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Ahtasham Iqbal M, Akram S, Khalid S, Lal B, Hassan SU, Ashraf R, Kezembayeva G, Mushtaq M, Chinibayeva N, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. Advanced photocatalysis as a viable and sustainable wastewater treatment process: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 253:118947. [PMID: 38744372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In our era, water pollution not only poses a serious threat to human, animal, and biotic life but also causes serious damage to infrastructure and the ecosystem. A set of physical, chemical, and biological technologies have been exploited to decontaminate and/or disinfect water pollutants, toxins, microbes, and contaminants, but none of these could be ranked as sustainable and scalable wastewater technology. The photocatalytic process can harmonize the sunlight to degrade certain toxins, chemicals, microbes, and antibiotics, present in water. For example, transition metal oxides (ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, etc.), when integrated into an organic framework of graphene or nitrides, can bring about more than 90% removal of dyes, microbial load, pesticides, and antibiotics. Similarly, a modified network of graphitic carbon nitride can completely decontaminate petrochemicals. The present review will primarily highlight the mechanistic aspects for the removal and/or degradation of highly concerned contaminants, factors affecting photocatalysis, engineering designs of photoreactors, and pros and cons of various wastewater treatment technologies already in practice. The photocatalytic reactor can be a more viable and sustainable wastewater treatment opportunity. We hope the researcher will find a handful of information regarding the advanced oxidation process accomplished via photocatalysis and the benefits associated with the photocatalytic-type degradation of water pollutants and contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumia Akram
- Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahreen Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Basant Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Science and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Sohaib Ul Hassan
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gulmira Kezembayeva
- Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Department Chemical Processes and Industrial Ecology, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140417, Punjab, India; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sharma M, Sajwan D, Gouda A, Sharma A, Krishnan V. Recent progress in defect-engineered metal oxides for photocatalytic environmental remediation. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38757336 DOI: 10.1111/php.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Rapid industrial advancement over the last few decades has led to an alarming increase in pollution levels in the ecosystem. Among the primary pollutants, harmful organic dyes and pharmaceutical drugs are directly released by industries into the water bodies which serves as a major cause of environmental deterioration. This warns of a severe need to find some sustainable strategies to overcome these increasing levels of water pollution and eliminate the pollutants before being exposed to the environment. Photocatalysis is a well-established strategy in the field of pollutant degradation and various metal oxides have been proven to exhibit excellent physicochemical properties which makes them a potential candidate for environmental remediation. Further, with the aim of rapid industrialization of photocatalytic pollutant degradation technology, constant efforts have been made to increase the photocatalytic activity of various metal oxides. One such strategy is the introduction of defects into the lattice of the parent catalyst through doping or vacancy which plays a major role in enhancing the catalytic activity and achieving excellent degradation rates. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of defects and their role in altering the photocatalytic activity of the material. Various defect-rich metal oxides like binary oxides, perovskite oxides, and spinel oxides have been summarized for their application in pollutant degradation. Finally, a summary of existing research, followed by the existing challenges along with the potential countermeasures has been provided to pave a path for the future studies and industrialization of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Devanshu Sajwan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashrumochan Gouda
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anitya Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Kim V, Lee DW, Noh HR, Lee J, Kim TH, Park J, Kim JY, Lim SH. Copper-Based Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Fenton-like Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under UV and Sunlight Irradiation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8832-8845. [PMID: 38687621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
