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Hansda B, Mishra S, Ghosh A, Das B, Biswas T, Mondal TK, Srivastava B, Mondal S, Roy D, Mandal B. Chemically Bonded Pepsin via Its Inert Center to Diazo Functionalized Silica Gel through Multipoint Attachment Mode: A Way of Restoring Biocatalytic Sustainability over "Wider pH" Range. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2146-2164. [PMID: 38240266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a pivotal role in the industry. Still, because of denaturation, the extensive applicability at their level of best catalytic efficiency over a more comprehensive pH range, particularly in alkaline conditions over pH 8, has not been fully developed. On the other hand, enzyme immobilization following a suitable protocol is a long pending issue that determines the conformational stability, specificity, selectivity, enantioselectivity, and activity of the native enzymes at long-range pH. As a bridge between these two findings, in an attempt at a freezing temperature 273-278 K at an alkaline pH, the diazo-functionalized silica gel (SG) surface has been used to rapidly diazo couple pepsin through its inert center, the O-carbon of the phenolic -OH of surface-occupied Tyr residues in a multipoint mode: when all the various protein groups, viz., amino, thiol, phenol, imidazole, carboxy, etc., in the molecular sequence including those belonging to the active sites, remain intact, the inherent inbuilt interactions among themselves remain. Thereby, the macromolecule's global conformation and helicity preserve the status quo. The dimension of the SG-enzyme conjugate confirms as {Si(OSi)4 (H2O)1.03}n {-O-Si(CH3)2-O-C6H4-N═N+}4·{pepsin}·yH2O; where the values of n and y have been determined respectively as 347 and 188. The material performs the catalytic activity much better at 7-8.5 than at pH 2-3.5 and continues for up to six months without any appreciable change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Hansda
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Shailja Mishra
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ankit Ghosh
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Basudev Das
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tirtha Biswas
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tanay K Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Bhavya Srivastava
- The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Dr. Ambedkar Bhavan, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Sneha Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Dipika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Main Campus 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Rd, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Bhabatosh Mandal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
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2
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Isocyanide-based multi-component reactions for carrier-free and carrier-bound covalent immobilization of enzymes. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1641-1657. [PMID: 36859613 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for the covalent immobilization of enzymes depend on the type of functional group selected to perform the coupling reaction, and on the relative importance of selectivity, loading capacity, immobilization time and activity/stability of the resulting immobilized preparation. However, no single strategy is applicable for all covalent immobilization methods or can meet all these criteria, exemplifying the challenge of introducing a versatile process broadly compatible with the residues on the surface of proteins and the functional groups of common linkers. Here, we describe the use of isocyanide-based multi-component reactions for the carrier-bound and carrier-free covalent immobilization of enzymes. Isocyanide-based multi-component reactions can accept a wide variety of functional groups such as epoxy, acid, amine and aldehyde, as well as many commercially available bi-functional linkers, and are therefore suitable for either covalent coupling of enzymes on a solid support or intermolecular cross-linking of enzymes. In this strategy, an isocyanide is directly added to the reaction medium, the enzyme supplies either the exposed amine or carboxylic acid groups, and the support (in carrier-bound immobilization) or the bi-functional cross-linking agent (in carrier-free immobilization) provides another reactive functional group. The protocol offers operational simplicity, high efficiency and a notable reduction in time over alternative strategies, and can be performed by users with expertise in chemistry or biology. The immobilization reactions typically require 1-24 h.
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3
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Gianolio S, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Combined chemoenzymatic strategy for sustainable continuous synthesis of the natural product hordenine. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:8434-8440. [PMID: 36353210 PMCID: PMC9621339 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc02767d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To improve sustainability, safety and cost-efficiency of synthetic methodologies, biocatalysis can be a helpful ally. In this work, a novel chemoenzymatic stategy ensures the rapid synthesis of hordenine, a valuable phenolic phytochemical under mild working conditions. In a two-step cascade, the immobilized tyrosine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbTDC) is here coupled with the chemical reductive amination of tyramine. Starting from the abundant and cost-effective amino acid l-tyrosine, the complete conversion to hordenine is achieved in less than 5 minutes residence time in a fully-automated continuous flow system. Compared to the metal-catalyzed N,N-dimethylation of tyramine, this biocatalytic approach reduces the process environmental impact and improves its STY to 2.68 g L-1 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gianolio
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
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4
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Use of Cysteamine and Glutaraldehyde Chemicals for Robust Functionalization of Substrates with Protein Biomarkers—An Overview on the Construction of Biosensors with Different Transductions. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080581. [PMID: 36004978 PMCID: PMC9406156 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, several biosensors are reported to confirm the absence/presence of an abnormal level of specific human biomarkers in research laboratories. Unfortunately, public marketing and/or pharmacy accessibility are not yet possible for many bodily fluid biomarkers. The questions are numerous, starting from the preparation of the substrates, the wet/dry form of recognizing the (bio)ligands, the exposure time, and the choice of the running buffers. In this context, for the first time, the present overview summarizes the pre-functionalization of standard and nanostructured solid/flexible supports with cysteamine (Cys) and glutaraldehyde (GA) chemicals for robust protein immobilization and detection of biomarkers in body fluids (serum, saliva, and urine) using three transductions: piezoelectrical, electrochemical, and optical, respectively. Thus, the reader can easily access and compare step-by-step conjugate protocols published over the past 10 years. In conclusion, Cys/GA chemistry seems widely used for electrochemical sensing applications with different types of recorded signals, either current, potential, or impedance. On the other hand, piezoelectric detection via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and optical detection by surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are ultrasensitive platforms and very good candidates for the miniaturization of medical devices in the near future.
