 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM We described earlier a simultaneously increased that the increased expression of miRNA-146a/b was accompanied by an increase in the expression of and TRAF6 and a decrease in the expression of IRAK1 genes in the peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) patients. Recently, the expression of EBV encoded. RNA (EBER) was published in the B cells of salivary glands of in pSS. In the present study, we applied an EBV-EBER1 specific synthetic single stranded complementary DNA molecule (EBV-EBER1-cDNA) to test whether any EBER1 related effect exists also in PBMCs of pSS patients. METHODS In the PBMCs of pSS patients and healthy controls, we investigated in vitro the effects of a synthetic single stranded EBV-EBER1-cDNA molecule, synthetic double-stranded (ds)RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] and polyadenylic acid potassium salt poly-adenylic acid [poly-(A)] on the expression of TRAF6 gene tested by qRTPCR. The release of interferon -α was detected by ELISA. RESULTS EBV-EBER1-cDNA resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of TRAF6 in the cells of patients, but in the healthy controls not, whereas the treatments with poly (I:C) and poly-(A) could not reduce the TRAF6 over-expression. No release of EBER1 could be observed in the culture supernatants of patients with pSS. Only the treatment with poly (I:C) resulted in a significant increase of interferon -α release, and only in the heathy controls. No release of EBER1 molecules took place during the culturing of cells. EBV-EBER- cDNA acted functionally on the cells of patients only. CONCLUSION These findings give a further evidence of the linkage between EBV and pSS, furthermore, they show the possible role of EBV-EBER1 in the induction of increased TRAF6 expression in the peripheral B cells of Sjögren's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Sipka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Zilahi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Papp
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ji-Qing Chen
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hegyi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Kónya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Zeher
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kikuchi K, Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Ide F, Kojima M, Kusama K. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial and non-epithelial lesions of the oral cavity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:95-109. [PMID: 28725300 PMCID: PMC5501733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with the development of malignant lymphoma and lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) in immunocompromised patients. EBV, a B-lymphotropic gamma-herpesvirus, causes infectious mononucleosis and oral hairy leukoplakia, as well as various pathological types of lymphoid malignancy. Furthermore, EBV is associated with epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), salivary gland tumor, gastric carcinoma and breast carcinoma. In terms of oral disease, there have been several reports of EBV-related oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) worldwide. However, the role of EBV in tumorigenesis of human oral epithelial or lymphoid tissue is unclear. This review summarizes EBV-related epithelial and non-epithelial tumors or tumor-like lesions of the oral cavity. In addition, we describe EBV latent genes and their expression in normal epithelium, inflamed gingiva, epithelial dysplasia and SCC, as well as considering LPDs (MTX- and age-related) and DLBCLs of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kikuchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Harumi Inoue
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Fumio Ide
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Masaru Kojima
- Department of Anatomic and Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Oaza-kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kusama
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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Aromseree S, Middeldorp JM, Pientong C, van Eijndhoven M, Ramayanti O, Lougheed SM, Pegtel DM, Steenbergen RDM, Ekalaksananan T. High Levels of EBV-Encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) Trigger Interferon and Inflammation-Related Genes in Keratinocytes Expressing HPV16 E6/E7. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169290. [PMID: 28056059 PMCID: PMC5215905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different types of cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can release exosomes containing viral components that functionally affect neighboring cells. Previously, we found that EBV was localized mostly in infiltrating lymphocytes within the stromal layer of cervical lesions. In this study, we aimed to determine effects of exosome-transferred EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) on keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6/E7 (DonorI-HPV16 HFKs). Lipid transfection of in vitro-transcribed EBER1 molecules (ivt EBER1) into DonorI-HPV16 HFKs caused strong induction of interferon (IFN)-related genes and interleukin 6 (IL-6). To gain insights into the physiological situation, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), low passage DonorI-HPV16 HFKs and primary keratinocytes were used as recipient cells for internalization of exosomes from wild-type EBV (wt EBV) or B95-8 EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of