1
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Xiao Y, Zhao ZY, Kemper S, Irran E, Oestreich M. Enantioselective Dearomatization of Pyridinium Salts by Copper-Catalyzed C4-Selective Addition of Silicon Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407056. [PMID: 38728222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed C4-selective addition of silicon nucleophiles released from an Si-B reagent to prochiral pyridinium triflates is reported. The dearomatization proceeds with excellent enantioselectivity using Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 as the precatalyst and (R,R)-Ph-BPE (1,2-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-yl]ethane) as the chiral ligand. A carbonyl group at C3 is required for this, likely acting a weak donor group to preorganize and direct the nucleophilic attack towards C4. The resulting 4-silylated 1,4-dihydropyridines can be further converted into functionalized piperidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhao
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kemper
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Luo J, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Houk KN, Zheng K. Photochemical Skeletal Editing of Pyridines to Bicyclic Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21389-21400. [PMID: 38875215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We present an efficient one-pot photochemical skeletal editing protocol for the transformation of pyridines into diverse bicyclic pyrazolines and pyrazoles under mild conditions. The method requires no metals, photocatalysts, or additives and allows for the selective removal of specific carbon atoms from pyridines, allowing for unprecedented versatility. Our approach offers a convenient and efficient means for the late-stage modification of complex drug molecules by replacing the core pyridine skeleton. Moreover, we have successfully scaled up this procedure in stop-flow and flow-chemistry systems, showcasing its applicability to intricate transformations such as the Diels-Alder reaction, hydrogenation, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, and Heck reaction. Through control experiments and DFT calculations, we provide insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of this skeletal editing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Shimose A, Ishigaki S, Sato Y, Nogami J, Toriumi N, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y. Dearomative Construction of 2D/3D Frameworks from Quinolines via Nucleophilic Addition/Borate-Mediated Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403461. [PMID: 38803130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative construction of multiply-fused 2D/3D frameworks, composed of aromatic two-dimensional (2D) rings and saturated three-dimensional (3D) rings, from readily available quinolines has greatly contributed to drug discovery. However, dearomative cycloadditions of quinolines in the presence of photocatalysts usually afford 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ)-based polycycles, and dearomative access to 1,2,3,4-THQ-based structures remains limited. Herein, we present a chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective dearomative transformation of quinolines into 1,2,3,4-THQ-based 6-6-4-membered rings without any catalyst, through a combination of nucleophilic addition and borate-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the photoexcited borate complex, generated from quinoline, organolithium, and HB(pin), accelerates the cycloaddition and suppresses the rearomatization that usually occurs in conventional photocycloaddition. Based on our mechanistic analysis, we also developed further photoinduced cycloadditions affording other types of 2D/3D frameworks from isoquinoline and phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuha Shimose
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Ketelboeter DR, Pappoppula M, Aponick A. Chemoselective Diazine Dearomatization: The Catalytic Enantioselective Dearomatization of Pyrazine. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11610-11615. [PMID: 38619328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite much progress in the area of dearomatization, the enantioselective dearomatization of heterocycles is limited to those with a single heteroatom. Here we report a highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed dearomatization of pyrazine, a diazine, leading to chiral C-substituted piperazines. When exposed to a chloroformate and an alkyne in the presence of a catalyst derived from a copper salt and the chiral ligand StackPhos, pyrazine is readily dearomatized to provide a 2,3-disubstituted dihydropyrazine as single diastereomer in high enantiomeric excess. Mechanistic studies support a noninnocent involvement of chloride ion preventing a second iminium alkynylation, thus enabling subsequent functionalization at the second reactive site. The synthetically useful dihydropyrazine products, obtained in up to 95% yield and 99% ee, can be further manipulated to form optically active C-substituted piperazines and C1-symmetric 1,2-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin R Ketelboeter
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Mukesh Pappoppula
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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5
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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Siddiqi Z, Bingham TW, Shimakawa T, Hesp KD, Shavnya A, Sarlah D. Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2358-2363. [PMID: 38230893 PMCID: PMC11006438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization of pyridines is a well-established synthetic approach to access piperidines. Although remarkably powerful, existing dearomatization processes have been limited to the hydrogenation or addition of carbon-based nucleophiles to activated pyridiniums. Here, we show that arenophile-mediated dearomatizations can be applied to pyridines to directly introduce heteroatom functionalities without prior substrate activation. The arenophile platform in combination with olefin oxidation chemistry provides access to dihydropyridine cis-diols and epoxides. These previously elusive compounds are now readily accessible and can be used for the downstream preparation of diversely functionalized piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Siddiqi
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tanner W. Bingham
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsukasa Shimakawa