To efficiently degrade organic pollutants, photocatalysts must be effective under both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and sunlight. We synthesized a series of new metal-organic frameworks by using mild hydrothermal conditions. These frameworks incorporate three distinct bipyridyl ligands: pyrazine (pyr), 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy), and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). The resulting compounds are denoted as [Cu(pyz)(H2O)2MF6], [Cu(bpy)2(H2O)2]·MF6, and [Cu(bpe)2(H2O)2]·MF6·H2O [M = Zr (1, 3, and 5) and Hf (2, 4, and 6)]. All six compounds exhibited a two-dimensional crystal structure comprising infinitely nonintersecting linear chains. Compound 3 achieved 100% degradation of methylene blue (MB) after 8 min under UV irradiation and 100 min under natural sunlight in the presence of H2O2 as the electron acceptor. For compound 5, 100% MB degradation was achieved after 120 min under sunlight and 10 min under UV light. Moreover, reactive radical tests revealed that the dominant species involved in photocatalytic degradation are hydroxyl (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2-), and photogenerated holes (h+). The photodegradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with photodegradation rate constants of 0.362 min-1 (0.039 min-1) for 3 and 0.316 min-1 (0.033 min-1) for 5 under UV (sunlight) irradiation. The developed photocatalysts with excellent activity and good recyclability are promising green catalysts for degrading organic pollutants during environmental decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Noh
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmook Lee
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeong Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Park
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Bernal-Díaz A, Hernández-Gordillo A, Alonso JC, Rodil SE, Bizarro M. Strong thickness dependence in thin film photocatalytic heterojunctions: the ZnO-Bi 2O 3 case study. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7081-7092. [PMID: 38567490 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor heterojunctions are an effective way to achieve efficient photocatalysts, as they can provide an adequate redox potential with visible light excitation. Several works have reported synergistic effects with nanoparticle semiconductor materials. The question is still open for thin film heterojunctions formed by stacked layers, as photocatalysis is considered a surface phenomenon. To investigate if the internal layer really affects or modifies the photocatalytic properties of the external material, we analyze the thin film heterojunction with ZnO and Bi2O3 semiconductors deposited by spray pyrolysis in two configurations: substrate/ZnO/Bi2O3 and substrate/Bi2O3/ZnO. Microstructural analysis was performed to verify the formation of the physical junction of the materials and discard new ternary phases. The photocatalytic activity was analyzed as a function of the thickness of the layers under blue light irradiation. We determined the conduction and valence bands positions, the carrier concentrations, mobilities, Fermi levels, etc. that allowed us to distinguish two reaction mechanisms depending on the configuration. There is a strong compromise between the order and thickness of the layers with the photocatalytic activity. The internal electric field produced in the interface defines the route of the photogenerated charges, and therefore the photocatalytic response. Thus, well-designed thin film heterojunctions can indeed improve the photocatalytic activity of the surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bernal-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Agileo Hernández-Gordillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Sandra E Rodil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Monserrat Bizarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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Ghibaudo N, Ferretti M, Al-Hetlani E, Madkour M, Amin MO, Alberti S. Synthesis and characterization of TiO 2-based supported materials for industrial application and recovery in a pilot photocatalytic plant using chemometric approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20556-20567. [PMID: 38376776 PMCID: PMC10927805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, the performance of powdered titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalysts was evaluated in a pilot photocatalytic plant for the degradation of different dyes, with an investigated volume of 1 L and solar simulated light as irradiation source. Five different samples, synthesized in our laboratories, were tested in the pilot plant, each consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) coupled with a different material (persistent luminescent material and semiconductor material) and treated in different thermal conditions. All synthesized samples have been subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization, to shed light on the influence of introducing other materials on titania characteristics. To study and evaluate the significance of the parameters affecting the process in the pilot plant, a chemometric approach was applied, by selecting a mathematical model (D-Optimal) to simultaneously monitor a large number of variables (i.e., 7), both qualitative and quantitative, over a wide range of levels. At the same time, the recovery of the synthesized photocatalysts was studied following a novel promising recuperation method, i.e., annulling the surface charge of the suspended samples by reaching the isoelectric point (pHPZC) of each sample, for the quantitative precipitation of TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Ghibaudo
- Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa (Ge), Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferretti
- Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa (Ge), Italy
| | - Entesar Al-Hetlani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Metwally Madkour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Al-Arish, 45511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa (Ge), Italy.