EBER1, HPV16 E6/E7, IFN-related genes and IL-6 in recipient cells. The secretion of inflammatory cytokines was investigated using cytometric bead array. Wt EBV-modified exosomes induced both IFN-related genes and IL-6 upon uptake into moDCs, while exosomes from B95-8 EBV LCLs induced only IL-6 in moDCs. Internalization of EBV-modified exosomes was demonstrated in DonorI-HPV16 HFKs, yielding only EBER1 but not EBER2. However, EBER1 transferred by exosomes did not induce IFN-related genes or IL-6 expression and inflammatory cytokine secretion in DonorI-HPV16 HFKs and primary keratinocytes. EBER1 copy numbers in exosomes from wt EBV-infected LCLs were 10-fold higher than in exosomes from B95-8 LCLs (equal cell equivalent), whereas ivt EBER1 was used at approximately 100-fold higher concentration than in exosomes. These results demonstrated that the induction of IFN-related genes and IL-6 by EBER1 depends on quantity of EBER1 and type of recipient cells. High levels of EBER1 in cervical cells or infiltrating dendritic cells may play a role in the inflammation-to-oncogenesis transition of HPV-associated cervical cancer through modulation of innate immune signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Monique van Eijndhoven
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Octavia Ramayanti
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M. Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske D. M. Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Farina A, Farina GA. Fresh Insights into Disease Etiology and the Role of Microbial Pathogens. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:1. [PMID: 26700911 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-015-0552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have been implicated in the initiation and/or promotion of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc); however, no evidence was found to substantiate the direct contribution to this disease in past years. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the role of the innate immune system in SSc pathogenesis, supporting the idea that pathogens might interact with host innate immune-regulatory responses in SSc. In light of these findings, we review the studies that identified the presence of pathogens in SSc, along with studies on pathogens implicated in driving the innate immune dysregulation in SSc. The goal of this review is to illustrate how these pathogens, specifically viruses, may play important role both as triggers of the innate immune system, and critical players in the development of SSc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Farina
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Alessandra Farina
- Arthritis Center, Department of Rheumatology, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, E501, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Tan EM, Smolen JS. Historical observations contributing insights on etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and role of rheumatoid factor. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1937-50. [PMID: 27621417 PMCID: PMC5030811 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When studies on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that were made many decades ago and could be considered "historical" in nature are analyzed in the context of recent observations, important insights on RA and on the function of rheumatoid factor (RF) become apparent. RF in the role of antibody to immune complexes (ICs) appears to be involved in activation of the complement system and in the production of chemotactic and inflammatory mediators, creating a condition that can be sustained and reinitiated. In the synovial cavity, a state of nonresolving inflammation is produced with the formation of citrullinated protein antigen-antibody complexes or other forms of ICs. This is followed by a second wave of IC production in the form of RF acting as antibody reactive with the initial ICs. Both of these processes are associated with complement consumption and production of inflammatory mediators. We present a model of an initiation phase of RA that might represent an example of repetitive formation of ICs and complement-mediated inflammation. Targeting therapy at this phase of RA to break the cycles of recurrent inflammation might be a novel approach to aid in further control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Consideration of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Noncoding RNAs EBER1 and EBER2 as a Functional Backup of Viral Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1. mBio 2016; 7:e01926-15. [PMID: 26787829 PMCID: PMC4725009 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01926-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded noncoding RNAs EBER1 and EBER2 are highly abundant through all four latency stages of EBV infection (III-II-I-0) and have been associated with an oncogenic phenotype when expressed in cell lines cultured in vitro. In vivo, EBV-infected B cells derived from freshly isolated lymphocytes show that EBER1/2 deletion does not impair viral latency. Based on published quantitative proteomics data from BJAB cells expressing EBER1 and EBER2, we propose that the EBERs, through their activation of AKT in a B-cell-specific manner, are a functionally redundant backup of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-an essential oncoprotein in EBV-associated malignancies, with a main role in AKT activation. Our proposed model may explain the lack of effect on viral latency establishment in EBER-minus EBV infection.
