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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Conesa MPB, Ganesh BP, Manwani B, Liu F. Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:831-843. [PMID: 37432594 PMCID: PMC10782817 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play a critical role in immune responses to cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF5 direct microglial polarization after stroke and impact outcomes. However, IRF4/5 are expressed by both microglia and monocytes, and it is not clear if it is the microglial (central) or monocytic (peripheral) IRF4-IRF5 regulatory axis that functions in stroke. In this work, young (8-12 weeks) male pep boy (PB), IRF4 or IRF5 flox, and IRF4 or IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were used to generate 8 types of bone marrow chimeras, to differentiate the role of central (PB-to-IRF CKO) vs. peripheral (IRF CKO-to-PB) phagocytic IRF4-IRF5 axis in stroke. Chimeras generated from PB and flox mice were used as controls. All chimeras were subjected to 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Three days after the stroke, outcomes and inflammatory responses were analyzed. We found that PB-to-IRF4 CKO chimeras had more robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses than IRF4 CKO-to-PB chimeras, while ameliorated microglial response was seen in PB-to-IRF5 CKO vs. IRF5 CKO-to-PB chimeras. PB-to-IRF4 or IRF5 CKO chimeras had worse or better stroke outcomes respectively than their controls, whereas IRF4 or 5 CKO-to-PB chimeras had similar outcomes compared to controls. We conclude that the central IRF4/5 signaling is responsible for microglial activation and mediates stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zhao T, Zhang X, Cui X, Su S, Li L, Chen Y, Wang N, Sun L, Zhao J, Zhang J, Han X, Cao J. Inhibiting the IRAK4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway can reduce pyroptosis in hippocampal neurons and seizure episodes in epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114794. [PMID: 38685307 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays an important role in immune modulation in various central nervous system disorders. However, IRAK4 has not been reported in epilepsy models in animal and clinical studies, nor has its involvement in regulating pyroptosis in epilepsy. METHOD First, we performed transcriptome sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis on the hippocampal tissues of refractory epilepsy patients to measure the mRNA and protein levels of IRAK4 and pyroptosis-related proteins. Second, we successfully established a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure mouse model. We conducted behavioral tests, electroencephalography, virus injection, and molecular biology experiments to investigate the role of IRAK4 in seizure activity regulation. RESULTS IRAK4 is upregulated in the hippocampus of epilepsy patients and PTZ-induced seizure model mice. IRAK4 expression is observed in the hilar neurons of PTZ-induced mice. Knocking down IRAK4 in PTZ-induced mice downregulated pyroptosis-related protein expression and alleviated seizure activity. Overexpressing IRAK4 in naive mice upregulated pyroptosis-related protein expression and increased PTZ-induced abnormal neuronal discharges. IRAK4 and NF-κB were found to bind to each other in patient hippocampal tissue samples. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reversed the pyroptosis-related protein expression increase caused by PTZ. PF-06650833 alleviated seizure activity and inhibited pyroptosis in PTZ-induced seizure mice. CONCLUSION IRAK4 plays a key role in the pathological process of epilepsy, and its potential mechanism may be related to pyroptosis mediated by the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. PF-06650833 has potential as a therapeutic agent for alleviating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Xiong Han
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
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Jiang F, Xu C, Fan X, Yang S, Fan W, Li M, Song J, Wei W, Chen H, Zhong D, Li G. MyD88 Inhibition Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Inflammatory Response and Reducing Blood-brain Barrier Damage. Neuroscience 2024; 549:121-137. [PMID: 38754722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a downstream molecule directly linked to Toll-like receptor (TLRs) and IL1 receptor, has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury across various organs. However, its role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains unclear. Five transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We screened these datasets for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the GSE35338 and GSE58720 datasets and performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using the GSE30655, GSE28731, and GSE32529 datasets to identify the core module related to tMCAO. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the intersecting DEGs and genes in the core module. Finally, we identified Myd88 was the core gene. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) validated that TNFα, IL17, and MyD88 signaling pathways were significantly enriched in tMCAO. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanistic role of MyD88 in the tMCAO model using male C57BL/6 mice. MyD88 expression increased significantly 24 h after reperfusion. After intraperitoneal administration of TJ-M2010-5, a MyD88-specific inhibitor, during reperfusion, the infarction volumes in the mice were ameliorated. TJ-M2010-5 inhibits the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, it attenuates the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL17, and MMP9 while preserving the expression level of ZO1 after tMCAO, thereby safeguarding against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Finally, our findings suggest that MyD88 regulates the IRAK4/IRF5 signaling pathway associated with microglial activation. MyD88 participates in CIRI by regulating the inflammatory response and BBB damage following tMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China.
