1
|
Zheng D, Zheng Y, Tan J, Zhang Z, Huang H, Chen Y. Co-immobilization of whole cells and enzymes by covalent organic framework for biocatalysis process intensification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5510. [PMID: 38951487 PMCID: PMC11217415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-immobilization of cells and enzymes is often essential for the cascade biocatalytic processes of industrial-scale feasibility but remains a vast challenge. Herein, we create a facile co-immobilization platform integrating enzymes and cells in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to realize the highly efficient cascade of inulinase and E. coli for bioconversion of natural products. Enzymes can be uniformly immobilized in the COF armor, which coats on the cell surface to produce cascade biocatalysts with high efficiency, stability and recyclability. Furthermore, this one-pot in situ synthesis process facilitates a gram-scale fabrication of enzyme-cell biocatalysts, which can generate a continuous-flow device conversing inulin to D-allulose, achieving space-time yield of 161.28 g L-1 d-1 and high stability (remaining >90% initial catalytic efficiency after 7 days of continuous reaction). The created platform is applied for various cells (e.g., E. coli, Yeast) and enzymes, demonstrating excellent universality. This study paves a pathway to break the bottleneck of extra- and intracellular catalysis, creates a high-performance and customizable platform for enzyme-cell cascade biomanufacturing, and expands the scope of biocatalysis process intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gama Cavalcante AL, Dari DN, Izaias da Silva Aires F, Carlos de Castro E, Moreira Dos Santos K, Sousa Dos Santos JC. Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17946-17988. [PMID: 38841394 PMCID: PMC11151160 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Dayana Nascimento Dari
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Erico Carlos de Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Kaiany Moreira Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus do Pici, Bloco 940 Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maiti S, Maji B, Yadav H. Progress on green crosslinking of polysaccharide hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121584. [PMID: 38142088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are being studied for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and low cost in the fabrication of various hydrogel devices. However, due to their insufficient physicochemical and mechanical qualities, polysaccharide hydrogels alone are not acceptable for biological applications. Various synthetic crosslinkers have been tested to overcome the drawbacks of standalone polysaccharide hydrogels; however, the presence of toxic residual crosslinkers, the generation of toxic by-products following biodegradation, and the requirement of toxic organic solvents for processing pose challenges in achieving the desired non-toxic biomaterials. Natural crosslinkers such as citric acid, tannic acid, vanillin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, proanthocyanidins, phytic acid, squaric acid, and epigallocatechin have been used to generate polysaccharide-based hydrogels in recent years. Various polysaccharides, including cellulose, alginate, pectin, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, have been hydrogelized and investigated for their potential in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications using natural crosslinkers. We attempted to provide an overview of the synthesis of polysaccharide-based hydrogel systems (films, complex nanoparticles, microspheres, and porous scaffolds) based on green crosslinkers, as well as a description of the mechanism of crosslinking and properties with a special emphasis on drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-484887, India.
| | - Biswajit Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India
| | - Harsh Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-484887, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Melo RLF, Sales MB, de Castro Bizerra V, de Sousa Junior PG, Cavalcante ALG, Freire TM, Neto FS, Bilal M, Jesionowski T, Soares JM, Fechine PBA, Dos Santos JCS. Recent applications and future prospects of magnetic biocatalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126709. [PMID: 37696372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biocatalysts combine magnetic properties with the catalytic activity of enzymes, achieving easy recovery and reuse in biotechnological processes. Lipases immobilized by magnetic nanoparticles dominate. This review covers an advanced bibliometric analysis and an overview of the area, elucidating research advances. Using WoS, 34,949 publications were analyzed and refined to 450. The prominent journals, countries, institutions, and authors that published the most were identified. The most cited articles showed research hotspots. The analysis of the themes and keywords identified five clusters and showed that the main field of research is associated with obtaining biofuels derived from different types of sustainable vegetable oils. The overview of magnetic biocatalysts showed that these materials are also employed in biosensors, photothermal therapy, environmental remediation, and medical applications. The industry shows a significant interest, with the number of patents increasing. Future studies should focus on immobilizing new lipases in unique materials with magnetic profiles, aiming to improve the efficiency for various biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 729, Fortaleza CEP 60440-554, CE, Brazil; Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Misael Bessa Sales
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Castro Bizerra
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gonçalves de Sousa Junior
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Melo Freire
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Simão Neto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - João Maria Soares