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Kimbi Yaah VB, Ahmadi S, Quimbayo M J, Morales-Torres S, Ojala S. Recent technologies for glyphosate removal from aqueous environment: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117477. [PMID: 37918766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for food has led to an increase in the use of herbicides and pesticides over the years. One of the most widely used herbicides is glyphosate (GLY). It has been used extensively since 1974 for weed control and is currently classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Group 2A substance, probably carcinogenic to humans. The industry and academia have some disagreements regarding GLY toxicity in humans and its effects on the environment. Even though this herbicide is not mentioned in the WHO water guidelines, some countries have decided to set maximum acceptable concentrations in tap water, while others have decided to ban its use in crop production completely. Researchers around the world have employed different technologies to remove or degrade GLY, mostly at the laboratory scale. Water treatment plants combine different technologies to remove it alongside other water pollutants, in some cases achieving acceptable removal efficiencies. Certainly, there are many challenges in upscaling purification technologies due to the costs and lack of factual information about their adverse effects. This review presents different technologies that have been used to remove GLY from water since 2012 to date, its detection and removal methods, challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sajad Ahmadi
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Jennyffer Quimbayo M
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit (NANOMO), Faculty of Science, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Sergio Morales-Torres
- NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Satu Ojala
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
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Zhang Z, He D, Zhang K, Yang H, Zhao S, Qu J. Recent Advances in Black Phosphorous-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants. TOXICS 2023; 11:982. [PMID: 38133383 PMCID: PMC10747269 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The recalcitrant nature of emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic environments necessitates the development of effective strategies for their remediation, given the considerable impacts they pose on both human health and the delicate balance of the ecosystem. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic technology is recognized for its dual benefits in effectively addressing both ECs and energy-related challenges simultaneously. Among the plethora of photocatalysts, black phosphorus (BP) stands as a promising nonmetallic candidate, offering a host of advantages including its tunable direct band gap, broad-spectrum light absorption capabilities, and exceptional charge mobility. Nevertheless, pristine BP frequently underperforms, primarily due to issues related to its limited ambient stability and the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. To overcome these challenges, substantial research efforts have been devoted to the creation of BP-based photocatalysts in recent years. However, there is a noticeable absence of reviews regarding the advancement of BP-based materials for the degradation of ECs in aqueous solutions. Therefore, to fill this gap, a comprehensive review is undertaken. In this review, we first present an in-depth examination of the fabrication processes for bulk BP and BP nanosheets (BPNS). The review conducts a thorough analysis and comparison of the merits and limitations inherent in each method, thereby delineating the most auspicious avenues for future research. Then, in line with the pathways followed by photogenerated electron-hole pairs at the interface, BP-based photocatalysts are systematically categorized into heterojunctions (Type I, Type II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme) and hybrids, and their photocatalytic performances against various ECs and the corresponding degradation mechanisms are comprehensively summarized. Finally, this review presents personal insights into the prospective avenues for advancing the field of BP-based photocatalysts for ECs remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
| | - Dongyang He
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Kangning Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Siyu Zhao
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.)
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Khan NA, López-Maldonado EA, Majumder A, Singh S, Varshney R, López JR, Méndez PF, Ramamurthy PC, Khan MA, Khan AH, Mubarak NM, Amhad W, Shamshuddin SZM, Aljundi IH. A state-of-art-review on emerging contaminants: Environmental chemistry, health effect, and modern treatment methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140264. [PMID: 37758081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution problems are increasingly becoming e a priority issue from both scientific and technological points of view. The dispersion and frequency of pollutants in the environment are on the rise, leading to the emergence have been increasing, including of a new class of contaminants that not only impact the environment but also pose risks to people's health. Therefore, developing new methods for identifying and quantifying these pollutants classified as emerging contaminants is imperative. These methods enable regulatory actions that effectively minimize their adverse effects to take steps to regulate and reduce their impact. On the other hand, these new contaminants represent a challenge for current technologies to be adapted to control and remove emerging contaminants and involve innovative, eco-friendly, and sustainable remediation technologies. There is a vast amount of information collected in this review on emerging pollutants, comparing the identification and quantification methods, the technologies applied for their control and remediation, and the policies and regulations necessary for their operation and application. In addition, This review will deal with different aspects of emerging contaminants, their origin, nature, detection, and treatment concerning water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja, California, CP 22390, Tijuana, Baja California, México.
