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Baysal M, Karaduman AB, Korkut Çelikateş B, Atlı-Eklioğlu Ö, Ilgın S. Assessment of the toxicity of different antiretroviral drugs and their combinations on Sertoli and Leydig cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:1100-1108. [PMID: 38647040 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2336506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus continues to pose a significant global public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals. The current treatment strategy has incorporated the utilization of combinations of antiretroviral drugs. The administration of these drugs is associated with many deleterious consequences on several physiological systems, notably the reproductive system. This study aimed to assess the toxic effects of abacavir sulfate, ritonavir, nevirapine, and zidovudine, as well as their combinations, on TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cells. The cell viability was gauged using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed via the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) test, and DNA damage was determined using the comet assay. Results indicated cytotoxic effects at low drug concentrations, both individually and combined. The administration of drugs, individually and in combination, resulted in the production of ROS and caused damage to the DNA at the tested concentrations. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the administration of antiretroviral drugs can lead to testicular toxicity by promoting the generation of ROS and DNA damage. Furthermore, it should be noted that the toxicity of antiretroviral drug combinations was shown to be higher compared to that of individual drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Baysal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Büşra Korkut Çelikateş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı-Eklioğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ilgın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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2
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Veksler V, Leon-Rivera R, Fleysher L, Gonzalez J, Lopez JA, Rubin LH, Morgello S, Berman JW. CD14+CD16+ monocyte transmigration across the blood-brain barrier is associated with HIV-NCI despite viral suppression. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e179855. [PMID: 39253970 PMCID: PMC11385088 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.179855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) affects 15%-50% of people with HIV (PWH), despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV neuropathogenesis is mediated, in part, by transmigration of infected CD14+CD16+ monocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, CD14+CD16+ monocytes contribute to infection and activation of parenchymal cells, resulting in production of neurotoxic viral and host factors that cause neuronal damage. Mechanisms by which CD14+CD16+ monocytes contribute to HIV-NCI have not been characterized in a study population of PWH on ART without contribution from confounders that affect cognition (e.g., substance use, hepatitis C virus coinfection). We assessed cognitive function, PBMC transmigration across the BBB, and neuronal health markers in a well-defined cohort of 56 PWH on ART using stringent criteria to eliminate confounding factors. We demonstrated that PWH on ART with HIV-NCI have significantly increased transmigration of their CD14+CD16+ monocytes across the BBB compared with those with normal cognition. We showed that hypertension and diabetes may be effect modifiers on the association between CD14+CD16+ monocyte transmigration and cognition. This study underscored the persistent role of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in HIV-NCI, even in PWH with viral suppression, suggesting them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veksler
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rosiris Leon-Rivera
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jairo Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnny A. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leah H. Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Sun Y, Xu M, Duan Q, Bryant JL, Xu X. The role of autophagy in the progression of HIV infected cardiomyopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372573. [PMID: 39086659 PMCID: PMC11289186 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a diagnosis with imminent mortality to a chronic illness, HIV positive patients who do not develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) still suffer from a high rate of cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. Regardless of viral load and CD count, HIV-associated cardiomyopathy (HIVAC) still causes a high rate of mortality and morbidity amongst HIV patients. While this is a well characterized clinical phenomena, the molecular mechanism of HIVAC is not well understood. In this review, we consolidate, analyze, and discuss current research on the intersection between autophagy and HIVAC. Multiple studies have linked dysregulation in various regulators and functional components of autophagy to HIV infection regardless of mode of viral entry, i.e., coronary, cardiac chamber, or pericardial space. HIV proteins, including negative regulatory factor (Nef), glycoprotein 120 (gp120), and transactivator (Tat), have been shown to interact with type II microtubule-associated protein-1 β light chain (LC3-II), Rubiquitin, SQSTM1/p62, Rab7, autophagy-specific gene 7 (ATG7), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), all molecules critical to normal autophagy. HIV infection can also induce dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics by altering production and equilibrium of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium. These changes alter mitochondrial mass and morphology, which normally trigger autophagy to clear away dysfunctional organelles. However, with HIV infection also triggering autophagy dysfunction, these abnormal mitochondria accumulate and contribute to myocardial dysfunction. Likewise, use of HAART, azidothymidine and Abacavir, have been shown to induce cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis by inducing abnormal autophagy during antiretroviral therapy. Conversely, studies have shown that increasing autophagy can reduce the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and restore cardiomyocyte function. Interestingly, Rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has also been shown to reduce HIV-induced cytotoxicity by regulating autophagy-related proteins, making it a non-antiviral agent with the potential to treat HIVAC. In this review, we synthesize these findings to provide a better understanding of the role autophagy plays in HIVAC and discuss the potential pharmacologic targets unveiled by this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences and University Hospital, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qinchun Duan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences and University Hospital, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Joseph L. Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuehong Xu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences and University Hospital, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Li L, Krafft PR, Zeng N, Duan R, Qi X, Shao A, Xue F, Zhang JH. Microglia Autophagy Mediated by TMEM166 Promotes Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Stenosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1416-1431. [PMID: 37611898 PMCID: PMC11081158 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can be a serious complication of selective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS). The underlying risk factors and mechanisms of these postoperative strokes are not completely understood. Our previous study showed that TMEM166-induced neuronal autophagy is involved in the development of secondary brain injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. This current study aimed to investigate the role of TMEM166 in ischemic stroke following CEA. In the clinical part of this study, the quantitative analysis demonstrated circulating TMEM166, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly elevated in patients who suffered an ischemic stroke after CEA compared to those who did not. Furthermore, non-survivors exhibited higher levels of these proteins than survivors. In the preclinical part of this study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was implemented following CAS simulation in TMEM166-/- mice. We found TMEM166 expression was positively correlated with the degree of ischemic brain injury. Ad5-TMEM166 transfection aggravated ischemic brain injury by inducing microglial autophagy activation and release of inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, TMEM166 deficiency reduced brain inflammation and inhibited excessive microglial autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These findings suggest that TMEM166 may play a key role in the development of ischemic injury after CEA and may serve as a biomarker for risk assessment of postoperative ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Paul R. Krafft
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Na Zeng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xiang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fushan Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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6
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Ghahari N, Telittchenko R, Loucif H, Isnard S, Routy JP, Olagnier D, van Grevenynghe J. Harnessing Autophagy to Overcome Antigen-Specific T-Cell Dysfunction: Implication for People Living with HIV-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11018. [PMID: 37446195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other chronic viral infections, HIV-1 persistence inhibits the development of antigen-specific memory T-cells, resulting in the exhaustion of the immune response and chronic inflammation. Autophagy is a major lysosome-dependent mechanism of intracellular large-target degradation such as lipid and protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Although it is known that autophagy may target HIV-1 for elimination, knowledge of its function as a metabolic contributor in such viral infection is only in its infancy. Recent data show that elite controllers (EC), who are HIV-1-infected subjects with natural and long-term antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell protection against the virus, are characterized by distinct metabolic autophagy-dependent features in their T-cells compared to other people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Despite durable viral control with antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1-specific immune dysfunction does not normalize in non-controller PLWH. Therefore, the hypothesis of inducing autophagy to strengthen their Ag-specific T-cell immunity against HIV-1 starts to be an enticing concept. The aim of this review is to critically analyze promises and potential limitations of pharmacological and dietary interventions to activate autophagy in an attempt to rescue Ag-specific T-cell protection among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghahari
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada
| | - Roman Telittchenko
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada
| | - Hamza Loucif
- EVAH Corp., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest, Laval, QC H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Stephane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1M7, Canada
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Ndlovu SS, Chuturgoon AA, Ghazi T. Moringa oleifera Lam Leaf Extract Stimulates NRF2 and Attenuates ARV-Induced Toxicity in Human Liver Cells (HepG2). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1541. [PMID: 37050167 PMCID: PMC10097004 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that there are 37 million individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, with the majority in South Africa. This chronic disease is managed by the effective use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. However, with prolonged use, ARV drug-induced toxicity remains a clinically complex problem. This study investigated the toxicity of ARV drugs on mitochondria and the NRF2 antioxidant pathway and its possible amelioration using Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) leaf extracts. This medicinal plant has a range of functional bioactive compounds. Liver (HepG2) cells were treated with individual ARV drugs: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Emtricitabine (FTC), and Lamivudine (3TC) for 96 h, followed by MO leaf extracts for 24 h. Intracellular ROS, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, total and reduced glutathione (GSH), ATP, and mitochondrial polarisation were determined. Finally, protein (pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, CAT, and Sirt3) and mRNA (NRF2, CAT, NQO1 SOD2, Sirt3, and PGC1α) expression were measured using Western blot and qPCR, respectively. TDF, FTC, and 3TC significantly increased intracellular ROS and extracellular levels of both MDA and LDH. ARVs also reduced the GSH and ATP levels and altered the mitochondrial polarization. Further, ARVs reduced the expression of NRF2 SOD2, Sirt3, CAT, NQO1, UCP2 and PGC1α mRNA and consequently pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3 and CAT protein. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the extracellular MDA and LDH levels post-MO treatment. MO significantly reduced intracellular ROS while significantly increasing GSH, ATP, and mitochondrial membrane polarization. The addition of MO to ARV-treated cells significantly upregulated the expression of NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3, CAT, UCP2, PGC1α, and NQO1 mRNA and pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3 proteins. Thus, MO ameliorates ARV-induced hepatotoxicity by scavenging oxidants by inducing the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. MO shows great therapeutic potential and may be considered a potential supplement to ameliorate ARV drug toxicity.