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Treeline Biosciences, 500 Arsenal St, second Floor, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Purushotam, Bera A, Banerjee D. Recent advances on non-precious metal-catalysed fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9298-9315. [PMID: 37855147 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances, from 2015 to 2023, on the introduction of organo-fluorine derivatives at the N-heteroarene core. Notable features considering new technologies based on organofluorine compounds such as: (i) approaches based on non-precious metal catalysis (Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, etc.), (ii) the development of new strategies using non-precious metal-catalysts for the introduction of organo-fluorinine derivatives using N-heterocycles with one or more heteroatoms, (iii) newer reagents for fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, or perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes using different approaches, (iv) mechanistic studies on various catalytic transformations, as and when required, and (v) the synthetic applications of various bio-active organo-fluorine compounds, including post-synthetic drug derivatization, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushotam
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Atanu Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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8
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Pappoppula M, Olsen KL, Ketelboeter DR, Aponick A. Enantio- and Regioselective Copper-Catalyzed 1,2-Dearomatization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312967. [PMID: 37820350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed dearomative alkynylation of pyridines is reported with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities. The synthetically valuable enantioenriched 2-alkynyl-1,2-dihydropyridine products afforded are generated from the readily available feedstock, pyridine, and commercially available terminal alkynes. The three-component reaction between a pyridine, a terminal alkyne, and methyl chloroformate employs copper chloride and StackPhos, a chiral biaryl P,N- ligand, as the catalytic system. Under mild reaction conditions, the desired 1,2-addition products are delivered in up to 99 % yield with regioselectivity ratios up to 25 : 1 and enantioselectivities values of up to 99 % ee. Activated and non-activated terminal alkynes containing a wide range of functional groups are well tolerated. Even acetylene gas delivered mono-alkynylated products in high yield and ee. Application of the methodology in an efficient enantioselective synthesis of the chiral piperidine indolizidine, coniceine, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pappoppula
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Kathryn L Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Devin R Ketelboeter
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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9
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Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. meta-Selective C-H Functionalization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302941. [PMID: 37013613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is an important core structure for a variety of drugs, agrochemicals, catalysts, and functional materials. Direct functionalization of C-H bonds in pyridines is a straightforward approach to access valuable substituted pyridines. Compared to the direct ortho- and para-functionalization, meta-selective pyridine C-H functionalization is far more challenging due to the inherent electronic properties of the pyridine entity. This review summarizes currently available methods for pyridine meta-C-H functionalization using a directing group, non-directed metalation, and temporary dearomatization strategies. Recent advances in ligand control and temporary dearomatization are highlighted. We analyze the advantages as well as limitations of current techniques and hope to inspire further developments in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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10
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Comparini LM, Pineschi M. Recent Progresses in the Catalytic Stereoselective Dearomatization of Pyridines. Molecules 2023; 28:6186. [PMID: 37687015 PMCID: PMC10488975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridines and N-substituted 2-pyridones are very important structural motifs due to their synthetic versatility and vast presence in a variety of alkaloids and bioactive molecules. In this article, we gather and summarize the catalytic and stereoselective synthesis of partially hydrogenated pyridines and pyridones via the dearomative reactions of pyridine derivatives up to mid-2023. The material is fundamentally organized according to the type of reactivity (electrophilic/nucleophilic) of the pyridine nucleus. The material is further sub-divided taking into account the nucleophilic species when dealing with electrophilic pyridines and considering the reactivity manifold of pyridine derivatives behaving as nucleophiles at the nitrogen site. The latter more recent approach allows for an unconventional entry to chiral N-substituted 2- and 4-pyridones in non-racemic form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Pineschi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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11
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Singh B, Ansari AJ, Malik N, Ramasastry SSV. An interrupted Corey-Chaykovsky reaction of designed azaarenium salts: synthesis of complex polycyclic spiro- and fused cyclopropanoids. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6963-6969. [PMID: 37389246 PMCID: PMC10306106 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01578e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous dearomatizing spirannulation of pyridinium salts is still in its infancy. Here, we present an organized skeletal remodeling of designed pyridinium salts by utilizing an interrupted Corey-Chaykovsky reaction to access unprecedented and structurally intriguing molecular architectures such as the vicinal bis-spirocyclic indanones and spirannulated benzocycloheptanones. This hybrid strategy rationally merges the nucleophilic features of sulfur ylides with the electrophilic pyridinium salts to achieve the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of new classes of cyclopropanoids. The plausible mechanistic pathways were derived from experimental results and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/sastry/
| | - Arshad J Ansari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/sastry/
| | - Nirmal Malik
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/sastry/
| | - S S V Ramasastry
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/sastry/
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12
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Greßies S, Süße L, Casselman T, Stoltz BM. Tandem Dearomatization/Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11907-11913. [PMID: 37212659 PMCID: PMC10251512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a multistep one-pot reaction of substituted pyridines leading to N-protected tetrahydropyridines with outstanding enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). An iridium(I)-catalyzed dearomative 1,2-hydrosilylation of pyridines enables the use of N-silyl enamines as a new type of nucleophile in a subsequent palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation. This telescoped process overcomes the intrinsic nucleophilic selectivity of pyridines to synthesize enantioenriched, C-3-substituted tetrahydropyridine products that have been otherwise challenging to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Greßies