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6
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Pietricola G, Chamorro L, Castellino M, Maureira D, Tommasi T, Hernández S, Wilson L, Fino D, Ottone C. Covalent Immobilization of Dehydrogenases on Carbon Felt for Reusable Anodes with Effective Electrochemical Cofactor Regeneration. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200102. [PMID: 35856864 PMCID: PMC9630042 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the immobilization with aldehyde groups (glyoxyl carbon felt) of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) on carbon-felt-based electrodes. The compatibility of the immobilization method with the electrochemical application was studied with the ADH bioelectrode. The electrochemical regeneration process of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD+ ), on a carbon felt surface, has been deeply studied with tests performed at different electrical potentials. By applying a potential of 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode, a good compromise between NAD+ regeneration and energy consumption was observed. The effectiveness of the regeneration of NAD+ was confirmed by electrochemical oxidation of ethanol catalyzed by ADH in the presence of NADH, which is the no active form of the cofactor for this reaction. Good reusability was observed by using ADH immobilized on glyoxyl functionalized carbon felt with a residual activity higher than 60 % after 3 batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pietricola
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TurinItaly
| | - Lesly Chamorro
- Escuela de Ingeniería BioquímicaPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoAvenida Brasil 2085ValparaísoChile
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TurinItaly
| | - Diego Maureira
- Escuela de Ingeniería BioquímicaPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoAvenida Brasil 2085ValparaísoChile
| | - Tonia Tommasi
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TurinItaly
| | - Simelys Hernández
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TurinItaly
| | - Lorena Wilson
- Escuela de Ingeniería BioquímicaPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoAvenida Brasil 2085ValparaísoChile
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TurinItaly
| | - Carminna Ottone
- Escuela de Ingeniería BioquímicaPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoAvenida Brasil 2085ValparaísoChile
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7
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Nájera-Martínez EF, Melchor-Martínez EM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Levin LN, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Lignocellulosic residues as supports for enzyme immobilization, and biocatalysts with potential applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:748-759. [PMID: 35364201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing demand for agricultural production means a higher quantity of residues produced. The reuse and recycling of agro-industrial wastes reduce worldwide greenhouse emissions. New opportunities are derived from this kind of residuals in the biotechnological field generating valuable products in growing sectors such as transportation, bioenergy, food, and feedstock. The use of natural macromolecules towards biocatalysts offers numerous advantages over free enzymes and friendliness with the environment. Enzyme immobilization improves enzyme properties (stability and reusability), and three types of supports are discussed: inorganic, organic, and hybrid. Several examples of agro-industrial wastes such as coconut wastes, rice husks, corn residues and brewers spent grains (BSG), their properties and potential as supports for enzyme immobilization are described in this work. Before the immobilization, biological and non-biological pretreatments could be performed to enhance the waste potential as a carrier. Additionally, immobilization methods such as covalent binding, adsorption, cross-linking and entrapment are compared to provide high efficiency. Enzymes and biocatalysts for industrial applications offer advantages over traditional chemical processes with respect to sustainability and process efficiency in food, energy, and bioremediation fields. The wastes reviewed in this work demonstrated a high affinity for lipases and laccases and might be used in biodiesel production and textile wastewater treatment, among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Noemí Levin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Micología Experimental: INMIBO-CONICET, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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8
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Gyorgypal A, Chundawat SPS. Integrated Process Analytical Platform for Automated Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-Linked Glycosylation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6986-6995. [PMID: 35385654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning toward the adoption of continuous biomanufacturing practices that are often more flexible and efficient than traditional batch processes. Federal regulatory agencies are further urging the use of advanced process analytical technology (PAT) to analyze the design space to increase the process knowledge and enable high-quality biologic production. Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as N-linked glycosylation, are often critical quality attributes that affect biologics' safety and efficacy, requiring close monitoring during manufacturing. Here, we developed an online sequential-injection-based PAT system, called N-GLYcanyzer, which can rapidly monitor mAb glycosylation during upstream biomanufacturing. The key innovation includes the design of an integrated mAb sampling and fully automated sample derivation system for antibody titer and glycoform analysis within 3 h. The N-GLYcanyzer process includes mAb capture, deglycosylation, released glycan labeling with fluorescent dyes, and labeled glycan enrichment for direct injection/analysis on an integrated high-performance liquid chromatography system. Different fluorescent tags and reductants were tested to maximize glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions, while porous graphitized carbon (PGC) was used for optimizing glycan recovery and enrichment. We found that 2-aminobenzamide labeling of glycans with 2-picoline borane as a reducing agent, using the N-GLYcanyzer workflow, shows higher glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions, leading upward to a 5-fold increase in fluorescent product intensity. Finally, we showcase how the N-GLYcanyzer platform can be implemented at-/online in an upstream bioreactor for automated and near-real-time glycosylation monitoring of a Trastuzumab biosimilar produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Gyorgypal