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Mossoró, Mossoró CEP 59610-090, RN, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sande MG, Roque L, Braga A, Marques M, Ferreira D, Saragliadis A, Rodrigues JL, Linke D, Ramada D, Silva C, Rodrigues LR. Design of new hydrolyzed collagen-modified magnetic nanoparticles to capture pathogens. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:354-365. [PMID: 36063491 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment and diagnosis tools for pathogens currently available are time consuming, thus the development of fast and highly sensitive alternatives is desirable. In this study, a novel approach was described that enables selective capture of bacteria expressing hydrolyzed collagen-binding adhesins with hydrolyzed collagen-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This platform could be useful to shorten the time needed to confirm the presence of a bacterial infection. MNPs were synthesized by a simple two-step approach through a green co-precipitation method using water as solvent. These MNPs were specifically designed to interact with pathogenic bacteria by establishing a hydrolyzed collagen-adhesin linker. The bacterial capture efficacy of hydrolyzed collagen MNPs (H-Coll@MNPs) for bacteria expressing collagen binding adhesins was 1.3 times higher than that of arginine MNPs (Arg@MNPs), herein used as control. More importantly, after optimization of the MNP concentration and contact time, the H-Coll@MNPs were able to capture 95% of bacteria present in the samples. More importantly, the bacteria can be enriched within 30 min and the time for bacterial identification is effectively shortened in comparison to the "gold standard" in clinical diagnosis. These results suggest that H-Coll@MNPs can be used for the selective isolation of specific bacteria from mixed populations present, for example, in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Sande
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Roque
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Braga
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Márcia Marques
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Débora Ferreira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Athanasios Saragliadis
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joana L Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Ramada
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal.,CITEVE-Technological Center for the Textile and Clothing Industries of Portugal, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu R, Wang S, Han M, Zhang W, Xu H, Hu Y. Co-immobilization of electron mediator and laccase onto dialdehyde starch cross-linked magnetic chitosan nanomaterials for organic pollutants’ removal. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1955-1966. [PMID: 36355205 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an amino-functionalized ionic liquid-modified magnetic chitosan (MACS-NIL) containing 2,2-diamine-di-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) was used as a carrier, and dialdehyde starch (DAS) was used as a cross-linking agent to covalently immobilize laccase (MACS-NIL-DAS-lac), which realized the co-immobilization of laccase and ABTS. The carrier was characterized by Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, etc. The immobilization efficiency and activity retention of MACS-NIL-DAS-lac could reach 76.7% and 69.8%, respectively. At the same time, its pH stability, thermal stability, and storage stability had been significantly improved. In the organic pollutant removal performance test, the removal rate of 2,4-dichlorophenol (10 mg/L) by MACS-NIL-DAS-lac (1 U) could reach 100% within 6 h, and the removal efficiency could still reach 88.6% after six catalytic runs. In addition, MACS-NIL-DAS-lac also showed excellent degradation ability for other conventional phenolic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The research results showed that MACS-NIL-DAS fabricated by the combination inorganic material, organic biomacromolecules, ionic liquid, and electron mediator could be used as a novel carrier for laccase immobilization and the immobilized laccase showed excellent removal efficiency for organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runtang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Silin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengyao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huajin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Li S, Liu R, Zhang W, Xu H, Hu Y. Immobilization of Interfacial Activated Candida rugosa Lipase Onto Magnetic Chitosan Using Dialdehyde Cellulose as Cross-Linking Agent. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:946117. [PMID: 35923578 PMCID: PMC9340543 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.946117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidarugosa lipase (CRL) was activated with surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) and covalently immobilized onto a nanocomposite (Fe3O4-CS-DAC) fabricated by combining magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 with chitosan (CS) using polysaccharide macromolecule dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) as the cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction characterizations confirmed that the organic–inorganic nanocomposite support modified by DAC was successfully prepared. Enzymology experiments confirmed that high enzyme loading (60.9 mg/g) and 1.7 times specific enzyme activity could be obtained under the optimal immobilization conditions. The stability and reusability of immobilized CRL (Fe3O4-CS-DAC-SDS-CRL) were significantly improved simultaneously. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that the active conformation of immobilized CRL was maintained well. Results demonstrated that the inorganic–organic nanocomposite modified by carbohydrate polymer derivatives could be used as an ideal support for enzyme immobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huajin Xu
- *Correspondence: Huajin Xu, ; Yi Hu,
| | - Yi Hu