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lars Süße
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tyler Casselman
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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McGettigan JE, Ready JM. Diastereoselective Alkylation of Activated Nitrogen Heterocycles with Alkenyl Boronate Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216961. [PMID: 36780188 PMCID: PMC10073296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkenyl boronate complexes react with acylated quinolines and isoquinolines via 1,2-metalate rearrangement to give alkylated, dearomatized heterocycles in good yields, diastereoselectivities, and regioselectivities. This multi-component coupling is highly modular and can be used to access a wide scope of heterocyclic scaffolds. Chiral boronic esters made through this methodology possess high synthetic potential and can be transformed into various functional groups in one step without racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McGettigan
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-0938, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-0938, USA
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14
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Liu X, Shi X, Zhou J, Huang C, Lin Y, Zhang C, Cao H. Dearomative cyclization of pyridines/isoquinolines with cyclopropenones: access to indolizinones and benzo-fused indolizinones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4051-4054. [PMID: 36929395 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions provide a rapid approach to construct complicated molecules that are difficult to synthesize by traditional methods from simple aromatic compounds. Herein, we report an efficient dearomative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-alkynyl pyridines with diarylcyclopropenones, leading to the synthesis of densely functionalized indolizinones in moderate to good yields under metal-free conditions. In addition, this strategy can also be employed in dearomative cyclization of isoquinolines to access a variety of benzo-fused indolizinones. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that an appropriate substituent at the 2-position of pyridine is crucial to the dearomatization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Xiaotian Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Jinlei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Changfeng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Yu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
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15
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Das KK, Panda S. 1,2-Metallate Rearrangement Using Indole Boronate Species to Access 2,3-Diarylindoles and Indolines. Org Lett 2023; 25:314-319. [PMID: 36602541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free multicomponent reaction using lithiated indole, boronic ester, pyridine, and ethyl chloroformate was developed to access C2,C3 bis-arylated indoles, which are present in several marketed drugs and bioactive compounds. One-pot access to unsymmetrical C2,C3-diaryl indole from the parent indole remains a huge synthetic challenge. Our group was able to achieve this goal through a transition metal-free 1,2-metalate rearrangement of the indole boronate complex. The reaction of indole boronate species with activated pyridine allows 1,2-migration to access pyridyl-indoleboronate species, which will convert to the corresponding indole upon oxidation and indoline after deborylation. The reaction tolerates substituted pyridines, quinolone, isoquinoline, and more. Both aryl and alkyl boronic esters were accommodated under optimized reaction conditions. Apart from mechanistic studies using 11B-NMR, this methodology has been applied to the gram-scale synthesis of several bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santanu Panda
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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16
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Zhu H, Kostenko A, Franz D, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Room Temperature Intermolecular Dearomatization of Arenes by an Acyclic Iminosilylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1011-1021. [PMID: 36597967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel nontransient acyclic iminosilylene (1), bearing a bulky super silyl group (-SitBu3) and N-heterocyclic imine ligand with a methylated backbone, was prepared and isolated. The methylated backbone is the feature of 1 that distinguishes it from the previously reported nonisolable iminosilylenes, as it prevents the intramolecular silylene center insertion into an aromatic C-C bond of an aryl substituent. Instead, 1 exhibits an intermolecular Büchner-ring-expansion-type reactivity; the silylene is capable of dearomatization of benzene and its derivatives, giving the corresponding silicon analogs of cycloheptatrienes, i.e. silepins, featuring seven-membered SiC6 rings with nearly planar geometry. The ring expansion reactions of 1 with benzene and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene are reversible. Similar reactions of 1 with N-heteroarenes (pyridine and DMAP) proceed more rapidly and irreversibly forming the corresponding azasilepins, also with nearly planar seven-membered SiNC5 rings. DFT calculations reveal an ambiphilic nature of 1 that allows the intermolecular aromatic C-C bond insertion to occur. Additional computational studies, which elucidate the inherent reactivity of 1, the role of the substituent effect, and reaction mechanisms behind the ring expansion transformations, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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17
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Mamontov A, Chang L, Dossmann H, Bertrand B, Dechoux L, Thorimbert S. Iron Catalyzed Dearomatization of Pyridines into Annelated Azepine Derivatives in a One-Step, Three-Component Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:256-260. [PMID: 36580358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available Fe(TTP)Cl catalyzes three-component dearomative formal cycloaddition reactions between pyridines, diazo compounds, and coumalates. Diversely substituted annelated seven-membered N-heterocycles could be generated in less than 10 min in one step at room temperature. The reaction is compatible to gram scale. The extension to benzimidazoles in place of pyridines has been successfully demonstrated. The mechanism of this reaction has been carefully examined by computational studies that corroborate the observed regioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mamontov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Liang Chang