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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9
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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10
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Rodrigues RC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Stabilization of enzymes via immobilization: Multipoint covalent attachment and other stabilization strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107821. [PMID: 34455028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in industrial processes requires the improvement of their features in many instances. Enzyme immobilization, a requirement to facilitate the recovery and reuse of these water-soluble catalysts, is one of the tools that researchers may utilize to improve many of their properties. This review is focused on how enzyme immobilization may improve enzyme stability. Starting from the stabilization effects that an enzyme may experience by the mere fact of being inside a solid particle, we detail other possibilities to stabilize enzymes: generation of favorable enzyme environments, prevention of enzyme subunit dissociation in multimeric enzymes, generation of more stable enzyme conformations, or enzyme rigidification via multipoint covalent attachment. In this last point, we will discuss the features of an "ideal" immobilization protocol to maximize the intensity of the enzyme-support interactions. The most interesting active groups in the support (glutaraldehyde, epoxide, glyoxyl and vinyl sulfone) will be also presented, discussing their main properties and uses. Some instances in which the number of enzyme-support bonds is not directly related to a higher stabilization will be also presented. Finally, the possibility of coupling site-directed mutagenesis or chemical modification to get a more intense multipoint covalent immobilization will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology Lab, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, P.O. Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Liu S, Bilal M, Rizwan K, Gul I, Rasheed T, Iqbal HMN. Smart chemistry of enzyme immobilization using various support matrices - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:396-408. [PMID: 34506857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry, pendent functional entities, and ease in tunability of various materials play a central role in properly coordinating with enzymes for immobilization purposes. Due to the interplay between the new wave of support matrices and enzymes, the development of robust biocatalytic constructs via protein engineering expands the practical scope and tunable catalysis functions. The concept of stabilization via functional entities manipulation, the surface that comprises functional groups, such as thiol, aldehyde, carboxylic, amine, and epoxy have been the important driving force for immobilizing purposes. Enzyme immobilization using multi-functional supports has become a powerful norm and presents noteworthy characteristics, such as selectivity, specificity, stability, resistivity, induce activity, reaction efficacy, multi-usability, high catalytic turnover, optimal yield, ease in recovery, and cost-effectiveness. There is a plethora of literature on traditional immobilization approaches, e.g., intramolecular chemical (covalent) attachment, adsorption, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linking. However, the existing literature is lacking state-of-the-art smart chemistry of immobilization. This review is a focused attempt to cover the literature gap of surface functional entities that interplay between support materials at large and enzyme of interest, in particular, to tailor robust biocatalysts to fulfill the growing and contemporary needs of several industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Komal Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Gul
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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12
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Multicatalytic Hybrid Materials for Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Cascades—Strategies for Multicatalyst (Enzyme) Co-Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, the use of enzymes or chemoenzymatic cascades for organic chemistry has gained much importance in fundamental and industrial research. Moreover, several enzymatic and chemoenzymatic reactions have also served in green and sustainable manufacturing processes especially in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and flavor/fragrance industries. Unfortunately, only a few processes have been applied at industrial scale because of the low stabilities of enzymes along with the problematic processes of their recovery and reuse. Immobilization and co-immobilization offer an ideal solution to these problems. This review gives an overview of all the pathways for enzyme immobilization and their use in integrated enzymatic and chemoenzymatic processes in cascade or in a one-pot concomitant execution. We place emphasis on the factors that must be considered to understand the process of immobilization. A better understanding of this fundamental process is an essential tool not only in the choice of the best route of immobilization but also in the understanding of their catalytic activity.
