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Abdalbagemohammedabdalsadeg S, Xiao BL, Ma XX, Li YY, Wei JS, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Yousefi R, Hong J. Catalase immobilization: Current knowledge, key insights, applications, and future prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133941. [PMID: 39032907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Catalase (CAT), a ubiquitous enzyme in all oxygen-exposed organisms, effectively decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a harmful by-product, into water and oxygen, mitigating oxidative stress and cellular damage, safeguarding cellular organelles and tissues. Therefore, CAT plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Owing to its pivotal role, CAT has garnered considerable interest. However, many challenges arise when used, especially in multiple practical processes. "Immobilization", a widely-used technique, can help improve enzyme properties. CAT immobilization offers numerous advantages, including enhanced stability, reusability, and facilitated downstream processing. This review presents a comprehensive overview of CAT immobilization. It starts with discussing various immobilization mechanisms, support materials, advantages, drawbacks, and factors influencing the performance of immobilized CAT. Moreover, the review explores the application of the immobilized CAT in various industries and its prospects, highlighting its essential role in diverse fields and stimulating further research and investigation. Furthermore, the review highlights some of the world's leading companies in the field of the CAT industry and their substantial potential for economic contribution. This review aims to serve as a discerning, source of information for researchers seeking a comprehensive cutting-edge overview of this rapidly evolving field and have been overwhelmed by the size of publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bao-Lin Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Xin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-She Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China
| | | | - Reza Yousefi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, 1417614418 Tehran, Iran
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China.
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2
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Kotwal N, Pathania D, Singh A, Din Sheikh ZU, Kothari R. Enzyme immobilization with nanomaterials for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Challenges and future Perspectives. Carbohydr Res 2024; 543:109208. [PMID: 39013334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has emerged as a prodigious strategy in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) promising enhanced efficacy and stability of the enzymes. Further, enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) facilitates the easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. This results in the development of a nanobiocatalytic system, that serves as an eco-friendly and inexpensive LCB deconstruction approach. This review provides an overview of nanomaterials used for immobilization with special emphasis on the nanomaterial-enzyme interactions and strategies of immobilization. After the succinct outline of the immobilization procedures and supporting materials, a comprehensive assessment of the catalysis enabled by nanomaterial-immobilized biocatalysts for the conversion and degradation of lignocellulosic biomasses is provided by gathering state-of-the-art examples. The challenges and future directions associated with this technique providing a potential solution in the present article. Insight on the recent advancements in the process of nanomaterial-based immobilization for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has also been highlighted in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kotwal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Pathania
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India.
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India; Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Zaheer Ud Din Sheikh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
| | - Richa Kothari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
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3
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Dhingra S, Goyal S, Thirumal D, Sharma P, Kaur G, Mittal N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a versatile carrier platform in lung cancer management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1331-1346. [PMID: 39105754 PMCID: PMC11318747 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2348438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are inorganic nanoparticles that have been comprehensively investigated and are intended to deliver therapeutic agents. MSNPs have revolutionized the therapy for various conditions, especially cancer and infectious diseases. In this article, the viability of MSNPs' administration for lung cancer therapy has been reviewed. However, certain challenges lay ahead in the successful translation such as toxicology, immunology, large-scale production, and regulatory matters have made it extremely difficult to translate such discoveries from the bench to the bedside. This review highlights recent developments, characteristics, mechanism of action and customization for targeted delivery. This review also covers the most recent data that sheds light on MSNPs' extraordinary therapeutic potential in fighting lung cancer as well as future hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Dhingra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shuchi Goyal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Divya Thirumal
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104,India
| | - Preety Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Neeraj Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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4
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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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5
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Nano-biocatalytic Systems for Cellulose de-polymerization: A Drive from Design to Applications. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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6