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Dechoux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Serge Thorimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005 Paris, France
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18
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He XL, Wen YW, Li H, Qian S, He M, Song Q, Wang Z. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofuran-Fused Spiroindolizidines via Double-Dearomative [3 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:493-503. [PMID: 36550408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spiroindolizidine oxindoles represent a kind of privileged scaffold in many biologically active natural alkaloids. 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran derivatives exhibit significant bioactivities in a variety of pharmaceuticals. Herein, we assembled these two privileged fragments into a small molecule via double-dearomative [3 + 2] cycloadditions with pyridinium ylides and 2-nitrobenzofurans. This protocol features remarkable advantages including wide substrate scope, mild condition, high level of diastereoselectivities and yields. Thus, a collection of spiroindolizidine-fused dihydrobenzofurans/indolines were facilely produced efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
| | - You-Wu Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Hechen Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Shan Qian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
| | - Mengyang He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Qiao Song
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
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19
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Cao H, Cheng Q, Studer A. Radical and ionic
meta
-C–H functionalization of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines. Science 2022; 378:779-785. [DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-hydrogen (C−H) functionalization of pyridines is a powerful tool for the rapid construction and derivatization of many agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Because of the inherent electronic properties of pyridines, selective
meta
-C−H functionalization is challenging. Here, we present a protocol for highly regioselective
meta
-C−H trifluoromethylation, perfluoroalkylation, chlorination, bromination, iodination, nitration, sulfanylation, and selenylation of pyridines through a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization process. The introduced dearomative activation mode provides a diversification platform for meta-selective reactions on pyridines and other azaarenes through radical as well as ionic pathways. The broad scope and high selectivity of these catalyst-free reactions render these processes applicable for late-stage functionalization of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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20
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Lee DS, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical
Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor
vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day–1 (based on 32.2 mmol h–1), using a modified version
of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev.2021, 25, 7, 1619–1627], consisting
of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner
electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial
outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode.
We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum
anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying
the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for
either
the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day–1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration
of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture
investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration
time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We
show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source
(dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency.
We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been
used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology
produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity
and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected
productivity of >100 g day–1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - David C. Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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21
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Pareek A, Kalek M. Regioselective Dearomatization of N‐Alkylquinolinium and Pyridinium Salts under Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Ni Q, Xu F, Song X. Diastereoselective and E/Z-Selective Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolizine Scaffolds via the Dearomative Annulation of 2-Pyridylacetates with Nitroenynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9507-9517. [PMID: 35801688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic Michael/aza-Michael cascade reaction was developed to build the functionalized quinolizine scaffolds in 60-82% yields, excellent diastereoselectivities, and E/Z selectivities. This protocol involves the [3 + 3] annulations of 2-pyridylacetates with nitroenynes through the dearomative strategy in the presence of an organic base under mild conditions. The versatile late-stage derivatizations further demonstrated the synthetic utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijian Ni
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
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23
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Kumar Rout S, Kastrati A, Jangra H, Schwärzer K, Sunagatullina AS, Garny M, Lima F, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Reliable Functionalization of 5,6‐Fused Bicyclic N‐Heterocycles Pyrazolopyrimidines and Imidazopyridazines via Zinc and Magnesium Organometallics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200733. [PMID: 35384103 PMCID: PMC9321601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DFT‐calculations allow prediction of the reactivity of uncommon N‐heterocyclic scaffolds of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines and considerably facilitate their functionalization. The derivatization of these N‐heterocycles was realized using Grignard reagents for nucleophilic additions to 5‐chloropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2 MgCl2
⋅ 2 LiCl allowed regioselective zincations. In the case of 6‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine, bases such as TMP2Zn ⋅ MgCl2
⋅ 2 LiCl, in the presence or absence of BF3