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13
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Braham SA, Morellon-Sterling R, de Andrades D, Rodrigues RC, Siar EH, Aksas A, Pedroche J, Millán MDC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Effect of Tris Buffer in the Intensity of the Multipoint Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes in Glyoxyl-Agarose Beads. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2843-2857. [PMID: 34019251 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tris is an extensively used buffer that presents a primary amine group on its structure. In the present work trypsin, chymotrypsin and penicillin G acylase (PGA) were immobilized/stabilized on glyoxyl agarose in presence of different concentrations of Tris (from 0 to 20 mM). The effects of the presence of Tris during immobilization were studied analyzing the thermal stability of the obtained immobilized biocatalysts. The results indicate a reduction of the enzyme stability when immobilized in the presence of Tris. This effect can be observed in inactivations carried out at pH 5, 7, and 9 with all the enzymes assayed. The reduction of enzyme stability increased with the Tris concentration. Another interesting result is that the stability reduction was more noticeable for immobilized PGA than in the other immobilized enzymes, the biocatalysts prepared in presence of 20 mM Tris lost totally the activity at pH 7 just after 1 h of inactivation, while the reference at this time still kept around 61 % of the residual activity. These differences are most likely due to the homogeneous distribution of the Lys groups in PGA compared to trypsin and chymotrypsin (where almost 50% of Lys group are in a small percentage of the protein surface). The results suggest that Tris could be affecting the multipoint covalent immobilization in two different ways, on one hand, reducing the number of available glyoxyl groups of the support during immobilization, and on the other hand, generating some steric hindrances that difficult the formation of covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ait Braham
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | | | - Diandra de Andrades
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSI, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSI, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Transformation and Food Product Elaboration Laboratory, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute (INATAA), University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ali Aksas
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Group of Plant Proteins, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Millán
- Group of Plant Proteins, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSI, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Immobilization of the Peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita. The Effect of the Immobilization pH on the Features of an Ionically Exchanged Dimeric Peroxygenase. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines the immobilization of the recombinant dimeric unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (rAaeUPO). The enzyme was quite stable (remaining unaltered its activity after 35 h at 47 °C and pH 7.0). Phosphate destabilized the enzyme, while glycerol stabilized it. The enzyme was not immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose supports, while it was immobilized albeit in inactive form on vinyl-sulfone-activated supports. rAaeUPO immobilization on glutaraldehyde pre-activated supports gave almost quantitative immobilization yield and retained some activity, but the biocatalyst was very unstable. Its immobilization via anion exchange on PEI supports also produced good immobilization yields, but the rAaeUPO stability dropped. However, using aminated agarose, the enzyme retained stability and activity. The stability of the immobilized enzyme strongly depended on the immobilization pH, being much less stable when rAaeUPO was adsorbed at pH 9.0 than when it was immobilized at pH 7.0 or pH 5.0 (residual activity was almost 0 for the former and 80% for the other preparations), presenting stability very similar to that of the free enzyme. This is a very clear example of how the immobilization pH greatly affects the final biocatalyst performance.
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15
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Kidibule PE, Costa J, Atrei A, Plou FJ, Fernandez-Lobato M, Pogni R. Production and characterization of chitooligosaccharides by the fungal chitinase Chit42 immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles and chitosan beads: selectivity, specificity and improved operational utility. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5529-5536. [PMID: 35423100 PMCID: PMC8694723 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin-active enzymes are of great biotechnological interest due to the wide industrial application of chitinolytic materials. Non-stability and high cost are among limitations that hinder industrial application of soluble enzymes. Here we report the production and characterization of chitooligosaccharides (COS) using the fungal exo-chitinase Chit42 immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles and food-grade chitosan beads with an immobilization yield of about 60% using glutaraldehyde and genipin linkers. The immobilized enzyme gained operational stability with increasing temperature and acidic pH values, especially when using chitosan beads-genipin that retained more than 80% activity at pH 3. Biocatalysts generated COS from colloidal chitin and different chitosan types. The immobilized enzyme showed higher hydrolytic activity than free enzyme on chitosan, and produced COS mixtures with higher variability of size and acetylation degree. In addition, biocatalysts were reusable, easy to handle and to separate from the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Kidibule
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jessica Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Andrea Atrei
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Fernandez-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
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16
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Califano D, Patenall BL, Kadowaki MAS, Mattia D, Scott JL, Edler KJ. Enzyme-Functionalized Cellulose Beads as a Promising Antimicrobial Material. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:754-762. [PMID: 33404227 PMCID: PMC7884000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
extensive use of antibiotics over the last decades is responsible
for the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms that
are challenging health care systems worldwide. The use of alternative
antimicrobial materials could mitigate the selection of new MDR strains
by reducing antibiotic overuse. This paper describes the design of
enzyme-based antimicrobial cellulose beads containing a covalently
coupled glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (GOx) able to release antimicrobial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) (≈ 1.8 mM). The material preparation
was optimized to obtain the best performance in terms of mechanical
resistance, shelf life, and H2O2 production.