- *Correspondence: Huajin Xu, ; Yi Hu,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rusu AG, Chiriac AP, Nita LE, Balan V, Serban AM, Croitoriu A. Synthesis and Comparative Studies of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Fe 3O 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Different Coupling Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2445. [PMID: 35889669 PMCID: PMC9318457 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Squaric acid (SA) is a compound with potential to crosslink biomacromolecules. Although SA has become over the last years a well-known crosslinking agent as a result of its good biocompatibility, glutaraldehyde (GA), a compound with proven cytotoxicity is still one of the most used crosslinkers to develop nanomaterials. In this regard, the novelty of the present study consists in determining whether it may be possible to substitute GA with a new bifunctional and biocompatible compound, such as SA, in the process of enzyme immobilization on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Thus, a direct comparison between SA- and GA-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was realized in terms of physico-chemical properties and ability to immobilize catalytic enzymes. The optimal conditions of the synthesis of the two types of GOx-immobilized MNPs were described, thus emphasizing the difference between the two reagents. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering were used for size, shape and colloidal stability characterization of the pristine MNPs and of those coupled with GOx. Binding of GOx to MNPs by using GA or SA was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The stability of the immobilized and free enzyme was investigated by measuring the enzymatic activity. The study confirmed that the resulting activity of the immobilized enzyme and the optimization of enzyme immobilization depended on the type of reagent used and duration of the process. The catalytic performance of immobilized enzyme was tested, revealing that the long-term colloidal stability of SA-functionalized MNPs was superior to those prepared with GA. In conclusion, the SA-functionalized bioconjugates have a better potential as compared to the GA-modified nanosystems to be regarded as catalytic nanodevices for biomedical purposes such as biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gabriela Rusu
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica–Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.P.C.); (L.E.N.); (A.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Aurica P. Chiriac
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica–Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.P.C.); (L.E.N.); (A.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Loredana Elena Nita
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica–Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.P.C.); (L.E.N.); (A.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Vera Balan
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihail Serban
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica–Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.P.C.); (L.E.N.); (A.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandra Croitoriu
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica–Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.P.C.); (L.E.N.); (A.M.S.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khalid N, Kalsoom U, Ahsan Z, Bilal M. Non-magnetic and magnetically responsive support materials immobilized peroxidases for biocatalytic degradation of emerging dye pollutants-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:387-401. [PMID: 35278508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the removal of hazardous pollutants from many industries has become a significant challenge for mankind as a growing number of contaminants, including a wide range of organic pollutants, synthetic dyes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have inevitably led to an increased anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. Due to the complex aromatic structure, most synthetic dyes show resistance to degrade by the classical approaches, such as coagulation, flotation, adsorption, membrane process, and reverse osmosis. Enzyme-assisted biodegradation of pollutants offers an eco-friendlier and cost-effective alternative to remediate dyes, dyes-based effluents, other toxins, etc. Various plant and microbial oxidoreductase (Horseradish and manganese peroxidase) have recently received more attention for degrading and detoxifying a wide range of dyes either by opening the aromatic ring structure or by precipitation due to their high activity under milder conditions, high substrate specificity, and biodegradable nature. To enhance the efficiency, stability and recyclability, enzymes were immobilized on various support media such as sodium alginate, agarose, chitin/chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, macroporous exchange resins, hydrophobic sol-gels, and nanoporous silica gel, including magnetically separatable media. Among various types of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, such as hematite, magnetite, and maghemite, have gained great attention due to their properties like small size, superparamagnetism, high surface area to volume ratio, and ease of separation for repeated cycles of uses. These carriers can be separated easily and rapidly from the reaction medium by an external magnetic field without being subjected to mechanical stress than centrifugation or filtration. Various methods have been employed for immobilizing oxidoreductase on different media, such as adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and encapsulation using different cross-linking agents. Compared to the free enzyme, insolubilized enzymes reduce production costs by enzyme reusability, tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions, and high catalytic stability. Here, we review various immobilization methods and biocatalytic degradation of emerging dye pollutants, focusing on various non-magnetically and magnetically responsive supports to immobilize peroxidases. Conclusively, magnetically separatable peroxidases show more stability towards extreme temperature and pH conditions and can be used for repeated cycles than free and non-magnetically separatable peroxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasira Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Zainab Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Post-hydrolysis of cellulose oligomers by cellulase immobilized on chitosan-grafted magnetic nanoparticles: A key stage of butanol production from waste textile. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:324-332. [PMID: 35259435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed technologies for immobilization of cellulase may address the challenges in costly hydrolysis of cellulose for cellulosic butanol production. In this study, a "hybrid" hydrolysis was developed based on chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to its oligomers followed by enzymatic post-hydrolysis of the resulting "soluble oligomers" by cellulase immobilized on chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This hybrid hydrolysis stage was utilized in the process of biobutanol production from a waste textile, jeans waste, leading to selective formation of glucose and high yield of butanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum. After validating the immobilization process, the optimum immobilization parameters including enzyme concentration and time were achieved on 8 h and 15.0 mg/mL, respectively. The reusability of immobilized enzyme showed that immobilized cellulase could retain 51.5% of its initial activity after three times reuses. Dilute acid hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose at 120-180 °C for 60 min 0.5-1.0% phosphoric acid led to less than 10 g/L glucose production, and enzymatic post-hydrolysis of the oligomers resulted in up to 51.5 g/L glucose. Fermentation of the hydrolysate was accompanied by 5.3 g/L acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production. The simultaneous co-saccharification and fermentation (SCSF) of soluble and insoluble oligomers of cellulose led to 17.4 g/L ABE production.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bashir DJ, Manzoor S, Khan IA, Bashir M, Agarwal NB, Rastogi S, Arora I, Samim M. Nanonization of Magnoflorine-Encapsulated Novel Chitosan-Collagen Nanocapsules for Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Vitro Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6472-6480. [PMID: 35252643 PMCID: PMC8892656 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is one of the most common diseases in the aged population, characterized by the loss in the function of neuronal cells and their ultimate death. One of the common features in the progression of this type of diseases is the oxidative stress. Drugs which are currently being used have been found to show lateral side effects, which is partly due to their inefficiency to cross blood-brain barrier. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds is a profound approach in this direction and has become a method of choice nowadays. This study involved the evaluation of the anti-oxidative properties of magnoflorine (MF), which is an aporphine quaternary alkaloid, and synthesis of MF-loaded chitosan-collagen nanocapsules (MF-CCNc) for its better efficacy as a potent anti-oxidant. Physiochemical characterization of the synthesized nanocapsules was done by using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. It revealed that the synthesized nanocapsules are of small size range, as small as 12 ± 2 nm, and are more or less of spherical shape. Sustained release was shown by MF in the in vitro drug release studies. Both MF and MF-CCNc were found to have good anti-oxidant potential with IC50 < 25 μg/mL. No major cytotoxicity was shown by the synthesized nanocapsules on SH-SY5Y cells. In silico anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) studies were also done, and they revealed that MF can be a potent inhibitor of AChE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dar Junaid Bashir
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Saliha Manzoor
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Imran A. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Masarat Bashir
- COTS,
Mirgund, SKUAST Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 193121, India
| | - Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Centre
for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdrad, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shweta Rastogi
- Department
of Chemistry, Hansraj College, Delhi University, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Indu Arora
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences
for Women, Delhi University, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Mohammed Samim
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nunes YL, de Menezes FL, de Sousa IG, Cavalcante ALG, Cavalcante FTT, da Silva Moreira K, de Oliveira ALB, Mota GF, da Silva Souza JE, de Aguiar Falcão IR, Rocha TG, Valério RBR, Fechine PBA, de Souza MCM, Dos Santos JCS. Chemical and physical Chitosan modification for designing enzymatic industrial biocatalysts: How to choose the best strategy? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1124-1170. [PMID: 33864867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymer worldwide, and due to its inherent characteristics, its use in industrial processes has been extensively explored. Because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, cheap, and has good physical-chemical stability, it is seen as an excellent alternative for the replacement of synthetic materials in the search for more sustainable production methodologies. Thus being, a possible biotechnological application of Chitosan is as a direct support for enzyme immobilization. However, its applicability is quite specific, and to overcome this issue, alternative pretreatments are required, such as chemical and physical modifications to its structure, enabling its use in a wider array of applications. This review aims to present the topic in detail, by exploring and discussing methods of employment of Chitosan in enzymatic immobilization processes with various enzymes, presenting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as listing possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds for formulating an ideal support for this purpose. First, we will present Chitosan emphasizing its characteristics that allow its use as enzyme support. Furthermore, we will discuss possible physicochemical modifications that can be made to Chitosan, mentioning the improvements obtained in each process. These discussions will enable a comprehensive comparison between, and an informed choice of, the best technologies concerning enzyme immobilization and the application conditions of the biocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yale Luck Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lima de Menezes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isamayra Germano de Sousa