⋅ OEt2, led to regioselective metalations at positions 3 or 8. Subsequent functionalizations were achieved with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, producing various polysubstituted derivatives (up to penta‐substitution). X‐ray analysis confirmed the regioselectivity for key functional heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Rout
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Agonist Kastrati
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Maximilien Garny
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cara E. Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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24
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O'Brien L, Argent SP, Ermanis K, Lam HW. Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Allylation of Azinium Ions with Allylboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202305. [PMID: 35239987 PMCID: PMC9314030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke O'Brien
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kristaps Ermanis
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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25
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Synthesis of stable adducts of highly electrophilic nitro(het)arenes with С-nucleophiles. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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O'Brien L, Argent SP, Ermanis K, Lam HW. Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Allylation of Azinium Ions with Allylboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke O'Brien
- University of Nottingham School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Hon Wai Lam
- University of Nottingham The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry Jubilee CampusTriumph Road NG7 2TU Nottingham UNITED KINGDOM
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27
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Wang A, Liu YZ, Shen Z, Qiao Z, Ma X. Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine via TEMPO-Mediated [3 + 2] Annulation-Aromatization of N-Aminopyridines and α,β-Unsaturated Compounds. Org Lett 2022; 24:1454-1459. [PMID: 35166547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A TEMPO-mediated [3 + 2] annulation-aromatization protocol for the preparation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from N-aminopyridines and α,β-unsaturated compounds was developed. The procedure offered multisubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines in good to excellent yield with high and predictable regioselectivity. The modification of marketed drugs including Loratadine, Abiraterone, and Metochalcone, and a one-pot three-step gram scale synthesis of key intermediate for the preparation of Selpercatinib were demonstrated. Mechanism studies show that TEMPO serves both as a Lewis acid and as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amu Wang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhou Liu
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongke Shen
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeen Qiao
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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28
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Yang P, Wang Q, Cui BH, Zhang XD, Liu H, Zhang YY, Liu JL, Huang WY, Liang RX, Jia YX. Enantioselective Dearomative [3 + 2] Umpolung Annulation of N-Heteroarenes with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1087-1093. [PMID: 35007081 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation of N-heteroarenes with alkynes has been developed via a cobalt-catalyzed dearomative umpolung strategy in the presence of chiral ligand and reducing reagent. A variety of electron-deficient N-heteroarenes, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxaline, and pyridines, and internal or terminal alkynes are employed in this reaction, showing a broad substrate scope and good functionality tolerance. Annulation of electron-rich indoles with alkynes is also developed. This protocol provides a straightforward access to a variety of N-spiroheterocyclic molecules in excellent enantioselectivities (76 examples, up to 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bing-Hui Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yue-Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jia-Liang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wen-Yu Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ren-Xiao Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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29
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Min XL, Zhang XL, Yi W, He Y. Brønsted acid-enhanced copper-catalyzed atroposelective cycloisomerization to axially chiral arylquinolizones via dearomatization of pyridine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:373. [PMID: 35042873 PMCID: PMC8766466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of axially chiral N-heterobiaryls is of great interest as a result of their occurrence in organocatalysts, chiral ligands, natural products, and biologically active molecules. Despite remarkable achievements in this area, strategies for the preparation of new classes of axially chiral N-heterobiaryls remain to be further explored. Herein, we report the enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral arylquinolizones through an intramolecular atroposelective cycloisomerization. The reaction proceeds via the Brønsted acid-enhanced dearomatization of pyridine by a copper catalyst that allows for the formation of the desired products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The utility of this methodology is illustrated by a synthesis on gram scale production and transformation of the products into chiral thiourea catalysts. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that Brønsted acid plays a significant role in promoting the reactivity of the reaction, while both the steric and electronic effects of aryl substituents in substrate play a role in controlling the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Min
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiu-Lian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenbin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Ying He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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30