As a proof of concept, agar inhibition halo assays (Kirby-Bauer test)
against model pathogens were performed. The two most relevant factors
affecting the bead functionalization process were the degree of oxidation
and the pH used for the enzyme binding process. Slightly acidic conditions
during the functionalization process (pH 6) showed the best results
for the GOx/cellulose system. The functionalized beads inhibited the
growth of all the microorganisms assayed, confirming the release of
sufficient antimicrobial levels of H2O2. The
maximum inhibition efficiency was exhibited toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), although significant inhibitory effects
toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus were also observed.
These enzyme-functionalized cellulose beads represent an inexpensive,
sustainable, and biocompatible antimicrobial material with potential
use in many applications, including the manufacturing of biomedical
products and additives for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Califano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Lee Patenall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A S Kadowaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Mattia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Janet L Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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17
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemical Modification of Reducing End-Groups in Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:66-87. [PMID: 32329947 PMCID: PMC7821002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native plant cellulose has an intrinsic supramolecular structure. Consequently, it can be isolated as nanocellulose species, which can be utilized as building blocks for renewable nanomaterials. The structure of cellulose also permits its end-wise modification, i.e., chemical reactions exclusively on one end of a cellulose chain or a nanocellulose particle. The premises for end-wise modification have been known for decades. Nevertheless, different approaches for the reactions have emerged only recently, because of formidable synthetic and analytical challenges associated with the issue, including the adverse reactivity of the cellulose reducing end and the low abundance of newly introduced functionalities. This Review gives a full account of the scientific underpinnings and challenges related to end-wise modification of cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, we present how the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystal ends may be applied to directed assembly, resulting in numerous possibilities for the construction of new materials, such as responsive liquid crystal templates and composites with tailored interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry DivisionChemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55FI-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AGBaslerstrasse 42CH-4665OftringenSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
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18
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García-García P, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM. Capture of enzyme aggregates by covalent immobilization on solid supports. Relevant stabilization of enzymes by aggregation. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:138-144. [PMID: 33249106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel procedure for the immobilization and stabilization of enzymes is proposed: the multipoint covalent attachment of bi-molecular enzyme aggregates. This immobilization protocol allows the "capture" and fixation of the enzyme aggregate on the support surface. In addition to stabilization by multipoint attachment, enzyme aggregation promotes very interesting stabilizing effects. In the presence of low concentrations of polyethylene glycol (30 %) the dimeric amine oxidase from Pisum sativum forms soluble bi-molecular aggregates. Enzyme aggregates were analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering and by full chemical loading of a mesoporous support (10 % agarose gels activated with glyoxyl groups). The soluble aggregate was immobilized by multipoint attachment on glyoxyl- agarose at pH 8.5 though the four amino termini of the two dimeric molecules (Lys residues are not reactive at this pH). The immobilized aggregated structure cannot undergo any movement (translational or rotational) after multipoint attachment and the aggregate is "fixed" on the support surface even after the removal of PEG. The immobilized aggregate was further incubated at pH 10 in order to allow the Lys residues to react with the glyoxyl groups on the support. Enzyme aggregation has an important effect on enzyme stabilization: the aggregated derivative was 40 fold more stable than a similar derivative of the isolated enzyme and 200 fold more than native enzymes in experiments of thermal inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz García-García
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis. Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis. Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP, CSIC), Marie Curie, 2, UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemische Modifizierung der reduzierenden Enden von Cellulosenanokristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division Chemistry Department University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AG Baslerstrasse 42 CH-4665 Oftringen Schweiz
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
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20
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García-García P, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lorente G. A mild intensity of the enzyme-support multi-point attachment promotes the optimal stabilization of mesophilic multimeric enzymes: Amine oxidase from Pisum sativum. J Biotechnol 2020; 318:39-44. [PMID: 32413366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization of dimeric enzymes requires the stabilization of the quaternary structure as well as the 3D one. Both subunits may be easily immobilized on a highly activated support. Additional stabilization of the 3D structure may be achieved via multipoint covalent attachment (MCA) on highly activated supports. In the case of monomeric enzymes or thermophilic dimeric ones, the optimal stabilization is obtained via the most intense MCA and it is associated to a small loss of catalytic activity. However, in the case of mesophilic enzymes, a very intense MCA of both subunits may promote negative effects, e.g., associated to distortions of the assembly between subunits and a subsequent very important loss of catalytic activity. A dimeric mesophilic amine oxidase from P.sativum was stabilized by MCA on glyoxyl-agarose. Both subunits were covalently immobilized on the support through the region with the highest density in Lys residues. In addition to that, an interesting activity/stabilization binomial was obtained after only 3 h of enzyme-support multiinteraction (50 % of activity/350 fold stabilization). However, after 24 h of enzyme-support multi-interaction this binomial activity-stabilization decreased down to 30/150. A moderate multiinteraction seems to be the optimal strategy for immobilization-stabilization of mesophilic dimeric enzymes and it promotes moderate losses of activity and interesting stabilizations against the combined effect of heat, acid pH and ethanol. The control of the intensity of enzyme-support multi-interactions becomes now strictly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz García-García