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Katerine da Silva Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Barros de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Ferreira Mota
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José Erick da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Italo Rafael de Aguiar Falcão
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Thales Guimaraes Rocha
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Bussons Rodrigues Valério
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristiane Martins de Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José C S Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Olewnik-Kruszkowska E, Gierszewska M, Grabska-Zielińska S, Skopińska-Wiśniewska J, Jakubowska E. Examining the Impact of Squaric Acid as a Crosslinking Agent on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3329. [PMID: 33805101 PMCID: PMC8037701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on chitosan are very versatile materials which can be used for tissue engineering as well as in controlled drug delivery systems. One of the methods for obtaining a chitosan-based hydrogel is crosslinking by applying different components. The objective of the present study was to obtain a series of new crosslinked chitosan-based films by means of solvent casting method. Squaric acid-3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione-was used as a safe crosslinking agent. The effect of the squaric acid on the structural, mechanical, thermal, and swelling properties of the formed films was determined. It was established that the addition of the squaric acid significantly improved Young's modulus, tensile strength, and thermal stability of the obtained materials. Moreover, it should be stressed that the samples consisting of chitosan and squaric acid were characterized by a higher swelling than pure chitosan. The detailed characterization proved that squaric acid could be used as a new effective crosslinking agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (S.G.-Z.); (E.J.)
| | - Magdalena Gierszewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (S.G.-Z.); (E.J.)
| | - Sylwia Grabska-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (S.G.-Z.); (E.J.)
| | - Joanna Skopińska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Jakubowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (S.G.-Z.); (E.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Different strategies for the lipase immobilization on the chitosan based supports and their applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:170-195. [PMID: 33667561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes have received incredible interests in industry, pharmaceuticals, chemistry and biochemistry sectors due to their various advantages such as ease of separation, multiple reusability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, high activity and resistant to environmental changes. This review in between various immobilized enzymes focuses on lipase as one of the most practical enzyme and chitosan as a preferred biosupport for lipase immobilization and provides a broad range of studies of recent decade. We highlight several aspects of lipase immobilization on the surface of chitosan support containing various types of lipase and immobilization techniques from physical adsorption to covalent bonding and cross-linking with their benefits and drawbacks. The recent advances and future perspectives that can improve the present problems with lipase and chitosan such as high-price of lipase and low mechanical resistance of chitosan are also discussed. According to the literature, optimization of immobilization methods, combination of these methods with other techniques, physical and chemical modifications of chitosan, co-immobilization and protein engineering can be useful as a solution to overcome the mentioned limitations.
Collapse
|
15
|
Piosik E, Ziegler-Borowska M, Chełminiak-Dudkiewicz D, Martyński T. Effect of Aminated Chitosan-Coated Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles with Applicational Potential in Nanomedicine on DPPG, DSPC, and POPC Langmuir Monolayers as Cell Membrane Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052467. [PMID: 33671105 PMCID: PMC7957775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An adsorption process of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with aminated chitosan (Fe3O4-AChit) showing application potential in nanomedicine into cell membrane models was studied. The cell membrane models were formed using a Langmuir technique from three selected phospholipids with different polar head-groups as well as length and carbon saturation of alkyl chains. The research presented in this work reveals the existence of membrane model composition-dependent regulation of phospholipid-nanoparticle interactions. The influence of the positively charged Fe3O4-AChit nanoparticles on a Langmuir film stability, phase state, and textures is much greater in the case of these formed by negatively charged 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DPPG) than those created by zwitterionic 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). The adsorption kinetics recorded during penetration experiments show that this effect is caused by the strongest adsorption of the investigated nanoparticles into the DPPG monolayer driven very likely by the electrostatic attraction. The differences in the adsorption strength of the Fe3O4-AChit nanoparticles into the Langmuir films formed by the phosphatidylcholines were also observed. The nanoparticles adsorbed more easily into more loosely packed POPC monolayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Piosik