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Bera A, Kabadwal LM, Bera S, Banerjee D. Recent advances on non-precious metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of N-heteroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:10-28. [PMID: 34874036 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Heteroarenes are widely used for numerous medicinal applications, lifesaving drugs and show utmost importance as intermediates in chemical synthesis. This feature article highlights the recent advances, from 2015 to August 2021, on sp2 and sp3 C-H bond functionalization reactions of various N-heteroarenes catalyzed by non-precious transition metals (Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, etc.). The salient features of the report are: (i) the development of newer catalysis for Csp2-H activation of N-heteroarenes and categorized into alkylation, alkenylation, borylation, cyanation, and annulation reactions, (ii) recent advances on Csp3-H bond functionalization of N-heteroarenes considering newer approaches for alkylation as well as alkenylation processes, and (iii) synthetic applications and practical utility of the catalytic protocols utilized for late-stage drug development; (iv) scope for the development of newer catalytic protocols along with mechanistic studies and detail mechanistic findings of various important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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31
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Wang L, Han H, Gu L, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang Q. Skeletal remodeling of chalcone-based pyridinium salts to access isoindoline polycycles and their bridged derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15389-15398. [PMID: 34976360 PMCID: PMC8635221 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05741c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous deconstructive ring-opening and skeletal reconstruction of an inert, aromatic pyridinium ring is of great importance in synthetic communities. However, research in this area is still in its infancy. Here, a skeletal re-modeling strategy was developed to transform chalcone-based pyridinium salts into structurally intriguing polycyclic isoindolines through a dearomative ring-opening/ring-closing sequence. Two distinct driving forces for the deconstruction of the pyridinium core were involved in these transformations. One was the unprecedented harnessing of the instability of in situ generated cyclic β-aminoketones, and the other was the instability of the resultant N,N-ketals. The desired isoindoline polycycles could undergo the Wittig reaction with various phosphorus ylides to achieve structural diversity and complexity. Notably, by tuning the Wittig conditions by addition of one equivalent of base, an additional bridged ring was introduced. A plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of control experiments and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Lijie Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
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32
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Boldrini C, Harutyunyan SR. Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation using Grignard reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11807-11810. [PMID: 34693941 PMCID: PMC8577247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation of naphthyl halides is shown to be feasible by employing Grignard reagents. The high reactivity of the nucleophile allows for fast reactions and low catalyst loading, while a plethora of successfully substituted compounds illustrate the broad scope. Five membered heteroaromatic compounds are also demonstrated to be reactive under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Boldrini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
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33
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Osipov DV, Rashchepkina DА, Аrtemenko AА, Demidov OP, Osyanin VА. Nucleophilic Dearomatization of 3-nitrobenzofurans by the Action of 2-(1-arylethylidene)Malononitriles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Organocatalysis: A Tool of Choice for the Enantioselective Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Electron-Deficient Six-Membered Ring Azaarenium Salts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts is a powerful strategy to access 3D scaffolds of interest from easily accessible planar aromatic azaarene compounds. Moreover, this approach yields complex dihydroazaarenes by allowing the functionalization of the scaffold simultaneously to the dearomatization step. On the other side, organocatalysis is nowadays recognized as one of the pillars of the asymmetric catalysis field of research and is well-known to afford a high level of enantioselectivity for a myriad of transformations thanks to well-organized transition states resulting from low-energy interactions (electrostatic and/or H-bonding interactions…). Consequently, in the last fifteen years, organocatalysis has met great success in nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts. This review summarizes the work achieved up to date in the field of organocatalyzed nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts (mainly pyridinium, quinolinium, quinolinium and acridinium salts). A classification by organocatalytic mode of activation will be disclosed by shedding light on their related advantages and drawbacks. The versatility of the dearomatization approach will also be demonstrated by discussing several chemical transformations of the resulting dihydroazaarenes towards the synthesis of structurally complex compounds.
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35
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McLaughlin C, Bitai J, Barber LJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via the addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates to pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12001-12011. [PMID: 34667566 PMCID: PMC8457386 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereoselective addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates - generated in situ from aryl esters and the isothiourea catalyst (R)-BTM - to pyridinium salts bearing an electron withdrawing substituent in the 3-position allows the synthesis of a range of enantioenriched 1,4-dihydropyridines. This represents the first organocatalytic approach to pyridine dearomatisation using pronucleophiles at the carboxylic acid oxidation level. Optimisation studies revealed a significant solvent dependency upon product enantioselectivity, with only toluene providing significant asymmetric induction. Using DABCO as a base also proved beneficial for product enantioselectivity, while investigations into the nature of the counterion showed that co-ordinating bromide or chloride substrates led to higher product er than the corresponding tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate. The scope and limitations of this process are developed, with enantioselective addition to 3-cyano- or 3-sulfonylpyridinium salts giving the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines (15 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 98 : 2 er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Lydia J Barber
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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36
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Fricke PJ, Dolewski RD, McNally A. Four‐Selective Pyridine Alkylation via Wittig Olefination of Dearomatized Pyridylphosphonium Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Fricke
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Ryan D. Dolewski