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Abstract
Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses.
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37
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Kikuchi K, Noguchi Y, de Rivera MWGN, Hoshino M, Sakashita H, Yamada T, Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Nozaki T, González-López BS, Ide F, Kusama K. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome and latent infection gene expression in normal epithelia, epithelial dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3389-404. [PMID: 26449822 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and cancer of lymphoid and epithelial tissues such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric carcinoma, and oral cancer has been reported. EBV is transmitted orally and infects B cells and epithelial cells. However, it has remained uncertain whether EBV plays a role in carcinogenesis of oral mucosal tissue. In the present study, we detected the EBV genome and latent EBV gene expression in normal mucosal epithelia, epithelial dysplasia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to clarify whether EBV is involved in carcinogenesis of the oral cavity. We examined 333 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples (morphologically normal oral mucosa 30 samples, gingivitis 32, tonsillitis 17, oral epithelial dysplasia 83, OSCC 150, and NPC 21). EBV latent infection genes (EBNA-2, LMP-1) were detected not only in OSCC (50.2 %, 10.7 %) but also in severe epithelial dysplasia (66.7 %, 44.4 %), mild to moderate epithelial dysplasia (43.1 %, 18.5 %), gingivitis (78.1 %, 21.9 %), and normal mucosa (83.3 %, 23.3 %). Furthermore, the intensity of EBV latent infection gene expression (EBER, LMP-1) was significantly higher in severe epithelial dysplasia (94.4 %, 72.2 %) than in OSCC (34.7 %, 38.7 %). These results suggest that EBV latent infection genes and their increased expression in severe epithelial dysplasia might play an important role in the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kikuchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Noguchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | | | - Miyako Hoshino
- Second Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sakashita
- Second Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Harumi Inoue
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Tadashige Nozaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1211, Japan
| | - Blanca Silvia González-López
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of México, Jesús Carranza esquina paseo Tollocan, C.P. 50130, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Fumio Ide
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kusama
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
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38
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Dolcetti R. Cross-talk between Epstein-Barr virus and microenvironment in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:58-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Jamin A, Dehoux L, Dossier C, Fila M, Heming N, Monteiro RC, Deschênes G. Toll-like receptor 3 expression and function in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:332-45. [PMID: 26123900 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of steroids and immunosuppressive treatments in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) hints at the implication of immune cells in the pathophysiology of the disease. Toll-like receptor (TLR) dysfunctions are involved in many kidney diseases of immune origin, but remain little described in INS. We investigated the expression and function of TLRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of INS children, including 28 in relapse, 23 in remission and 40 controls. No child had any sign of infection, but a higher Epstein-Barr virus viral load was measured in the PBMC of relapsing patients. TLR-3 expression was increased in B cells only during INS remission. There was a negative correlation between proteinuria and TLR-3 expression in total and the main subsets of PBMC from INS patients. The expression of TLR-8 was also increased in both CD4(+) T cells and B cells in INS remission. There was a negative correlation between proteinuria and TLR-8 expression in total PBMC, CD4(+) T cells and B cells of INS patients. Nevertheless, TLR-3 and TLR-8 expression was normalized in all PBMC subsets in an additional group of 15 INS patients in remission with B cell repletion after rituximab therapy. Paradoxically, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 transactivation was increased in PBMC of all INS patients. In-vitro secretion of IFN-α and interleukin 6 were increased spontaneously in PBMC of INS remission patients, whereas PBMC from all INS patients displayed an impaired IFN-α secretion after TLR-3 stimulation. Thus, TLR-3 pathway dysfunctions may be closely involved in INS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamin
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, Bichat Medical School, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Dehoux
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, Bichat Medical School, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Dossier
- DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Fila
- DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - N Heming
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, Bichat Medical School, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,DHU Fire, Paris, France