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Pota G, Gallucci N, Cavasso D, Krauss IR, Vitiello G, López-Gallego F, Costantini A, Paduano L, Califano V. Controlling the Adsorption of β-Glucosidase onto Wrinkled SiO 2 Nanoparticles To Boost the Yield of Immobilization of an Efficient Biocatalyst. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1482-1494. [PMID: 36651862 PMCID: PMC9893809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (BG) catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, a substrate for fermentation to produce the carbon-neutral fuel bioethanol. Enzyme thermal stability and reusability can be improved through immobilization onto insoluble supports. Moreover, nanoscaled matrixes allow for preserving high reaction rates. In this work, BG was physically immobilized onto wrinkled SiO2 nanoparticles (WSNs). The adsorption procedure was tuned by varying the BG:WSNs weight ratio to achieve the maximum controllability and maximize the yield of immobilization, while different times of immobilization were monitored. Results show that a BG:WSNs ratio equal to 1:6 wt/wt provides for the highest colloidal stability, whereas an immobilization time of 24 h results in the highest enzyme loading (135 mg/g of support) corresponding to 80% yield of immobilization. An enzyme corona is formed in 2 h, which gradually disappears as the protein diffuses within the pores. The adsorption into the silica structure causes little change in the protein secondary structure. Furthermore, supported enzyme exhibits a remarkable gain in thermal stability, retaining complete folding up to 90 °C. Catalytic tests assessed that immobilized BG achieves 100% cellobiose conversion. The improved adsorption protocol provides simultaneously high glucose production, enhanced yield of immobilization, and good reusability, resulting in considerable reduction of enzyme waste in the immobilization stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Gallucci
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Domenico Cavasso
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Russo Krauss
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 948009Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aniello Costantini
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Valeria Califano
- Institute
of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 4, 80125Naples, Italy
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7
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Qian J, Huang A, Zhu H, Ding J, Zhang W, Chen Y. Immobilization of lipase on silica nanoparticles by adsorption followed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:25-38. [PMID: 36370210 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Candida antarctica lipase B was immobilized on silica (SiO2) nanoparticles by physical adsorption, and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to prepare cross-linked immobilized lipase (CLIL). During the condition of 1.28 mg/mL lipase concentration, 25 ℃ temperature, 2 h adsorption time, 0.01% GA (V/V) 7.5 mL and 2 h cross-linking time, the highest recovery activity of CLIL reached 87.82 ± 0.07% (22.55 ± 0.025 U/mg). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) confirmed that lipase was immobilized on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The changes in secondary structures of CLIL indicated that cross-linking changed the secondary structure of lipase protein, which made the structure of CLIL more stable. Compared with the free lipase, the thermal stability and storage stability of CLIL was significantly improved, and the t1/2 at 60 °C was extended. Studies had shown that it was a feasible method to obtain CLIL by cross-linking after adsorbing lipase on SiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aomei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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8
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Sulman AM, Matveeva VG, Bronstein LM. Cellulase Immobilization on Nanostructured Supports for Biomass Waste Processing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3796. [PMID: 36364572 PMCID: PMC9656580 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiocatalysts, i.e., enzymes immobilized on nanostructured supports, received considerable attention because they are potential remedies to overcome shortcomings of traditional biocatalysts, such as low efficiency of mass transfer, instability during catalytic reactions, and possible deactivation. In this short review, we will analyze major aspects of immobilization of cellulase-an enzyme for cellulosic biomass waste processing-on nanostructured supports. Such supports provide high surface areas, increased enzyme loading, and a beneficial environment to enhance cellulase performance and its stability, leading to nanobiocatalysts for obtaining biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we will discuss such nanostructured supports as carbon nanotubes, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica NPs, hierarchical porous materials, magnetic NPs and their nanohybrids, based on publications of the last five years. The use of magnetic NPs is especially favorable due to easy separation and the nanobiocatalyst recovery for a repeated use. This review will discuss methods for cellulase immobilization, morphology of nanostructured supports, multienzyme systems as well as factors influencing the enzyme activity to achieve the highest conversion of cellulosic biowaste into fermentable sugars. We believe this review will allow for an enhanced understanding of such nanobiocatalysts and processes, allowing for the best solutions to major problems of sustainable biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina M. Sulman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Matveeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
- Regional Technological Centre, Tver State University, Zhelyabova St., 33, 170100 Tver, Russia
| | - Lyudmila M. Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Pota G, Sapienza Salerno A, Costantini A, Silvestri B, Passaro J, Califano V. Co-immobilization of Cellulase and β-Glucosidase into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose Extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Leaves. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5481-5493. [PMID: 35476419 PMCID: PMC9097537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cellulases generally contain a reduced amount of β-glucosidase (BG), which does not allow for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. To address this issue, we implemented an easy co-immobilization procedure of β-glucosidase and cellulase by adsorption on wrinkled mesoporous silica nanoparticles with radial and hierarchical open pore structures, exhibiting smaller (WSN) and larger (WSN-p) inter-wrinkle distances. The immobilization was carried out separately on different vectors (WSN for BG and WSN-p for cellulase), simultaneously on the same vector (WSN-p), and sequentially on the same vector (WSN-p) in order to optimize the synergy between cellulase and BG. The obtained results pointed out that the best biocatalyst is that prepared through simultaneous immobilization of BG and cellulase on the same vector (WSN-p). In this case, the adsorption resulted in 20% yield of immobilization, corresponding to an enzyme loading of 100 mg/g of support. 82% yield of reaction and 72 μmol/min·g activity were obtained, evaluated for the hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from Eriobotrya japonica leaves. All reactions were carried out at a standard temperature of 50 °C. The biocatalyst retained 83% of the initial yield of reaction after 9 cycles of reuse. Moreover, it had better stability than the free enzyme mixture in a wide range of temperatures, preserving 72% of the initial yield of reaction up to 90 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Sapienza Salerno