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Wang LL, Wang H, Lin SJ, Xu XY, Hu WJ, Liu J, Zhang HY. ABBV-744 alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via regulation of BATF2-IRF4-STAT1/3/5 axis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01318-4. [PMID: 38862817 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Suppression of neuroinflammation using small molecule compounds targeting the key pathways in microglial inflammation has attracted great interest. Recently, increasing attention has been gained to the role of the second bromodomain (BD2) of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins, while its effect and molecular mechanism on microglial inflammation has not yet been explored. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of ABBV-744, a BD2 high selective BET inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and explored the key pathways by which ABBV-744 regulated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. We found that pretreatment of ABBV-744 concentration-dependently inhibited the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators/enzymes including NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in BV-2 microglial cells. These effects were validated in LPS-treated primary microglial cells. Furthermore, we observed that administration of ABBV-744 significantly alleviated LPS-induced activation of microglia and transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse hippocampus and cortex. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that ABBV-744 induced 508 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, and gene enrichment and gene expression network analysis verified its regulation on activated microglial genes and inflammatory pathways. We demonstrated that pretreatment of ABBV-744 significantly reduced the expression levels of basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 (BATF2) and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and suppressed JAK-STAT signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells and mice, suggesting that the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of ABBV-744 might be associated with regulation of BATF2-IRF4-STAT1/3/5 pathway, which was confirmed by gene knockdown experiments. This study demonstrates the effect of a BD2 high selective BET inhibitor, ABBV-744, against microglial inflammation, and reveals a BATF2-IRF4-STAT1/3/5 pathway in regulation of microglial inflammation, which might provide new clues for discovery of effective therapeutic strategy against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-le Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Si-Jin Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xing-Yu Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhou C, Li JX, Zheng CX, Zhou XQ, Chen C, Qiu SW, Liu WH, Li H. Neuroprotective effects of Jie-du-huo-xue decoction on microglia pyroptosis after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion--From the perspective of glial-vascular unit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116990. [PMID: 37536647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ischemic stroke poses a serious risk to public health and quality of life. Jie-Du-Huo-Xue decoction (JDHXD) is a classical and well-known Chinese formula for stroke treatment, but the pharmacological mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying microglial pyroptosis and polarization, as well as the potential efficacy of JDHXD against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Models of CIRI were established by the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) method in rats. In the first stage, 36 SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, JDHXD-L group (5.36 g/kg/day), JDHXD-M group (10.71 g/kg/day), JDHXD-H group (21.42 g/kg/day), and positive drug edaravone group. The effectiveness of JDHXD on CIRI was confirmed by neurological function testing and cerebral infarct measuring. The best dose (JDXHD-M) was subsequently chosen to perform the tests that followed. In the second stage, 36 SD rats were randomly divided into the sham group, the I/R group, and the JDHXD-M group. Detection of nerve damage using Nissl staining, proteins of pyroptosis, Iba-1, and NeuN expressions were detected by western blotting, and proteins of microglial pyroptosis and M1/M2 phenotypic polarization were detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS In rats after CIRI, JDHXD significantly reduced neurological impairment and cerebral infarction. In addition, JDHXD facilitated the M1-to-M2 transition of microglia in order to minimize neuroinflammation and improve anti-inflammatory repair. In addition, JDXHD inhibited microglial pyroptosis by blocking the cleavage of caspase-1 P10 and gasdermin D, hence reducing neuronal damage and enhancing neuronal survival following reperfusion. Interestingly, JDHXD also demonstrated a protective effect on the glial-vascular unit (GVU). CONCLUSIONS Our investigation demonstrated that JDHXD exerted a GVU-protective effect on CIRI rats by decreasing neuroinflammation-associated microglial pyroptosis, suppressing microglial M1 activation, and promoting microglial M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics of Hunan Provine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Jin-Xia Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Cai-Xing Zheng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhou
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Cong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Qiu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Wang-Hua Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics of Hunan Provine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Medicinal and Functional Food, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics of Hunan Provine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
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Gao X, Su G, Chai M, Shen M, Hu Z, Chen W, Gao J, Li R, Ma T, An Y, Zhang Z. Research progress on mechanisms of ischemic stroke: Regulatory pathways involving Microglia. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105656. [PMID: 38081419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, as the intrinsic immune cells in the brain, are activated following ischemic stroke. Activated microglia participate in the pathological processes after stroke through polarization, autophagy, phagocytosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and necrosis, thereby influencing the injury and repair following stroke. It has been established that polarized M1 and M2 microglia exhibit pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Autophagy and phagocytosis in microglia following ischemia are dynamic processes, where moderate levels promote cell survival, while excessive responses may exacerbate neurofunctional deficits following stroke. Additionally, pyroptosis and ferroptosis in microglia after ischemic stroke contribute to the release of harmful cytokines, further aggravating the damage to brain tissue due to ischemia. This article discusses the different functional states of microglia in ischemic stroke research, highlighting current research trends and gaps, and provides insights and guidance for further study of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Miao Chai
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Minghui Shen
- Medical Laboratories, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Tianfei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China.