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Radhika Varshney
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - J R López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. Las Américas S/N, C.P. 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - P F Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. Las Américas S/N, C.P. 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mohammad Amir Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 706, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
| | - Waqas Amhad
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electonic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - S Z M Shamshuddin
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, 572104, Karnataka, India
| | - Isam H Aljundi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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McCormick WJ, Rice C, McCrudden D, Skillen N, Robertson PKJ. Enhanced Monitoring of Photocatalytic Reactive Oxygen Species: Using Electrochemistry for Rapid Sensing of Hydroxyl Radicals Formed during the Degradation of Coumarin. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37257064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many recent research studies have reported indirect methods for the detection and quantification of OH radicals generated during photocatalysis. The short lifespan and high reactivity of these radicals make indirect detection using probes such as coumarin a more viable quantification method. Hydroxyl radical production is commonly monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the concentration of the compound 7-hydroxycoumarin, which is formed from hydroxyl radical attack on coumarin. There are, however, a number of additional hydroxylated coumarins generated during this process, which are less amenable to detection by fluorescence spectroscopy. Consequently, limitations and inaccuracies of this method have previously been reported in the literature. As an alternative approach to those previously reported, this work has developed an electrochemical screening method using coumarin as a OH radical trap, that is capable of in situ monitoring of not only 7-hydroxycoumarin, but all the main mono-hydroxylated products formed. As a result, this technique is a more representative and comprehensive method for the quantification of OH radicals produced by photocatalysts using coumarin as a probe molecule. Moreover, the electroanalytical method provides a portable, rapid, sensitive, and accurate in situ method for the monitoring of OH radical formation without the need for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J McCormick
- The Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Donegal, Letterkenny F92 FC93, Ireland
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Clare Rice
- The Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Denis McCrudden
- The Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Donegal, Letterkenny F92 FC93, Ireland
| | - Nathan Skillen
- The Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- The Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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10
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Bathla A, Younis SA, Kim KH, Li X. TiO 2-based catalytic systems for the treatment of airborne aromatic hydrocarbons. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1559-1579. [PMID: 36799148 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among diverse strategies to manage air quality, catalytic oxidation has been a widely used option to mitigate diverse pollutants such as aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). For such applications, TiO2-based catalysts have drawn significant research attention for their prominent photo/thermal catalytic activities and photochemical stability. This review has been organized to elaborate on the recent developments achieved in the thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photothermal applications of metal/non-metal doped TiO2 catalysts towards BTX vapors and their reaction mechanisms. The performance of the reported TiO2-based catalysts has also been analyzed based on multiple computational metrics such as reaction rate (r), quantum yield (QY), space-time yield, and figure of merit (FOM). At last, the research gap and prospects in the catalytic treatment of BTX are also discussed in association with the feasibility and utility of TiO2-based catalysts in air purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Bathla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Sherif A Younis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
- Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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Hazaraimi MH, Goh PS, Lau WJ, Ismail AF, Wu Z, Subramaniam MN, Lim JW, Kanakaraju D. The state-of-the-art development of photocatalysts for the degradation of persistent herbicides in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156975. [PMID: 35764157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are one of the most recurring pollutants in the aquatic system due to their widespread usage in the agriculture sector for weed control. Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have gained recognition due to their ability to degrade and mineralize pollutants into harmless by-products completely. Lately, many studies have been done to design photocatalysts with efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers and enhanced light absorption. Photocatalyst engineering through doping with metal and non-metal elements and the formation of heterojunction are proven effective for minimizing the recombination of electron-hole pairs and enlarging the absorption in the visible light region. This review focuses on discussing and evaluating the recent progress in the types of photocatalysts and their performance in the remediation of herbicides in wastewater. The development of innovative hybrid technologies is also highlighted. The limitations and challenges of photocatalysis technology in the present literature have been identified, and future studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hazaraimi