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Mohan J, Ghazi T, Mazibuko MS, Chuturgoon AA. Antiretrovirals Promote Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Liver Cells through miRNA Regulation and Transcriptional Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076267. [PMID: 37047241 PMCID: PMC10094183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. Alarmingly, the prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. Insulin resistance is a common characteristic of MetS that leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The progression of insulin resistance is strongly linked to inflammasome activation. This study aimed to draw links between the combinational use of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Lamivudine (3TC), and Dolutegravir (DTG), and inflammasome activation and subsequent promotion of insulin resistance following a 120 h treatment period in HepG2 liver in vitro cell model. Furthermore, we assess microRNA (miR-128a) expression as a negative regulator of the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. The relative expression of phosphorylated IRS1 was determined by Western blot. Transcript levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, JNK, IRS1, AKT, PI3K, and miR-128a were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Caspase-1 activity was measured using luminometry. Following exposure to ARVs for 120 h, NLRP3 mRNA expression (p = 0.0500) and caspase-1 activity (p < 0.0001) significantly increased. This was followed by a significant elevation in IL-1β in mRNA expression (p = 0.0015). Additionally, JNK expression (p = 0.0093) was upregulated with coinciding increases in p-IRS1 protein expression (p < 0.0001) and decreased IRS1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0004). Consequently, decreased AKT (p = 0.0005) and PI3K expressions (p = 0.0007) were observed. Interestingly miR-128a expression was significantly upregulated. The results indicate that combinational use of ARVs upregulates inflammasome activation and promotes insulin resistance through dysregulation of the IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway.
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Ma H, Zhu F, Zhai H, Ma Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Xu Y. Prevalence of psychological distress among people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Care 2023; 35:153-164. [PMID: 35642250 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2022.2080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are known to be vulnerable to psychological distress (PD), little is known about the prevalence of PD among PLWHA. A systematic literature search of several databases was conducted from inception to August 2021 focusing on studies reporting on PD symptoms among PLWHA. The overall prevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Differences according to study-level characteristics were examined using stratified meta-analysis. We pooled and analyzed data from 15 studies comprising 5593 PLWHA. The prevalence rate of PD among PLWHA was 43.7% (95% Confidence Interval: 29.9-57.5%). Subgroup analyses by gender, country, CD4 count, employment status and ever attended school found no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of PD. Heterogeneity in the prevalence of PD among PLWHA was partially explained by the assessment tool. Further large-scale studies of high quality are warranted to identify risk factors of PD in PLWHA in their respective socio-cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Ma
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhai
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Liu
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjie Wang
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ma H, Bu M, Zhai H, Li B, Xiong L. New Insight into HIV-Related Psychological Distress: A Concept Analysis. Clin Nurs Res 2023; 32:60-72. [PMID: 35259946 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress is a frequently reported outcome measure in HIV research. However, because of its poor conceptualization, many studies only partially capture it because they focus solely on depression or anxiety based on symptoms. This study undertook a concept analysis of HIV-related psychological distress (HRPD) using Walker and Avant's method. The findings include HRPD's (a) attributes, including changes to emotional status, symptom burden, HIV disclosure distress and HIV-related stigma; (b) antecedents, including HIV-related stressors, cognitive appraisal of stressors and difficulty coping with the disease or treatment; and (c) consequences, including poor health outcomes and posttraumatic growth. Lazarus and Folkman's theory and the conservation of resources theory were adapted to further understand HRPD. This article provides insight into HRPD and increases the awareness of how to screen and assess HRPD at an early stage. The findings indicate the need to develop specific and rigorous measures and to provide appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Ma
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengru Bu
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhai