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9. UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP, CSIC), Marie Curie, 2. UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9. UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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High Stabilization of Enzymes Immobilized on Rigid Hydrophobic Glyoxyl-Supports: Generation of Hydrophilic Environments on Support Surfaces. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Very rigid supports are useful for enzyme immobilization to design continuous flow reactors and/or to work in non-conventional media. Among them, epoxy-methacrylic supports are easily functionalized with glyoxyl groups, which makes them ideal candidates for enzyme stabilization via multipoint covalent immobilization. However, these supports present highly hydrophobic surfaces, which might promote very undesirable effects on enzyme activity and/or stability. The hydrophilization of the support surface after multipoint enzyme immobilization is proposed here as an alternative to reduce these undesirable effects. The remaining aldehyde groups on the support are modified with aminated hydrophilic small molecules (glycine, lysine or aspartic acid) in the presence of 2-picoline borane. The penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli (PGA) and alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 (ADH2) were immobilized on glyoxyl-functionalized agarose, Relizyme and Relisorb. Despite the similar density of aldehyde groups displayed by functionalized supports, their stabilization effects on immobilized enzymes were quite different: up to 300-fold lower by hydrophobic supports than by highly hydrophilic glyoxyl-agarose. A dramatic increase in the protein stabilities was shown when a hydrophilization treatment of the hydrophobic support surface was done. The PGA immobilized on the glyoxyl-Relisorb hydrophilized with aspartic acid becomes 280-fold more stable than without any treatment, and it is even more stable than the PGA immobilized on the glyoxyl agarose.
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22
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Covalent Protein Immobilization onto Muscovite Mica Surface with a Photocrosslinker. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscovite mica with an amino silane-modified surface is commonly used as a substrate in atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of biological macromolecules. Herein, the efficiency of two different protein immobilization strategies employing either (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester)-based crosslinker (DSP) or benzophenone-based photoactivatable crosslinker (SuccBB) has been compared using AFM and mass spectrometry analysis. Two proteins with different physicochemical properties—human serum albumin (HSA) and horseradish peroxidase enzyme protein (HRP)—have been used as model objects in the study. In the case of HRP, both crosslinkers exhibited high immobilization efficiency—as opposed to the case with HSA, when sufficient capturing efficiency has only been observed with SuccBB photocrosslinker. The results obtained herein can find their application in commonly employed bioanalytical systems and in the development of novel highly sensitive chip-based diagnostic platforms employing immobilized proteins. The obtained data can also be of interest for other research areas in medicine and biotechnology employing immobilized biomolecules.
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23
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Trobo-Maseda L, H Orrego A, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martin J. Coimmobilization and colocalization of a glycosyltransferase and a sucrose synthase greatly improves the recycling of UDP-glucose: Glycosylation of resveratrol 3-O-β-D-glucoside. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:510-521. [PMID: 32344088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most efficient biocompatible methodologies to enhance the water solubility of natural products, and therefore their bioavailability. The excellent regio- and stereoselectivity of nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases enables single-step glycosylations at specific positions of a broad variety of acceptor molecules without the requirement of protection/deprotection steps. However, the need for stoichiometric quantities of high-cost substrates, UDP-sugars, is a limiting factor for its use at an industrial scale. To overcome this challenge, here we report tailor-made coimmobilization and colocalization procedures to assemble a bi-enzymatic cascade composed of a glycosyltransferase and a sucrose synthase for the regioselective 5-O-β-D-glycosylation of piceid with in situ cofactor regeneration. Coimmobilization and colocalization of enzymes was achieved by performing slow immobilization of both enzymes inside the porous support. The colocalization of both enzymes within the porous structure of a solid support promoted an increase in the overall stability of the bi-enzymatic system and improved 50-fold the efficiency of piceid glycosylation compared with the non-colocalized biocatalyst. Finally, piceid conversion to resveratrol 3,5-diglucoside was over 90% after 6 cycles using the optimal biocatalyst and was reused in up to 10 batch reaction cycles accumulating a TTN of 91.7 for the UDP recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Trobo-Maseda
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro H Orrego
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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25
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Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) belonging to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family have been thoroughly investigated for the stereospecific reduction of activated prochiral C=C double bonds. In this work, OYE3 was immobilized both by covalent binding on glyoxyl-agarose (OYE3-GA), and by affinity-based adsorption on EziGTM particles (OYE3-EziG). The immobilized OYE3-GA was demonstrated to be active (activity recovery = 52%) and to retain almost 100% of its activity under the enzymatic assay conditions (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C) for six days, whereas the activity of the non-immobilized enzyme dropped to 50% after two days. In the case of EziGTM, the highest activity recovery (54%) was achieved by using the most hydrophilic carrier (EziGTM Opal) that was selected for the full characterization of this type of enzyme preparation (stability, recycling, re-use, enzyme leakage). OYE3-EziG was slightly less stable than OYE3-GA under the same experimental conditions. OYE3-GA could be recycled and re-used for up to 12 reaction cycles in the bioreduction of α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde; after 12 runs, the highest conversion achieved was 40%. In the case of the co-immobilized OYE3/GDH-EziG, the conversion dropped to 56% after two reaction cycles. No enzyme leakage was detected over 48 h for both OYE3-GA and OYE3/GDH-EziG (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C). These seed results pave the way for a true optimization of the immobilization of OYE3, as well as for the use of immobilized OYE3 for preparative applications both in batch and continuous flow conditions.