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Brigida Silvestri
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Califano
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy
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10
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Sharma T, Xia C, Sharma A, Raizada P, Singh P, Sharma S, Sharma P, Kumar S, Lam S, Nadda AK. Mechano-chemical and biological energetics of immobilized enzymes onto functionalized polymers and their applications. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10518-10539. [PMID: 35443858 PMCID: PMC9208500 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2062526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of commercial importance, such as lipase, amylase, laccase, phytase, carbonic anhydrase, pectinase, maltase, glucose oxidase etc., show multifunctional features and have been extensively used in several fields including fine chemicals, environmental, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, energy, food industry, agriculture and nutraceutical etc. The deployment of biocatalyst in harsh industrial conditions has some limitations, such as poor stability. These drawbacks can be overcome by immobilizing the enzyme in order to boost the operational stability, catalytic activity along with facilitating the reuse of biocatalyst. Nowadays, functionalized polymers and composites have gained increasing attention as an innovative material for immobilizing the industrially important enzyme. The different types of polymeric materials and composites are pectin, agarose, cellulose, nanofibers, gelatin, and chitosan. The functionalization of these materials enhances the loading capacity of the enzyme by providing more functional groups to the polymeric material and hence enhancing the enzyme immobilization efficiency. However, appropriate coordination among the functionalized polymeric materials and enzymes of interest plays an important role in producing emerging biocatalysts with improved properties. The optimal coordination at a biological, physical, and chemical level is requisite to develop an industrial biocatalyst. Bio-catalysis has become vital aspect in pharmaceutical and chemical industries for synthesis of value-added chemicals. The present review describes the current advances in enzyme immobilization on functionalized polymers and composites. Furthermore, the applications of immobilized enzymes in various sectors including bioremediation, biosensor and biodiesel are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Changlei Xia
- Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forestry Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityCo-Innovation, Nanjing,Jiangsu, China
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan Mohali, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - SuShiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (Hicoe), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
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11
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Chauhan V, Kaushal D, Dhiman VK, Kanwar SS, Singh D, Dhiman VK, Pandey H. An Insight in Developing Carrier-Free Immobilized Enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:794411. [PMID: 35309979 PMCID: PMC8924610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.794411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play vital roles in all organisms. The enzymatic process is progressively at its peak, mainly for producing biochemical products with a higher value. The immobilization of enzymes can sometimes tremendously improve the outcome of biocatalytic processes, making the product(s) relatively pure and economical. Carrier-free immobilized enzymes can increase the yield of the product and the stability of the enzyme in biocatalysis. Immobilized enzymes are easier to purify. Due to these varied advantages, researchers are tempted to explore carrier-free methods used for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review article, we have discussed various aspects of enzyme immobilization, approaches followed to design a process used for immobilization of an enzyme and the advantages and disadvantages of various common processes used for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Diksha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
- *Correspondence: Shamsher Singh Kanwar,
| | - Devendra Singh
- B.N. College of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dhiman
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
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12
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Recent advances in carbon nanotubes-based biocatalysts and their applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 297:102542. [PMID: 34655931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes have been incorporated into a wide variety of fields and industries as they catalyze many biochemical and chemical reactions. The immobilization of enzymes on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for generating nano biocatalysts with high stability and reusability is gaining great attention among researchers. Functionalized CNTs act as excellent support for effective enzyme immobilization. Depending on the application, the enzymes can be tailored using the various surface functionalization techniques on the CNTs to extricate the desirable characteristics. Aiming at the preparation of efficient, stable, and recyclable nanobiocatalysts, this review provides an overview of the methods developed to immobilize the various enzymes. Various applications of carbon nanotube-based biocatalysts in water purification, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuel cells have been comprehensively reviewed.