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Lavia P, Sciamanna I, Spadafora C. An Epigenetic LINE-1-Based Mechanism in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14610. [PMID: 36498938 PMCID: PMC9738484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last fifty years, large efforts have been deployed in basic research, clinical oncology, and clinical trials, yielding an enormous amount of information regarding the molecular mechanisms of cancer and the design of effective therapies. The knowledge that has accumulated underpins the complexity, multifactoriality, and heterogeneity of cancer, disclosing novel landscapes in cancer biology with a key role of genome plasticity. Here, we propose that cancer onset and progression are determined by a stress-responsive epigenetic mechanism, resulting from the convergence of upregulation of LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element 1), the largest family of human retrotransposons, genome damage, nuclear lamina fragmentation, chromatin remodeling, genome reprogramming, and autophagy activation. The upregulated expression of LINE-1 retrotransposons and their protein products plays a key role in these processes, yielding an increased plasticity of the nuclear architecture with the ensuing reprogramming of global gene expression, including the reactivation of embryonic transcription profiles. Cancer phenotypes would thus emerge as a consequence of the unscheduled reactivation of embryonic gene expression patterns in an inappropriate context, triggering de-differentiation and aberrant proliferation in differentiated cells. Depending on the intensity of the stressing stimuli and the level of LINE-1 response, diverse degrees of malignity would be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sciamanna
- Center for Animal Research and Welfare (BENA), ISS Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Spadafora
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Mohan J, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon AA. Spirulina platensis Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Associated with Antiretroviral Drugs in HepG2 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223143. [PMID: 36432871 PMCID: PMC9694780 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lately, Spirulina platensis (SP), as an antioxidant, has exhibited high potency in the treatment of oxidative stress, diabetes, immune disorder, inflammatory stress, and bacterial and viral-related diseases. This study investigated the possible protective role of Spirulina platensis against ARV-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Human liver (HepG2) cells were treated with ARVs ((Lamivudine (3TC): 1.51 µg/mL, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): 0.3 µg/mL and Emtricitabine (FTC): 1.8 µg/mL)) for 96 h and thereafter treated with 1.5 µg/mL Spirulina platensis for 24 h. After the treatments, the gene and protein expressions of the antioxidant response pathway were determined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blots. The results show that Spirulina platensis decreased the gene expressions of Akt (p < 0.0001) and eNOS (↓p < 0.0001) while, on the contrary, it increased the transcript levels of NRF-2 (↑p = 0.0021), Keap1 (↑p = 0.0002), CAT (↑p < 0.0001), and NQO-1 (↑p = 0.1432) in the HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the results show that Spirulina platensis also decreased the protein expressions of NRF-2 (↓p = 0.1226) and pNRF-2 (↓p = 0.0203). Interestingly, HAART-SP induced an NRF-2 pathway response through upregulating NRF-2 (except for FTC-SP) (↑p < 0.0001), CAT (↑p < 0.0001), and NQO-1 (except for FTC-SP) (↑p < 0.0001) mRNA expression. In addition, NRF-2 (↑p = 0.0085) and pNRF-2 (↑p < 0.0001) protein expression was upregulated in the HepG2 cells post-exposure to HAART-SP. The results, therefore, allude to the fact that Spirulina platensis has the potential to mitigate HAART-adverse drug reactions (HAART toxicity) through the activation of antioxidant response in HepG2 cells. We hereby recommend further studies on Spirulina platensis and HAART synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabani Sibiya
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
- Medical Programme, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University Missionvale, Port Elizabeth 6059, South Africa
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Barbaro JM, Jaureguiberry-Bravo M, Sidoli S, Berman JW. Morphine disrupts macrophage functions even during HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1317-1328. [PMID: 36205434 PMCID: PMC9677813 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0522-273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1912] [Revised: 12/12/1912] [Accepted: 12/12/1912] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) is a debilitating comorbidity that reduces quality of life in 15-40% of people with HIV (PWH) taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Opioid use has been shown to increase neurocognitive deficits in PWH. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) harbor HIV in the CNS even in PWH on ART. We hypothesized that morphine (MOR), a metabolite of heroin, further dysregulates functional processes in MDMs to increase neuropathogenesis. We found that, in uninfected and HIV-infected primary human MDMs, MOR activates these cells by increasing phagocytosis and up-regulating reactive oxygen species. Effects of MOR on phagocytosis were dependent on μ-opioid receptor activity and were mediated, in part, by inhibited lysosomal degradation of phagocytized substrates. All results persisted when cells were treated with both MOR and a commonly prescribed ART cocktail, suggesting minimal impact of ART during opioid exposure. We then performed mass spectrometry in HIV-infected MDMs treated with or without MOR to determine proteomic changes that suggest additional mechanisms by which opioids affect macrophage homeostasis. Using downstream pathway analyses, we found that MOR dysregulates ER quality control and extracellular matrix invasion. Our data indicate that MOR enhances inflammatory functions and impacts additional cellular processes in HIV-infected MDMs to potentially increases neuropathogenesis in PWH using opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Barbaro