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | | | - Tomasz Martyński
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skopinska-Wisniewska J, Tuszynska M, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E. Comparative Study of Gelatin Hydrogels Modified by Various Cross-Linking Agents. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020396. [PMID: 33466924 PMCID: PMC7830246 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a natural biopolymer derived from collagen. Due to its many advantages, such as swelling capacity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and commercial availability, gelatin is widely used in the field of pharmacy, medicine, and the food industry. Gelatin solutions easily form hydrogels during cooling, however, the materials are mechanically poor. To improve their properties, they are often chemically crosslinked. The cross-linking agents are divided into two groups: Zero-length and non-zero-length cross-linkers. In this study, gelatin was cross-linked by three different cross-linking agents: EDC-NHS, as a typically used cross-linker, and also squaric acid (SQ) and dialdehyde starch (DAS), as representatives of a second group of cross-linkers. For all prepared gelatin hydrogels, mechanical strength tests, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, swelling ability, and SEM images were performed. The results indicate that the dialdehyde starch is a better cross-linking agent for gelatin than EDC-NHS. Meanwhile, the use of squaric acid does not give beneficial changes to the properties of the hydrogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skopinska-Wisniewska
- Chair of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Tuszynska
- Chair of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
- Chair of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mylkie K, Nowak P, Rybczynski P, Ziegler-Borowska M. Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Protein Immobilization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:E248. [PMID: 33419055 PMCID: PMC7825442 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have become materials with great potential, especially considering the applications of biomedical sciences. A series of works on the preparation, characterization, and application of MNPs has shown that the biological activity of such materials depends on their size, shape, core, and shell nature. Some of the most commonly used MNPs are those based on a magnetite core. On the other hand, synthetic biopolymers are used as a protective surface coating for these nanoparticles. This review describes the advances in the field of polymer-coated MNPs for protein immobilization over the past decade. General methods of MNP preparation and protein immobilization are presented. The most extensive section of this article discusses the latest work on the use of polymer-coated MNPs for the physical and chemical immobilization of three types of proteins: enzymes, antibodies, and serum proteins. Where possible, the effectiveness of the immobilization and the activity and use of the immobilized protein are reported. Finally, the information available in the peer-reviewed literature and the application perspectives for the MNP-immobilized protein systems are summarized as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.M.); (P.N.); (P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Helal SE, Abdelhady HM, Abou-Taleb KA, Hassan MG, Amer MM. Lipase from Rhizopus oryzae R1: in-depth characterization, immobilization, and evaluation in biodiesel production. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:1. [PMID: 33400043 PMCID: PMC7785608 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhizopus species is among the most well-known lipase producers, and its enzyme is suitable for use in many industrial applications. Our research focuses on the production of lipase utilizing waste besides evaluating its applications. Results An extracellular lipase was partially purified from the culture broth of Rhizopus oryzae R1 isolate to apparent homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by desalting via dialysis. The partially purified enzyme was non-specific lipase and the utmost activity was recorded at pH 6, 40 °C with high stability for 30 min. The constants Km and Vmax, calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk plot, are 0.3 mg/mL and 208.3 U/mL, respectively. Monovalent metal ions such as Na+ (1 and 5 mM) and K+ (5 mM) were promoters of the lipase to enhance its activity with 110, 105.5, and 106.5%, respectively. Chitosan was used as a perfect support for immobilization via both adsorption and cross-linking in which the latter method attained immobilization efficiency of 99.1% and reusability of 12 cycles. The partially purified enzyme proved its ability in forming methyl oleate (biodiesel) through the esterification of oleic acid and transesterification of olive oil. Conclusion The partially purified and immobilized lipase from Rhizopus oryzae R1 approved excellent efficiency, reusability, and a remarkable role in detergents and biodiesel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa E Helal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt. .,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Hemmat M Abdelhady
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khadiga A Abou-Taleb
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat G Hassan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Amer