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26
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Trobo-Maseda L, Orrego AH, Romero-Fernández M, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martín J. Immobilization of Enzymes on Hetero-Functional Supports: Physical Adsorption Plus Additional Covalent Immobilization. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:159-174. [PMID: 31939122 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of proteins on heterofunctional amino-epoxy and amino-glyoxyl supports is described in this chapter. Immobilization on both supports is performed through a two-step mechanism: in the first step, the enzyme is physically adsorbed to the support, and in the second step, the intramolecular covalent attachment between the adsorbed enzyme and the support is promoted. On the one hand, amino-epoxy supports present a ratio between amino and epoxy groups of 1:1 to allow the rapid adsorption of the enzyme and promote a strong multipoint covalent linkage. On the other hand, amino-glyoxyl supports contain the highest concentration of glyoxyl groups capable of reacting covalently with primary amino groups on the enzyme surface to promote increased rigidification. The intensity of the covalent enzyme-support interaction can be modulated by modifying the ratio between glyoxyl and amino groups of the support. These heterofunctional supports are able to immobilize and rigidify proteins through different orientations, leading to biocatalysts with different enzyme properties (activity, stability, and selectivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Trobo-Maseda
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro H Orrego
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Romero-Fernández
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Rocha-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Guisan JM, López-Gallego F, Bolivar JM, Rocha-Martín J, Fernandez-Lorente G. One-Point Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes on Glyoxyl Agarose with Minimal Physico-Chemical Modification: Immobilized "Native Enzymes". Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:83-92. [PMID: 31939116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of soluble enzymes inside the porous structure of a preexisting support is one of the most interesting techniques to prepare heterogeneous biocatalysts. The main cause of inactivation of these biocatalysts is the distortion of the tridimensional structure of the immobilized enzymes. In some cases, immobilization of enzymes on preexisting supports can be used in order to improve its functional properties: stabilization by multipoint covalent immobilization, hyper-activation, and stabilization of lipases by interfacial adsorption on hydrophobic supports, etc. In other cases, the properties of the enzyme can be modified by additional interactions of the enzyme surface with the support surface: hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions.In all cases, it would be very interesting to evaluate the intrinsic tridimensional stability of native industrial enzymes. Under drastic experimental conditions, soluble enzymes may undergo undesirable aggregations, and the tridimensional stability of one enzyme is more accurately evaluated by using immobilized native enzymes. That is, immobilized derivatives associated to a minimal chemical modification of the enzyme surface placed in the proximity of a fully hydrophilic and inert support surfaces. In this chapter, the immobilization of enzymes with minimal physicochemical modification on glyoxyl agarose supports is proposed. At pH 8.5, the unique reactive amino group on the enzyme surface is the N-terminus. At the end of the immobilization, mild borohydride reduction, the primary amino terminus is simply converted into a secondary amino group, with similar physical properties, and aldehyde groups on the supports are converted into fully inert hydroxyl groups. The preparation of immobilized derivatives of penicillin G acylase (PGA) with identical properties (activity and stability) that one of the soluble enzyme is reported: preparation of immobilized native PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Javier Rocha-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Guisan JM, López-Gallego F, Bolivar JM, Rocha-Martín J, Fernandez-Lorente G. The Science of Enzyme Immobilization. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:1-26. [PMID: 31939113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protocols for simple immobilization of unstable enzymes are plenty, but the vast majority of them, unfortunately, have not reached their massive implementation for the preparation of improved heterogeneous biocatalyst. In this context, the science of enzyme immobilization demands new protocols capable of fabricating heterogeneous biocatalysts with better properties than the soluble enzymes. The preparation of very stable immobilized biocatalysts enables the following: (1) higher operational times of enzyme, increasing their total turnover numbers; (2) the use of enzymes under non-conventional media (temperatures, solvents, etc.) in order to increase the concentrations of substrates for intensification of processes or in order to shift reaction equilibria; (3) the design of solvent-free reaction systems; and (4) the prevention of microbial contaminations. These benefits gained with the immobilization are critical to scale up chemical processes like the synthesis of biodiesel, synthesis of food additives or soil decontamination, where the cost of the catalysts has an enormous impact on their economic feasibility. The science of enzyme immobilization requires a multidisciplinary focus that involves several areas of knowledge such as, material science, surface chemistry, protein chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, biocatalysis, and chemical engineering. In this chapter, we will discuss the most relevant aspects to do "the science of enzyme immobilization." We will emphasize the immobilization techniques that promote multivalent attachments between the surface of the enzymes and the porous carriers. Finally, we will discuss the effect that the structural rigidification promotes at different protein regions on the functional properties of the immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Javier