| | - R C Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, Bichat Medical School, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Xavier Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - G Deschênes
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, Bichat Medical School, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,DHU Fire, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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40
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Alles J, Hasler D, Kazmi SMA, Tesson M, Hamilton A, Schlegel L, Marx S, Eichner N, Reinhardt R, Meister G, Wilson JB, Grässer FA. Epstein-Barr Virus EBER Transcripts Affect miRNA-Mediated Regulation of Specific Targets and Are Processed to Small RNA Species. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:170-191. [PMID: 29861423 PMCID: PMC5932547 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses 44 mature microRNAs and two non-coding EBER RNAs of 167 (EBER1) and 172 (EBER2) nt length. MiRNA profiling of NK/T cell lines and primary cells and Northern blotting of EBV-infected cell lines and primary tumors revealed processing of EBER1 to short 5′-derived RNAs of approximately 23, 52 and 70 nt (EBER123, EBER152, and EBER170) and of EBER2 to 3′ fragments. The biogenesis of these species is independent of Dicer, and EBER123 does not act like a miRNA to target its complementary sequence. EBER1, EBER2 and EBER123 were bound by the lupus antigen (La), a nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that facilitates RNAi. Consistent with this, the EBERs affect regulation of interleukin 1alpha (IL1α) and RAC1 reporters harboring miR target sequences, targets of miR-142-3p. However, the EBERs have no effect upon another target of miR-142-3p, ADCY9, nor on TOMM22, a target of ebv-miR-BART16, indicative of selective modulation of gene expression by the EBERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Alles
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Haus 47, Homburg/Saar D-66421, Germany.
| | - Daniele Hasler
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Syed Mohammad Ali Kazmi
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Mathias Tesson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Hamilton
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Linda Schlegel
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Haus 47, Homburg/Saar D-66421, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Marx
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Haus 47, Homburg/Saar D-66421, Germany.
| | - Norbert Eichner
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne D-50829, Germany.
| | - Gunter Meister
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Joanna B Wilson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Friedrich A Grässer
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Haus 47, Homburg/Saar D-66421, Germany.
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41
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Fang JC, Xia ZX, Wang CN, Li Z. Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Features of Primary Intestinal Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 23:609-16. [PMID: 26183848 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915595863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary intestinal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is an extremely rare type of lymphoma with poor prognosis, and early diagnosis is challenging. Here we have investigated the clinicopathologic features and immunophenotypes of primary intestinal extranodal NK/T cell lymphomas, nasal type, in 10 Chinese patients. Complete staging data showed that 1 patient had stage I disease, 7 had stage II disease, and 2 had stage III disease. Eight of 10 (80%) patients had lymphadenopathy and none had bone marrow involvement. All the patients had a low International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (<3) at presentation. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 37.5 years (range = 24-68 years). All the patients died within 21 months, and the median survival time was 9.5 months (range = 2-21 months). So the conventional IPI and staging system failed to predict the outcome of the patients with the lymphoma. Except for the size of tumor cells, most of the morphologic features of the cases we studied were similar to those involving the midline facial tissue. Immunohistochemical studies showed the expression of cytotoxic markers (100%), CD2 (100%), CD3ε (90%), CD56 (80%), P53 (60%), CD30 (30%), LMP1 (30%), EBNA3A (0%). Nine cases (90%) highly expressed Ki-67. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA was positive in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chen Fang
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, China Ningbo Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Xia
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, China Ningbo Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Zheng Li
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, China
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42
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Abstract
Latent Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection has a substantial role in causing many human disorders. The persistence of these viral genomes in all malignant cells, yet with the expression of limited latent genes, is consistent with the notion that EBV latent genes are important for malignant cell growth. While the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) and latent membrane protein-2A (LMP-2A) are critical, the EBNA-leader proteins, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3C and LMP-1, are individually essential for in vitro transformation of primary B cells to lymphoblastoid cell lines. EBV-encoded RNAs and EBNA-3Bs are dispensable. In this review, the roles of EBV latent genes are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Soo Kang