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz D, Rybczynski P, Smolarkiewicz-Wyczachowski A, Mlynarczyk DT, Wegrzynowska-Drzymalska K, Ilnicka A, Goslinski T, Marszałł MP, Ziegler-Borowska M. Photosensitizing potential of tailored magnetite hybrid nanoparticles functionalized with levan and zinc (II) phthalocyanine. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2020; 524:146602. [PMID: 32382204 PMCID: PMC7204711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), have been widely used in the treatment of various diseases, especially for cancer. However, there is still a lack of effective, safe photosensitizers that would be well tolerated by patients. The combination of several methods (like phototherapy and hyperthermia) constitutes a modern therapeutic approach, which demands new materials based on components that are non-toxic without irradiation. Therefore, this study presents the synthesis and properties of novel, advanced nanomaterials in which the advantage features of the magnetic nanoparticles and photoactive compounds were combined. The primary purpose of this work was the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles coated with biocompatible and antitumor polysaccharide - levan, previously unknown from scientific literature, and the deposition of potent photosensitizer - zinc(II) phthalocyanine on their surface. In order to better characterize the nature of the coating covering the magnetic core, the atomic force microscope analysis, a contact angle measurement, and the mechanical properties of pure levan and its blend with zinc(II) phthalocyanine films were investigated. This magnetic nanomaterial revealed the ability to generate singlet oxygen upon exposure to light. Finally, preliminary toxicity of obtained nanoparticles was tested using the Microtox® test - with and without irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patryk Rybczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anna Ilnicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał P. Marszałł
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, dr A. Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qi D, Gao M, Li X, Lin J. Immobilization of Pectinase onto Porous Hydroxyapatite/Calcium Alginate Composite Beads for Improved Performance of Recycle. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20062-20069. [PMID: 32832760 PMCID: PMC7439264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase is an industrially important enzyme widely used in juice production, food processing, and other fields. The use of immobilized enzyme systems that allow several reuses of pectinase is beneficial to these fields. Herein, we developed mechanically strong and recyclable porous hydroxyapatite/calcium alginate composite beads for pectinase immobilization. Under the optimal immobilization parameters of 40 °C, pH 4.0, 5.2 U/L pectinase concentration and 4 h reaction time, pectinase showed the highest enzymatic activity (8995 U/mg) and immobilization yield (91%). The thermal stability and pH tolerance of the immobilized pectinase were superior to those of free pectinase. The storage stability of the free and immobilized pectinase for 30 days retained 20 and 50% of their initial activity, respectively. Therefore, these composite beads might be promising support for the efficient immobilization of industrially important enzymes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Manigandan A, Vimalanadhan M, Dhandapani R, Bagewadi S, Kannan V, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. Marigold-like tyrosinase-embedded nanostructures-a nano-in-micro system. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11329-11335. [PMID: 32760996 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Marigold-like tyrosinase-entrenched nanostructures were developed by a facile method using a metal cofactor to overcome the limitations of conventional enzyme immobilization techniques. The protein-copper complex promotes the hierarchical self-assembly of nanopetals into marigold-like microstructures through a sequential germination process. Nanopetals, which originated from bead-like tiny projections, showed budding over the surface and promoted the anisotropic growth of copper phosphate nanocrystals upon co-ordination with the active functional groups in protein. This organic-inorganic hybrid showed excellent re-usability, comparable catalytic efficiency, faster reaction rate, improved storage, and thermal stability without affecting the enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Manigandan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mangalagowri Vimalanadhan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ramya Dhandapani
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shambhavi Bagewadi
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Vishal Kannan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evaluation of Designed Immobilized Catalytic Systems: Activity Enhancement of Lipase B from Candida antarctica. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilized enzymatic catalysts are widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. As Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is one of the more commonly used biocatalysts, we attempted to design an optimal lipase-catalytic system. In order to do that, we investigated the enantioselectivity and lipolytic activity of CALB immobilized on 12 different supports. Immobilization of lipase on IB-D152 allowed us to achieve hyperactivation (178%) in lipolytic activity tests. Moreover, the conversion in enantioselective esterification increased 43-fold, when proceeding with lipase-immobilized on IB-S861. The immobilized form exhibited a constant high catalytic activity in the temperature range of 25 to 55 °C. Additionally, the lipase immobilized on IB-D152 exhibited a higher lipolytic activity in the pH range of 6 to 9 compared with the native form. Interestingly, our investigations showed that IB-S500 and IB-S60S offered a possibility of application in catalysis in both organic and aqueous solvents. A significant link between the reaction media, the substrates, the supports and the lipase was confirmed. In our enzymatic investigations, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the titrimetric method, as well as the Bradford method were employed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Recent Trends in Biomaterials for Immobilization of Lipases for Application in Non-Conventional Media. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biomaterials as novel carrier materials for lipase immobilization has been investigated by many research groups over recent years. Biomaterials such as agarose, starch, chitin, chitosan, cellulose, and their derivatives have been extensively studied since they are non-toxic materials, can be obtained from a wide range of sources and are easy to modify, due to the high variety of functional groups on their surfaces. However, although many lipases have been immobilized on biomaterials and have shown potential for application in biocatalysis, special features are required when the biocatalyst is used in non-conventional media, for example, in organic solvents, which are required for most reactions in organic synthesis. In this article, we discuss the use of biomaterials for lipase immobilization, highlighting recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of biomaterials using different methods. Examples of effective strategies designed to result in improved activity and stability and drawbacks of the different immobilization protocols are discussed. Furthermore, the versatility of different biocatalysts for the production of compounds of interest in organic synthesis is also described.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Testing for Ketoprofen Binding to HSA Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles under Normal Conditions and after Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081945. [PMID: 32331398 PMCID: PMC7221658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and transport of ligands is one of the most important functions of human blood serum proteins. Human serum albumin is found in plasma at the highest concentration. Because of this, it is important to study protein–drug interactions for this albumin. Since there is no single model describing this interaction, it is necessary to measure it for each active substance. Drug binding should also be studied in conditions that simulate pathological conditions of the body, i.e., after oxidative stress. Due to this, it is expected that the methods for testing these interactions need to be easy and fast. In this study, albumin immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles was successfully applied in the study of protein–drug binding. Ketoprofen was selected as a model drug and interactions were tested under normal conditions and artificially induced oxidative stress. The quality of obtained results for immobilized protein was confirmed with those for free albumin and literature data. It was shown that the type of magnetic core coverage does not affect the quality of the obtained results. In summary, a new, fast, effective, and universal method for testing protein–drug interactions was proposed, which can be performed in most laboratories.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vasić K, Knez Ž, Konstantinova EA, Kokorin AI, Gyergyek S, Leitgeb M. Structural and magnetic characteristics of carboxymethyl dextran coated magnetic nanoparticles: From characterization to immobilization application. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
Preparation of a stable and robust nanobiocatalyst by efficiently immobilizing of pectinase onto cyanuric chloride-functionalized chitosan grafted magnetic nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:261-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
Rahman INA, Attan N, Mahat NA, Jamalis J, Abdul Keyon AS, Kurniawan C, Wahab RA. Statistical optimization and operational stability of Rhizomucor miehei lipase supported on magnetic chitosan/chitin nanoparticles for synthesis of pentyl valerate. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:680-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang C, Dong X, Guo Z, Sun Y. Remarkably enhanced activity and substrate affinity of lipase covalently bonded on zwitterionic polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 519:145-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Zang L, Qiao X, Hu L, Yang C, Liu Q, Wei C, Qiu J, Mo H, Song G, Yang J, Liu C. Preparation and Evaluation of Coal Fly Ash/Chitosan Composites as Magnetic Supports for Highly Efficient Cellulase Immobilization and Cellulose Bioconversion. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050523. [PMID: 30966557 PMCID: PMC6415424 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two magnetic supports with different morphologies and particle sizes were designed and prepared for cellulase immobilization based on chitosan and industrial by-product magnetic coal fly ash (MCFA). One was prepared by coating chitosan onto spherical MCFA particles to form non-porous MCFA@chitosan gel microcomposites (Support I) with a size of several micrometers, and the other was prepared using the suspension method to form porous MCFA/chitosan gel beads (Support II) with a size of several hundred micrometers. Cellulase was covalent binding to the support by glutaraldehyde activation method. The morphology, structure and magnetic property of immobilized cellulase were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a vibrating-sample magnetometer. The cellulase loading on Support I was 85.8 mg/g with a relatlvely high activity recovery of 76.6%, but the immobilized cellulase exhibited low thermal stability. The cellulase loading on Support II was 76.8 mg/g with a relative low activity recovery of 51.9%, but the immobilized cellulase showed high thermal stability. Cellulase immobilized on Support I had a glucose productivity of 219.8 mg glucose/g CMC and remained 69.9% of the original after 10 cycles; whereas the glucose productivity was 246.4 mg glucose/g CMC and kept 75.5% of its initial value after 10 repeated uses for Support II immobilized cellulase. The results indicate that the two supports can be used as cheap and effective supports to immobilize enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xuan Qiao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lei Hu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-773-5896-672 (C.Y. & C.L.)
| | - Qifan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chun Wei
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan; (J.Q.); (H.M.)
| | - Haodao Mo
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan; (J.Q.); (H.M.)
| | - Ge Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-773-5896-672 (C.Y. & C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
Immobilization of Lipases on Magnetic Collagen Fibers and Its Applications for Short-Chain Ester Synthesis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|