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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37
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Fricke PJ, Dolewski RD, McNally A. Four-Selective Pyridine Alkylation via Wittig Olefination of Dearomatized Pyridylphosphonium Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21283-21288. [PMID: 34343390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods to synthesize alkylated pyridines are valuable because these structures are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. We have developed a distinct approach to construct 4-alkylpyridines using dearomatized pyridylphosphonium ylide intermediates in a Wittig olefination-rearomatization sequence. Pyridine N-activation is key to this strategy, and N-triazinylpyridinium salts enable coupling between a wide variety of substituted pyridines and aldehydes. The alkylation protocol is viable for late-stage functionalization, including methylation of pyridine-containing drugs. This approach represents an alternative to metal-catalyzed sp2 -sp3 cross-coupling reactions and Minisci-type processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Fricke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ryan D Dolewski
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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38
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Cui Z, Zhang K, Gu L, Bu Z, Zhao J, Wang Q. Diastereoselective trifunctionalization of pyridinium salts to access structurally crowded azaheteropolycycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9402-9405. [PMID: 34528954 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03478b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective dearomative trifunctionalization of pyridinium salts with multifunctional o-hydroxyl aromatic azomethine ylides has been established, which not only provided a convenient and rapid method to assemble challenging and architecturally crowded chroman-pyrrolidine-hydrogenated pyridine fused pentacycles, but also represented a rare successful example of the higher-order multifunctionalization of pyridiniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Kuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lijie Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Junwei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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39
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Nitropyridines as 2π-Partners in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions with N-Methyl Azomethine Ylide: An Easy Access to Condensed Pyrrolines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185547. [PMID: 34577019 PMCID: PMC8471275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 2-substituted 5-R-3-nitropyridines and isomeric 3-R-5-nitropyridines with N-methyl azomethine ylide were studied. The effect of the substituent at positions 2 and 5 of the pyridine ring on the possibility of the [3+2]-cycloaddition process was revealed. A number of new derivatives of pyrroline and pyrrolidine condensed with a pyridine ring were synthesized.
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40
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Grigolo TA, Subhit AR, Smith JM. Regioselective Asymmetric Alkynylation of N-Alkyl Pyridiniums. Org Lett 2021; 23:6703-6708. [PMID: 34474575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disclosed in this Letter is a novel asymmetric addition of alkynyl nucleophiles to N-alkylpyridinium electrophiles. The coupling is effected under mild and simple reaction conditions, affording dihydropyridine products with complete regiochemical and stereochemical control. In addition to several manipulations of the dihydropyridine products, the utility of this transformation is demonstrated through a concise, dearomative, and asymmetric synthesis of (+)-lupinine, a natural acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Grigolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ariana R Subhit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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41
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Feng JY, Lee YP, Witek HA, Hsu PJ, Kuo JL, Ebata T. Structures of Pyridine-Water Clusters Studied with Infrared-Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7489-7501. [PMID: 34406765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The infrared (IR) spectra of the O-H stretching vibrations of pyridine-water clusters (Pyd)m(H2O)n, with m, n = 1-4, have been investigated with infrared-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy under a jet-cooled condition. The time-of-flight mass spectrum of (Pyd)m(H2O)n+ by VUV ionization at ∼9 eV showed an unusual intensity pattern with very weak ion signals for m = 1 and 2 and stronger signals for m ≥ 3. This unusual mass pattern was explained by a drastic structural change of (Pyd)m(H2O)n upon the VUV ionization, which was followed by the elimination of water molecules. Among the recorded IR spectra, only one spectrum monitored, (Pyd)2+ cation, showed a well-resolved structure. The spectrum was analyzed by comparing with the simulated ones of possible stable isomers of (Pyd)2(H2O)n, which were obtained with quantum-chemical calculations. Most of the calculated (Pyd)2(H2O)n clusters had the characteristic structure in which H2O or (H2O)2 forms a hydrogen-bonded bridge between two pyridines to form the π-stacked (Pyd)2, and an additional H2O molecule(s) extends the H-bonded network. The π-stacked (Pyd)2(H2O)n moiety is very stable and is thought to exist as a local structure in a pyridine/water mixed solution. The Fermi resonance between the O-H stretch fundamentals and the overtones of the O-H bending vibrations in (Pyd)m(H2O)n was found to be less pronounced in the case of (Pyd)m(NH3)n studied previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Henryk A Witek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
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42
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Guo Y, Castiñeira Reis M, Kootstra J, Harutyunyan SR. Enantioselective Catalytic Dearomative Addition of Grignard Reagents to 4-Methoxypyridinium Ions. ACS Catal 2021; 11:8476-8483. [PMID: 34306813 PMCID: PMC8291581 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe a general
catalytic methodology for the enantioselective
dearomative alkylation of pyridine derivatives with Grignard reagents,
allowing direct access to nearly enantiopure chiral dihydro-4-pyridones
with yields up to 98%. The methodology involves dearomatization of
in situ-formed N-acylpyridinium salts, employing
alkyl organomagnesium reagents as nucleophiles and a chiral copper
(I) complex as the catalyst. Computational and mechanistic studies
provide insights into the origin of the reactivity and enantioselectivity
of the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Guo
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Johanan Kootstra