Rocha-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, CSIC-UAM, Campus UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Li H, Yin Y, Wang A, Li N, Wang R, Zhang J, Chen X, Pei X, Xie T. Stable immobilization of aldehyde ketone reductase mutants containing nonstandard amino acids on an epoxy resin via strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2624-2633. [PMID: 35496112 PMCID: PMC9049136 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To avoid random chemical linkage and achieve precisely directed immobilization, mutant enzymes were obtained and immobilized using an incorporated reactive nonstandard amino acid (NSAA). For this purpose, aldehyde ketone reductase (AKR) was used as a model enzyme, and 110Y, 114Y, 143Y, 162Q and 189Q were each replaced with p-azido-l-phenylalanine (pAzF). Then, the mutant AKR was coupled to the functionalized support by strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). The effects of the incorporation number and site of NSAAs on the loading and thermal stability of the immobilized AKR were examined. The results show that the mutant enzymes presented better specific activity than the wild type, except for AKR-110Y, and AKR-114Y showed 1.16-fold higher activity than the wild type. Moreover, the half-life (t1/2) of the five-point immobilized AKR reached 106 h and 45 h, 13 and 7 times higher than that of the free enzyme at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Comparison of these three types of enzymes shows that multi-point immobilization provides improved loading and thermal stability and facilitates one-step purification. We expect this platform to facilitate a fundamental understanding of precisely oriented and controllable covalent immobilization and enable bio-manufacturing paradigms for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Stable immobilization of aldehyde ketone reductase mutants containing non-standard amino acids on an epoxy resin via strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Youcheng Yin
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes
- College of Medicine
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Ningning Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Ru Wang
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes
- College of Medicine
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes
- College of Medicine
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou
- China
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30
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Dal Magro L, Kornecki JF, Klein MP, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Optimized immobilization of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger following different protocols: Improved stability and activity under drastic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:234-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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de Andrades D, Graebin NG, Ayub MAZ, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC. Preparation of immobilized/stabilized biocatalysts of β-glucosidases from different sources: Importance of the support active groups and the immobilization protocol. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2890. [PMID: 31374157 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases from two different commercial preparations, Pectinex Ultra SP-L and Celluclast® 1.5L, were immobilized on divinylsulfone (DVS) supports at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 10. In addition, the biocatalysts were also immobilized in agarose beads activated by glyoxyl, and epoxide as reagent groups. The best immobilization results were observed using higher pH values on DVS-agarose, and for Celluclast® 1.5L, good results were also obtained using the glyoxil-agarose immobilization. The biocatalyst obtained using Pectinex Ultra SP-L showed the highest thermal stability, at 65°C, and an operational stability of 67% of activity after 10 reuses cycles when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 10 and blocked with ethylenediamine. The β-glucosidase from Celluclast® 1.5L produced best results when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 9 and blocked with glycine, reaching 7.76-fold higher thermal stability compared to its free form and maintaining 76% of its activity after 10 successive cycles. The new biocatalysts obtained by these protocols showed reduction of glucose inhibition of enzymes, demonstrating the influence of immobilization protocols, pH, and blocking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra de Andrades
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália G Graebin
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco A Z Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Dextran aldehyde (dexOx), resulting from the periodate oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diol moiety inside dextran, is a polymer that is very useful in many areas, including as a macromolecular carrier for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. In particular, it has been widely used for chemical engineering of enzymes, with the aim of designing better biocatalysts that possess improved catalytic properties, making them more stable and/or active for different catalytic reactions. This polymer possesses a very flexible hydrophilic structure, which becomes inert after chemical reduction; therefore, dexOx comes to be highly versatile in a biocatalyst design. This paper presents an overview of the multiple applications of dexOx in applied biocatalysis, e.g., to modulate the adsorption of biomolecules on carrier surfaces in affinity chromatography and biosensors design, to serve as a spacer arm between a ligand and the support in biomacromolecule immobilization procedures or to generate artificial microenvironments around the enzyme molecules or to stabilize multimeric enzymes by intersubunit crosslinking, among many other applications.
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33
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Mao Y, Krischke M, Kulozik U. β-Lactoglobulin hydrolysis by a flow-through monolithic immobilized trypsin reactor in ethanol/aqueous solvents. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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