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7
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Lu W, Chen Z, Wen J. The role of RhoA/ROCK pathway in the ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115141. [PMID: 37437375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that ischemic stroke is the prominent cause of death and disability. To date, neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke represents a complex event, which is an essential process and affects the prognosis of both experimental stroke animals and stroke patients. Intense neuroinflammation occurring during the acute phase of stroke contributes to neuronal injury, BBB breakdown, and worse neurological outcomes. Inhibition of neuroinflammation may be a promising target in the development of new therapeutic strategies. RhoA is a small GTPase protein that activates a downstream effector, ROCK. The up-regulation of RhoA/ROCK pathway possesses important roles in promoting the neuroinflammation and mediating brain injury. In addition, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is another vital regulator of ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation through regulating the functions of microglial cells and astrocytes. After stroke onset, the microglial cells and astrocytes are activated and undergo the morphological and functional changes, thereby deeply participate in a complicated neuroinflammation cascade. In this review, we focused on the relationship among RhoA/ROCK pathway, NF-κB and glial cells in the neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke to reveal new strategies for preventing the intense neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Kong E, Li Y, Ma P, Zhang Y, Ding R, Hua T, Yang M, Yuan H. Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia contributes to neuropathic pain through facilitating IRF5 nuclear translocation in spinal dorsal horn. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1664-1681. [PMID: 37132040 PMCID: PMC10273059 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia usually induces neuroinflammatory reactions in neuropathic pain. Glycometabolism shift to glycolysis can promote the pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia. The omics data analysis suggest a critical role for Lyn dysregulation in neuropathic pain. The present study aimed at exploring the mechanism of Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain model was established by chronic constriction injury (CCI), then pain thresholds and Lyn expression were measured. Lyn inhibitor Bafetinib and siRNA-lyn knockdown were administrated intrathecally to evaluate the effects of Lyn on pain thresholds, glycolysis and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) nuclear translocation of microglia in vivo and in vitro. ChIP was carried out to observe the binding of transcription factors SP1, PU.1 to glycolytic gene promoters by IRF5 knockdown. Finally, the relationship between glycolysis and pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia was evaluated. CCI led to the upregulation of Lyn expression and glycolysis enhancement in microglia of spinal dorsal horn. Bafetinib or siRNA-lyn knockdown intrathecally alleviated pain hyperalgesia, suppressed glycolysis enhancement and inhibited nuclear translocation of IRF5 in CCI mice. Also, IRF5 promoted the binding of transcription factors SP1, PU.1 to glycolytic gene promoters, and then the enhanced glycolysis facilitated the proliferation and pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia and contributed to neuropathic pain. Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia contributes to neuropathic pain through facilitating IRF5 nuclear translocation in spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruifeng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tong Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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9
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Thapa K, Shivam K, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging Targets for Modulation of Immune Response and Inflammation in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1663-1690. [PMID: 36763312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain and are responsible for tissue damage. The immune response and inflammation following stroke have no defined targets, and the intricacies of the immunological and inflammatory processes are only partially understood. Innate immune cells enter the brain and meninges during the acute phase, which can cause ischemia damage. Activation of systemic immunity is caused by danger signals sent into the bloodstream by injured brain cells, which is followed by a significant immunodepression that encourages life-threatening infections. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a major source of post-stroke morbidity, may be induced by an adaptive immune response that is initiated by antigen presentation during the chronic period and is directed against the brain. Thus, the current review discusses the role of immune response and inflammation in stroke pathogenesis, their role in the progression of injury during the stroke, and the emerging targets for the modulation of the mechanism of immune response and inflammation that may have possible therapeutic benefits against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.,School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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10