- 1] Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea [2] Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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43
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Abstract
The ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish latency despite specific immune responses and to successfully persist lifelong in the human host shows that EBV has developed powerful strategies and mechanisms to exploit, evade, abolish, or downsize otherwise effective immune responses to ensure its own survival. This chapter focuses on current knowledge on innate immune responses against EBV and its evasion strategies for own benefit and summarizes the questions that remain to be tackled. Innate immune reactions against EBV originate both from the main target cells of EBV and from nontarget cells, which are elements of the innate immune system. Thus, we structured our review accordingly but with a particular focus on the innate recognition of EBV in its two stages in its life cycle, latent state and lytic replication. Specifically, we discuss (I) innate sensing and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by its main target cells, focusing on (i) EBV transmission between epithelial cells and B cells and their life cycle stages; and (ii) elements of innate immunity in EBV's target cells. Further, we debate (II) the innate recognition and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by cells other than the main target cells, focusing on (iii) myeloid cells: dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes; and (iv) natural killer cells. Finally, we address (III) how EBV counteracts or exploits innate immunity in its latent and lytic life cycle stages, concentrating on (v) TLRs; (vi) EBERs; and (vii) microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lünemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rowe
- Centre for Human Virology, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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Abstract
Persistent infection by EBV is explained by the germinal center model (GCM) which provides a satisfying and currently the only explanation for EBVs disparate biology. Since the GCM touches on every aspect of the virus, this chapter will serve as an introduction to the subsequent chapters. EBV is B lymphotropic, and its biology closely follows that of normal mature B lymphocytes. The virus persists quiescently in resting memory B cells for the lifetime of the host in a non-pathogenic state that is also invisible to the immune response. To access this compartment, the virus infects naïve B cells in the lymphoepithelium of the tonsils and activates these cells using the growth transcription program. These cells migrate to the GC where they switch to a more limited transcription program, the default program, which helps rescue them into the memory compartment where the virus persists. For egress, the infected memory cells return to the lymphoepithelium where they occasionally differentiate into plasma cells activating viral replication. The released virus can either infect more naïve B cells or be amplified in the epithelium for shedding. This cycle of infection and the quiescent state in memory B cells allow for lifetime persistence at a very low level that is remarkably stable over time. Mathematically, this is a stable fixed point where the mechanisms regulating persistence drive the state back to equilibrium when perturbed. This is the GCM of EBV persistence. Other possible sites and mechanisms of persistence will also be discussed.
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45
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is widely distributed in the world and associated with a still increasing number of acute, chronic, malignant and autoimmune disease syndromes. Humoral immune responses to EBV have been studied for diagnostic, pathogenic and protective (vaccine) purposes. These studies use a range of methodologies, from cell-based immunofluorescence testing to antibody-diversity analysis using immunoblot and epitope analysis using recombinant or synthetic peptide-scanning. First, the individual EBV antigen complexes (VCA , MA, EA(D), EA(R) and EBNA) are defined at cellular and molecular levels, providing a historic overview. The characteristic antibody responses to these complexes in health and disease are described, and differences are highlighted by clinical examples. Options for EBV vaccination are briefly addressed. For a selected number of immunodominant proteins, in particular EBNA1, the interaction with human antibodies is further detailed at the epitope level, revealing interesting insights for structure, function and immunological aspects, not considered previously. Humoral immune responses against EBV-encoded tumour antigens LMP1, LMP2 and BARF1 are addressed, which provide novel options for targeted immunotherapy. Finally, some considerations on EBV-linked autoimmune diseases are given, and mechanisms of antigen mimicry are briefly discussed. Further analysis of humoral immune responses against EBV in health and disease in carefully selected patient cohorts will open new options for understanding pathogenesis of individual EBV-linked diseases and developing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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