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R. Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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43
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Jing C, Farndon JJ, Bower JF. Dearomatizing Amination Reactions. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2909-2926. [PMID: 34240537 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions allow the direct synthesis of structurally complex sp3 -rich molecules from readily available "flat" precursors. Established dearomatization processes commonly involve the formation of new C-C bonds, whereas methods that enable the introduction of C-N bonds have received less attention. Because of the privileged position of nitrogen in drug discovery, significant recent methodological efforts have been directed towards addressing this deficiency. Consequently, a variety of new processes are now available that allow the direct preparation of sp3 -rich amino-containing building blocks and scaffolds. This review gives an overview of C-N bond forming dearomatization reactions, particularly with respect to scaffold assembly processes. The discussion gives historical context, but the main focus is on selected methods that have been reported recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Joshua J Farndon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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44
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Mi J, Huo S, Meng L, Li X. Mechanism and regioselectivity of [Cu-Fe] heterobimetallic-catalyzed hydroboration of pyridines: DFT investigation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Heusler A, Fliege J, Wagener T, Glorius F. Substituted Dihydropyridine Synthesis by Dearomatization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13793-13797. [PMID: 33830616 PMCID: PMC8252501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dearomatization is an effective method to transform readily available N-heterocycles into partially saturated motifs. Manipulation of dihydro-derivatives holds great potential and provides access to a variety of semi-saturated N-heterocyclic building blocks. However, current strategies are limited in scope and the use of sensitive reagents restricts the applicability in synthetic laboratories. Herein, we report the synthesis of a broad variety of N-substituted 1,4- and 1,2-dihydropyridines by very mild and selective reduction with amine borane for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Heusler
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Julian Fliege
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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46
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Kim J, Yoo EJ. Catalytic Ring Expansion of Activated Heteroarenes Enabled by Regioselective Dearomatization. Org Lett 2021; 23:4256-4260. [PMID: 34029104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic ring expansion of activated heteroarenes through 1,4-dearomative addition of diazoacetates was established for the construction of various fused azepines by an elaborate control of the reaction kinetics at each step. The use of a silver catalyst was essential to drive the overall reaction for generating the desired seven-membered azepines. Because of the excellent substrate scope and selectivity, the developed methodology presents an innovative approach for the synthesis of multifused azepines, which are biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Yoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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47
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Feng JY, Lee YP, Witek HA, Ebata T. Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Induced Proton Migration and Formation of a New C-N Bond in Pyridine Clusters Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4936-4943. [PMID: 34009991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures and reactions of pyridine (Pyd) cluster cations in a supersonic molecular beam generated upon photoionization at 9.2-9.4 eV were investigated by infrared (IR) action spectroscopy. The mass spectrum showed prominent peaks of (Pyd)m+ and H+(Pyd)m, m = 1-5. In the pyridine/pyridine-d5 mixture, the mass pattern indicated that H+ and D+ migrated during the formation and dissociation of the cluster cations. The IR photodissociation spectra of both (Pyd)2+ and H+(Pyd)2 revealed a N-H stretching band near 3400 cm-1, indicating that their structures are 1-(2-pyridyl)pyridin-1-ium and pyridinium-pyridine, respectively. Observation of the former product implies that the reaction proceeds via an α-distonic cation intermediate, while the latter product is formed via proton migration. The IR spectra of (Pyd)m+ and H+(Pyd)m, m ≥ 3, suggested that these clusters consist of a covalently bound (Pyd)2+ or H+(Pyd)2 core, respectively, with additional pyridines attached to them via hydrogen bonds and/or weak dispersive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Sciences, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Henryk A Witek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Sciences, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Zhang Z, Han H, Wang L, Bu Z, Xie Y, Wang Q. Construction of bridged polycycles through dearomatization strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3960-3982. [PMID: 33978039 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bridged polycycles are privileged molecular skeletons with wide occurrence in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, they have been the pursing target molecules of numerous chemists. The rapid and convenient generation of sp3-rich complex three-dimensional molecular skeletons from simple and easily available aromatics has made dearomatization a highly valuable synthetic tool for the construction of rigid and challenging bridged rings. This review summarizes the-state-of-the-art advances of dearomatization strategies in the application of bridged ring formation, discusses their advantages and limitations and the in-depth mechanism, and highlights their synthetic value in the total synthesis of natural products. We wish this review will provide an important reference for medicinal and synthetic chemists and will inspire further development in this intriguing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Heusler A, Fliege J, Wagener T, Glorius F. Synthese substituierter Dihydropyridine durch Dearomatisierung von Pyridinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Heusler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Julian Fliege
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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50
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Photocatalyst-controlled and visible light-enabled selective oxidation of pyridinium salts. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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