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - P S Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - W J Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A F Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Z Wu
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - M N Subramaniam
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - J W Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan 32610, Malaysia
| | - D Kanakaraju
- Faculty of Resource and Science Technology, Universiti Malaysia, Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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12
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Khan M, Assal ME, Nawaz Tahir M, Khan M, Ashraf M, Rafe Hatshan M, Khan M, Varala R, Mohammed Badawi N, Farooq Adil S. Graphene/Inorganic Nanocomposites: Evolving Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion for Environmental Remediation. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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González-Burciaga LA, Núñez-Núñez CM, Proal-Nájera JB. Challenges of TiO 2 heterogeneous photocatalysis on cytostatic compounds degradation: state of the art. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42251-42274. [PMID: 34741739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The following work provides a perspective on the degradation of cytostatic pollutants through TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis. Cytostatic drugs are emerging pollutants used for cancer treatment found in hospital and domestic wastewater. Small amounts of cytostatic pollutants may pose severe health problems in human beings, animals, and plants after prolonged contact. This research presents a general review of some water treatment methods, such as aerobic activated sludge, enzymatic degradation, nanofiltration and chlorination, that have been used for the degradation or elimination of cytostatic drugs in wastewater. In recent years, photocatalysis has become important to solve this problem; these advanced oxidation process uses pure and modified TiO2 to degrade cytostatic contaminants and convert them into non-harmful substances or to eliminate them completely. This work contains a comprehensive review of the heterogeneous photocatalysis process and mechanism, and its application on the removal of cytostatic pollutants. Even if research on the topic is still scarce, this literature review provides interesting highlights on the scope of the research field, and the path such research could follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A González-Burciaga
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango, 34220, México
| | - Cynthia M Núñez-Núñez
- Universidad Politécnica de Durango, Carretera Durango-México km 9.5, Col. Dolores Hidalgo, Durango, 34300, México
| | - José B Proal-Nájera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango, 34220, México.
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14
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Náfrádi M, Alapi T, Farkas L, Bencsik G, Kozma G, Hernádi K. Wavelength Dependence of the Transformation Mechanism of Sulfonamides Using Different LED Light Sources and TiO 2 and ZnO Photocatalysts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:49. [PMID: 35009197 PMCID: PMC8745830 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The comparison of the efficiency of the commercially available photocatalysts, TiO2 and ZnO, irradiated with 365 nm and 398 nm light, is presented for the removal of two antibiotics, sulfamethazine (SMT) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP). The •OH formation rate was compared using coumarin, and higher efficiency was proved for TiO2 than ZnO, while for 1,4-benzoquinone in O2-free suspensions, the higher contribution of the photogenerated electrons to the conversion was observed for ZnO than TiO2, especially at 398 nm irradiation. An extremely fast transformation and high quantum yield of SMP in the TiO2/LED398nm process were observed. The transformation was fast in both O2 containing and O2-free suspensions and takes place via desulfonation, while in other cases, mainly hydroxylated products form. The effect of reaction parameters (methanol, dissolved O2 content, HCO3- and Cl-) confirmed that a quite rarely observed energy transfer between the excited state P25 and SMP might be responsible for this unique behavior. In our opinion, these results highlight that "non-conventional" mechanisms could occur even in the case of the well-known TiO2 photocatalyst, and the effect of wavelength is also worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Náfrádi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.N.); (L.F.)
| | - Tünde Alapi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.N.); (L.F.)
| | - Luca Farkas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.N.); (L.F.)