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Matias Jaureguiberry-Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Barbaro JM, Sidoli S, Cuervo AM, Berman JW. Methamphetamine Dysregulates Macrophage Functions and Autophagy to Mediate HIV Neuropathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1257. [PMID: 35740279 PMCID: PMC9220012 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) can be a debilitating condition for people with HIV (PWH), despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Substance use disorder is often a comorbidity with HIV infection. The use of methamphetamine (meth) increases systemic inflammation and CNS damage in PWH. Meth may also increase neuropathogenesis through the functional dysregulation of cells that harbor HIV. Perivascular macrophages are long-lived reservoirs for HIV in the CNS. The impaired clearance of extracellular debris and increased release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by HIV-infected macrophages cause neurotoxicity. Macroautophagy is a vital intracellular pathway that can regulate, in part, these deleterious processes. We found in HIV-infected primary human macrophages that meth inhibits phagocytosis of aggregated amyloid-β, increases total ROS, and dysregulates autophagic processes. Treatment with widely prescribed ART drugs had minimal effects, although there may be an improvement in phagocytosis when co-administered with meth. Pharmacologically inhibited lysosomal degradation, but not induction of autophagy, further increased ROS in response to meth. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the differentially expressed proteins in meth-treated, HIV-infected macrophages that participate in phagocytosis, mitochondrial function, redox metabolism, and autophagy. Significantly altered proteins may be novel targets for interventional strategies that restore functional homeostasis in HIV-infected macrophages to improve neurocognition in people with HIV-NCI using meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Barbaro
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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Chawla K, Subramanian G, Rahman T, Fan S, Chakravarty S, Gujja S, Demchak H, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Autophagy in Virus Infection: A Race between Host Immune Response and Viral Antagonism. IMMUNO 2022; 2:153-169. [PMID: 35252965 PMCID: PMC8893043 DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway operated at the basal level to maintain homeostasis and is induced by external stimuli for specific functions. The degradative function of autophagy is considered a cellular anti-viral immune response. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword in viral infection; viruses often benefit from it, and the infected cells can also use it to inhibit viral replication. In addition to viral regulation, autophagy pathway proteins also function in autophagy-independent manners to regulate immune responses. Since viruses have co-evolved with hosts, they have developed ways to evade the anti-viral autophagic responses of the cells. Some of these mechanisms are also covered in our review. Lastly, we conclude with the thought that autophagy can be targeted for therapeutic interventions against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tia Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shreyas Gujja
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hayley Demchak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Barbaro JM, Cuervo AM, Berman JW. HIV Increases the Inhibitory Impact of Morphine and Antiretrovirals on Autophagy in Primary Human Macrophages: Contributions to Neuropathogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:2183. [PMID: 34571832 PMCID: PMC8470112 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV enters the CNS early after peripheral infection, establishing reservoirs in perivascular macrophages that contribute to development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in 15-40% of people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Opioid use may contribute to dysregulated macrophage functions resulting in more severe neurocognitive symptoms in PWH taking opioids. Macroautophagy helps maintain quality control in long-lived cell types, such as macrophages, and has been shown to regulate, in part, some macrophage functions in the CNS that contribute to HAND. Using Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence in primary human macrophages, we demonstrated that morphine and a commonly prescribed ART regimen induce bulk autophagy. Morphine and ART also inhibited completion of autophagy. HIV infection increased these inhibitory effects. We also examined two types of selective autophagy that degrade aggregated proteins (aggrephagy) and dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy). Morphine and ART inhibited selective autophagy mediated by p62 regardless of HIV infection, and morphine inhibited mitophagic flux in HIV-infected cells demonstrating potential mitotoxicity. These results indicate that inhibition of autophagy, both in bulk and selective, in CNS macrophages may mediate neurocognitive dysfunction in PWH using opioids. Increasing autophagic activity in the context of HIV may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing HAND in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Barbaro
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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