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Zarei A, Alihosseini F, Parida D, Nazir R, Gaan S. Fabrication of Cellulase Catalysts Immobilized on a Nanoscale Hybrid Polyaniline/Cationic Hydrogel Support for the Highly Efficient Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49816-49827. [PMID: 34653337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel conductive nanohydrogel hybrid support was prepared by in situ polymerization of polyaniline nanorods on an electrospun cationic hydrogel of poly(ε-caprolactone) and a cationic phosphine oxide macromolecule. Subsequently, the cellulase enzyme was immobilized on the hybrid support. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses confirmed a mesoporous, rod-like structure with a slit-like pore geometry for the immobilized support and exhibiting a high immobilization capacity and reduced diffusion resistance of the substrate. For comparison, the catalytic activity, storage stability, and reusability of the immobilized and free enzymes were evaluated. The results showed that the immobilized enzymes have higher thermal stability without changes in the optimal pH (5.5) and temperature (55 °C) for enzyme activity. A high immobilization efficiency (96%) was observed for the immobilized cellulose catalysts after optimization of parameters such as the pH, temperature, incubation time, and protein concentration. The immobilized enzyme retained almost 90% of its original activity after 4 weeks of storage and 73% of its original activity after the ninth reuse cycle. These results strongly suggest that the prepared hybrid support has the potential to be used as a support for protein immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Zarei
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Alihosseini
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Rashid Nazir
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
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15
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Videira-Quintela D, Martin O, Montalvo G. Emerging opportunities of silica-based materials within the food industry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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de Souza Lima J, Boemo APSI, de Araújo PHH, de Oliveira D. Immobilization of endoglucanase on kaolin by adsorption and covalent bonding. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1627-1637. [PMID: 33686500 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current research, endoglucanase, one of the enzymes of the cellulolytic complex, was immobilized on kaolin by two different techniques, adsorption, and covalent bonding. A comparative study was conducted between free, adsorbed, and covalently immobilized endoglucanase. For the covalent bonding, the kaolin particles were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and activated with glutaraldehyde. Immobilization by adsorption was performed using the kaolin without any treatment. Recovered activities after the endoglucanase immobilization by adsorption and covalent bonding were found to be 60 ± 2.5 and 65 ± 3.5%, respectively. The studies of optima pH and temperature, as well as thermal stability, showed that the catalytic characteristic of the enzyme was maintained after the immobilization by both adsorption and covalent bonding. Even after 8 cycles of use, the endoglucanase immobilized by the two techniques retained about 86% of its initial activity. The results showed that the adsorption was as effective as covalent bonding for the immobilization of endoglucanase on kaolin. However, the adsorption technique seems to have a greater potential for use in future studies, as it is simpler, cheaper, and faster than covalent immobilization. Therefore, in this work it was demonstrated that endoglucanases can be immobilized efficiently on kaolin through a very simple immobilization protocol, offering a promising strategy for performing repeated enzymatic hydrolysis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina de Souza Lima
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Serafini Immich Boemo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Pal N, Lee JH, Cho EB. Recent Trends in Morphology-Controlled Synthesis and Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2122. [PMID: 33113856 PMCID: PMC7692592 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding journey towards the investigation of mesoporous materials commences with the discovery of high surface area porous silica materials, named MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter-41) according to the inventors' name Mobile scientists in the United States. Based on a self-assembled supramolecular templating mechanism, the synthesis of mesoporous silica has extended to wide varieties of silica categories along with versatile applications of all these types in many fields. These silica families have some extraordinary structural features, like highly tunable nanoscale sized pore diameter, good Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas, good flexibility to accommodate different organic and inorganic functional groups, metals etc., onto their surface. As a consequence, thousands of scientists and researchers throughout the world have reported numerous silica materials in the form of published articles, communication, reviews, etc. Beside this, attention is also given to the morphology-oriented synthesis of silica nanoparticles and their significant effects on the emerging fields of study like catalysis, energy applications, sensing, environmental, and biomedical research. This review highlights a consolidated overview of those morphology-based mesoporous silica particles, emphasizing their syntheses and potential role in many promising fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Pal
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad 500075, India;
| | - Jun-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
| | - Eun-Bum Cho
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
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Adsorption of Cellulase on Wrinkled Silica Nanoparticles with Enhanced Inter-Wrinkle Distance. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091799. [PMID: 32927623 PMCID: PMC7560002 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica materials offer a unique opportunity for enzyme immobilization thanks to their properties, such as tuneable pore size, large surface area and easy functionalization. However, a significant enhancement of cellulase enzyme activity entrapped inside the silica pores still represents a challenge. In this work, we immobilized cellulase by adsorption on wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs), obtaining an active and stable biocatalyst. We used pentanol as co-solvent to synthesize WSNs with enhanced inter-wrinkle distance in order to improve cellulase hosting. The physical-chemical and morphological characterization of WSNs and cellulase/WSNs was performed by thermogravimetric (TG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The obtained results showed that this matrix generates a favourable microenvironment for hosting cellulase. The results of the catalytic assays and operational stability confirmed the key role of size, morphology and distribution of the pores in the successful outcome of the cellulase immobilization process. The immobilization procedure used allowed preserving most of the secondary structure of the enzyme and, consequently, its catalytic activity. Moreover, the same value of glucose yield was observed for five consecutive runs, showing a high operational stability of the biocatalyst.
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