| | - Gábor Bencsik
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Kozma
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Klára Hernádi
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, C/2-5 Building 209, H-3515 Miskolc-Egyetemvaros, Hungary;
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15
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Abstract
Colored Ti2O3 and Ti2O3/TiO2 (mTiO) catalysts were prepared by the thermal treatment method. The effects of treatment temperature on the structure, surface area, morphology and optical properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, Raman and UV–VIS spectroscopies. Phase transformation from Ti2O3 to TiO2 rutile and TiO2 anatase to TiO2 rutile increased with increasing treatment temperatures. The photocatalytic activities of thermally treated Ti2O3 and mTiO were evaluated in the photodegradation of 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP) under solar light irradiation. mTiO heated at 650 °C exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation and mineralization of 4-t-BP, being approximately 89.8% and 52.4%, respectively, after 150 min of irradiation. The effects of various water constituents, including anions (CO32−, NO3, Cl and HCO3−) and humic acid (HA), on the photocatalytic activity of mTiO-650 were evaluated. The results showed that the presence of carbonate and nitrate ions inhibited 4-t-BP photodegradation, while chloride and bicarbonate ions enhanced the photodegradation of 4-t-BP. As for HA, its effect on the degradation of 4-t-BP was dependent on the concentration. A low concentration of HA (1 mg/L) promoted the degradation of 4-t-BP from 89.8% to 92.4% by mTiO-650, but higher concentrations of HA (5 mg/L and 10 mg/L) had a negative effect.
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16
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Ray SK, Cho J, Hur J. A critical review on strategies for improving efficiency of BaTiO 3-based photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112679. [PMID: 33901825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) photocatalysts with perovskite structures are promising candidates for the effective removal of hazardous organic pollutants from water/wastewater owing to several advantages, including low cost, non-toxicity, high stability, environmental friendliness, favorable band positions, high oxygen vacancies, multiple crystal phases, rapid migration of charge carriers at the surface, band bending, spontaneous polarization, and easy tailoring of the sizes and morphologies. However, this high dielectric/ferroelectric material is only active in UV light (band gap: 3.2 eV), which reduces the photocatalytic degradation performance. To make barium titanate more suitable for photocatalysis, the surfaces of the powders can be modified to broaden the absorption band. In this paper, various strategies for improving photocatalysis of barium titanate for removing organic pollutants (mostly dyes and drugs) from water/wastewater are critically reviewed. They include modifying the sizes and morphologies of the particles by varying the reaction times and synthesis temperatures, doping with metals/non-metals, loading with noble metal NPs (Ag and Au), and fabrication of heterojunction photocatalysts (conventional type II and Z-scheme). The current challenges and possible future directions of BaTiO3-based materials are also discussed. This comprehensive review is expected to advance the design of highly efficient BaTiO3-based materials for photocatalytic applications in water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schindra Kumar Ray
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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17
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Garazhian Z, Farrokhi A, Rezaeifard A, Jafarpour M, Khani R. The enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic activities of bimetallic Mn-Fe MOFs for the highly efficient reductive removal of Cr(vi). RSC Adv 2021; 11:21127-21136. [PMID: 35479340 PMCID: PMC9034038 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic efficiencies of bimetallic MOFs, namely STA-12-Mn–Fe, for the reductive removal of Cr(vi) were explored. The best effective variable values were obtained and correlation between the response and influential variables was optimized via experimental design methodology. Complete Cr(vi) removal was achieved under natural sunlight and fluorescent 40 W lamp radiation at pH 2, with an initial Cr(vi) concentration of 20 mg L−1, and 10 mg of photocatalyst within 30 min. A pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.132 min−1 at T = 298 K was obtained for the Cr(vi) reduction reaction. The title catalysts revealed high performance in the visible region based on photoefficiency measurements, while improved activity was observed compared to the corresponding single-metal MOFs under natural sunlight, highlighting the synergistic effect between the two metal ions. Trapping experiment results proved that direct electron transfer is the main pathway during the photocatalytic Cr(vi) reduction process. The photocatalytic efficiencies of bimetallic MOFs for the reductive removal of Cr(vi) were explored. The catalysts revealed higher performance compared to the corresponding single-metal MOFs, highlighting the synergistic effect between the two metal ions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Garazhian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand Birjand 97179-414 Iran