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Zhu B, Li H, Zhang L, Chandra SS, Zhao H. A Markov random field model-based approach for differentially expressed gene detection from single-cell RNA-seq data. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6581434. [PMID: 35514182 PMCID: PMC9487630 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies has offered insights into complex biological systems at the single-cell resolution. In particular, these techniques facilitate the identifications of genes showing cell-type-specific differential expressions (DE). In this paper, we introduce MARBLES, a novel statistical model for cross-condition DE gene detection from scRNA-seq data. MARBLES employs a Markov Random Field model to borrow information across similar cell types and utilizes cell-type-specific pseudobulk count to account for sample-level variability. Our simulation results showed that MARBLES is more powerful than existing methods to detect DE genes with an appropriate control of false positive rate. Applications of MARBLES to real data identified novel disease-related DE genes and biological pathways from both a single-cell lipopolysaccharide mouse dataset with 24 381 cells and 11 076 genes and a Parkinson's disease human data set with 76 212 cells and 15 891 genes. Overall, MARBLES is a powerful tool to identify cell-type-specific DE genes across conditions from scRNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Zhu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Corresponding author. Hongyu Zhao, 300 George Street, Ste 503, New Haven, CT 06511. E-mail:
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12
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Li M, Li H, Ran X, Yin H, Luo X, Chen Z. Effects of adenovirus-mediated knockdown of IRAK4 on synovitis in the osteoarthritis rabbit model. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:294. [PMID: 34863246 PMCID: PMC8643028 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor as a treatment for the inflammatory joint disease is a promising method. However, its underlying mechanism in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to look into the effects of adenovirus-mediated knockdown of IRAK4 on synovitis in the OA rabbit model. METHODS Ad-shIRAK4 was injected two weeks after anterior cruciate ligament resection. Six weeks later, the rabbits were killed. The expression of IRAK4, TNFR-associated factor 6(TRAF6), TGF-activated kinase 1(TAK1), p-IKB kinase (p-IKK), p-nuclear factor kappa-B (p-NFκB), p38, and p-p38 in the synovial membrane was detected by western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry analysis. Immunohistochemistry was to detect the expression of IRAK4 proteins in articular cartilage. H&E staining was to assess the pathological changes of synovium and cartilage. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and MMP-13 in the synovial fluid were measured by ELISA. X-ray and micro-computerized tomography (μCT) scans were used to assess knee joint conditions and microstructure of subchondral bone. RESULTS IRAK4 expression levels in synovial tissues of the OA model group exhibited a significant upward trend. Ad-shIRAK4 significantly reduced IRAK4 mRNA expression in synovium tissues. Notably, Ad-shIRAK4 suppressed the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor (TLR/IL-1R) signaling. In addition, in the Ad-shIRAK4 treatment group, we can see less inflammatory cell infiltration and reduced hyperplasia and angiogenesis. The levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-13 in the synovial fluid in the OA model group were significantly higher than that in the control group, which were reduced by Ad-shIRAK4 treatment. Finally, Results of HE stains, immunohistochemistry, and μCT showed that Ad-shIRAK4 treatment has a protective effect on cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS IRAK4 is significantly upregulated in the synovium from the osteoarthritis rabbit model. In addition, Ad-shIRAK4 reduced the expression of IRAK4 and suppressed TLR/IL-1R signaling in the synovium from the osteoarthritis rabbit model. Ad-shIRAK4 could alleviate synovitis and cartilage degradation in the osteoarthritis rabbit model, and thus alleviate the symptoms of OA and prevent the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzhe Li
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huiyun Li
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xun Ran
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Han Yin
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
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13
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Ngwa C, Qi S, Mamun AA, Xu Y, Sharmeen R, Liu F. Age and sex differences in primary microglia culture: A comparative study. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 364:109359. [PMID: 34537225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases.Neonatal microglial culture has been extensively used to in vitro study microglial activation; however, as many neuroinflammatory diseases occur in the elderly, the neonatal microglial culture may not fully replicate the aged microglial activity seen in these diseases. NEW METHOD Primary microglia from both 18-24-month-old and P0-P4 C57BL/6 mice were cultured simultaneously. Morphology and activation profiles of the two age groups of microglia were examined following ischemic stimulation, by ELISA, RT-PCR, live microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS We showed that aged microglia had larger cell bodies, more cytoplasmic inclusions, and enhanced phagocytosis than neonatal microglia. Cytokine production in these cells exhibited heterogeneity either after or before ischemic stimulation. The baseline expression of microglial marker CD11b was significantly higher in aged vs. neonatal cells; ischemic stimulation increased the expression in neonatal vs. aged microglia only in males but not in females. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous primary microglia cultures have been limited to using neonatal/adult cells. This method is complementary to exiting methods and works for aged microglia, and does not suffer from potential limitations due to filtering artifacts. The protocol renders microglial culture no need for meningeal/hippocampal removal prior to brain tissue dissociation, and compares microglia between males vs. females, and between the aged vs. neonates. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that neonatal microglial culture is not appropriate for those in vitro studies that mimic the neuroinflammatory central nervous system disorders occurring in the elderly, in which case the aged microglial culture should be applied, and sex differences should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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