| | - Alireza Farrokhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand Birjand 97179-414 Iran
| | - Abdolreza Rezaeifard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand Birjand 97179-414 Iran
| | - Maasoumeh Jafarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand Birjand 97179-414 Iran
| | - Rouhollah Khani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand Birjand 97179-414 Iran
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18
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Younis SA, Serp P, Nassar HN. Photocatalytic and biocidal activities of ZnTiO 2 oxynitride heterojunction with MOF-5 and g-C 3N 4: A case study for textile wastewater treatment under direct sunlight. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124562. [PMID: 33250306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The work aimed to synthesize three heterojunction photocatalysts (Eg = 2.65-2.78 eV) via in-situ encapsulation of 5% zinc doped titanium oxynitride (Zn0.05TiOxNy) catalyst into MOF-5 and bulk (BCN)/sulfur-doped (SCN) g-C3N4 supports using a microwave method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized and utilized to purify textile industrial wastewater from the organic dye (e.g., methylene blue, MB) and microbial (e.g., E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans) contaminants under dark, visible, and solar lights. The output data confirmed the higher activity of Zn0.05TiOxNy@SCN and Zn0.05TiOxNy@MOF-5 for photo-induced microbial growth inactivation (> 90%) under visible light, with photo-biocidal efficiency of 0.91-1.69 mCFU/Einstein. Such a phenomenon is ascribed to the synergism between the high antimicrobial capacity of supports and photoactivity of Zn0.05TiOxNy. Also, Zn0.05TiOxNy@SCN exhibited far superiority to mineralize MB dye (Kphoto of 2.73 × 10-2 min-1) under direct sunlight due to its high photonic (ζ% of 4.4-8.3%)/quantum (QE of 0.56-0.54%) efficiencies for the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide (-•O2/•OH) oxidative species. As a practical case study, all heterojunction photocatalysts also demonstrated high-performance stability (5 cycles) for real textile wastewater treatment under sunlight (efficiency = 76.1-84.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Younis
- Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 1172, Egypt; Central Laboratories, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt; Nanobiotechnology Program, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, PO 12588, Egypt.
| | - Philippe Serp
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination UPR CNRS 8241, Composante ENSIACET, Université de Toulouse, UPS-INP-LCC, 4 Allée Emile Monso, BP 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Hussein N Nassar
- Petroelum Biotechnology Lab., Department of Process Design and Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt; Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza, PO 12566, Egypt; Nanobiotechnology Program, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, PO 12588, Egypt
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19
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Li X, Lyu S, Lang X. Superoxide generated by blue light photocatalysis of g-C 3N 4/TiO 2 for selective conversion of amines. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110851. [PMID: 33561447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are remarkably reactive chemical oxygen-containing molecules that not only occupy critical positions in cell signaling and homeostasis for regulating aerobic living organism's growth and development but also broadly participate in the environmental management as extraordinary oxidizing agents. Inspired by the behaviors of ROS, we designed an artful visible light photocatalytic system for the selective conversion of amines due to the activation of oxygen (O2) to superoxide (O2-) over g-C3N4/TiO2. Here, blue light was manipulated as a light source to circumvent the initiation of the strong nonselective hydroxyl radical (OH) that is often generated by valence band holes (hvb+) of TiO2. Aerial O2 was employed to achieve the long-lived, exclusive ROS, O2-, while acetonitrile, an aprotic solvent, was utilized to prolong the lifetime of O2-. Importantly, the g-C3N4/TiO2 possesses an exceptional capability for the generation of O2-. Based on the synergistic effect of two ingredients of the g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst, the highly selective conversion of amines was achieved with superior conversions in comparison with the pristine TiO2 and g-C3N4. Furthermore, a mechanism dominated by O2- was proposed according to the kinetic studies, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and ROS quenching experiments. This work highlights the importance of ROS in defining the desirable outcomes over semiconductor photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaoshuai Lyu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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