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Goto Y, Maki N, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. The phagocytosis oxidase/Bem1p domain-containing protein PB1CP negatively regulates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD in plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1763-1779. [PMID: 37823353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors activates RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RBOHD) through direct phosphorylation by BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RBOHD activity must be tightly controlled to avoid the detrimental effects of ROS, but little is known about RBOHD downregulation. To understand the regulation of RBOHD, we used co-immunoprecipitation of RBOHD with mass spectrometry analysis and identified PHAGOCYTOSIS OXIDASE/BEM1P (PB1) DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN (PB1CP). PB1CP negatively regulates RBOHD and the resistance against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. PB1CP competes with BIK1 for binding to RBOHD in vitro. Furthermore, PAMP treatment enhances the PB1CP-RBOHD interaction, thereby leading to the dissociation of phosphorylated BIK1 from RBOHD in vivo. PB1CP localizes at the cell periphery and PAMP treatment induces relocalization of PB1CP and RBOHD to the same small endomembrane compartments. Additionally, overexpression of PB1CP in Arabidopsis leads to a reduction in the abundance of RBOHD protein, suggesting the possible involvement of PB1CP in RBOHD endocytosis. We found PB1CP, a novel negative regulator of RBOHD, and revealed its possible regulatory mechanisms involving the removal of phosphorylated BIK1 from RBOHD and the promotion of RBOHD endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Noriko Maki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
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2
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Sharma S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Selective autophagy: the fulcrum of plant-virus interaction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:4-6. [PMID: 37839927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy receptors play both proviral and antiviral roles during plant-virus interaction. However, little is known about the balance between such contradictory dual roles of these receptors. Tong et al. have deciphered the temporal regulation of antiviral and antiplant roles of a selective autophagy receptor, a virus-induced small peptide 1 (VISP1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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3
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Torres-López L, Dobrovinskaya O. Dissecting the Role of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Cancer Metabolism and Plasticity. Cells 2023; 12:2486. [PMID: 37887330 PMCID: PMC10605719 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of autophagy as an anticancer strategy has been widely studied and evaluated in several cell models. However, little attention has been paid to the metabolic changes that occur in a cancer cell when autophagy is inhibited or induced. In this review, we describe how the expression and regulation of various autophagy-related (ATGs) genes and proteins are associated with cancer progression and cancer plasticity. We present a comprehensive review of how deregulation of ATGs affects cancer cell metabolism, where inhibition of autophagy is mainly reflected in the enhancement of the Warburg effect. The importance of metabolic changes, which largely depend on the cancer type and form part of a cancer cell's escape strategy after autophagy modulation, is emphasized. Consequently, pharmacological strategies based on a dual inhibition of metabolic and autophagy pathways emerged and are reviewed critically here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Torres-López
- Laboratory of Immunology and Ionic Transport Regulation, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Villas de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico;
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4
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Wang X, Cao L, Jiang H, Zhou L, Hu Z, Xu G. Proximity Proteomics and Biochemical Analysis Reveal a Noncanonical Function for UFM1-Specific Protease 1 in the p62 Body Formation. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37285312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregates play crucial roles in the development of neurodegenerative diseases and p62 is one of the key proteins regulating the formation of protein aggregates. Recently, it has been discovered that depletion of several key enzymes including UFM1-activating enzyme UBA5, UFM1-conjugating enzyme UFC1, UFM1-protein ligase UFL1, and UFM1-specific protease UfSP2 in the UFM1-conjugation system induces p62 accumulation to form p62 bodies in the cytosol. However, it is unknown whether UfSP1 participates in the formation of p62 bodies and whether its enzymatic activity is required for this process. Here, the proximity labeling technique and quantitative proteomics identify SQSTM1/p62 as a UfSP1-interacting protein. Coimmunoprecipitation reveals that p62 indeed interacts with UfSP1 and the immunofluorescence experiment discloses that UfSP1 colocalizes with p62 and promotes the formation of p62-mediated protein aggregates. Mechanistic studies unveil that UfSP1 binds to the ubiquitin-associated domain of p62 and promotes the interaction between p62 and ubiquitinated proteins, thereby increasing the formation of p62 bodies. Interestingly, we further demonstrate that both the catalytic active and inactive UfSP1 promote the formation of p62 bodies through the same mechanism. Taken together, this work discovers that UfSP1 exhibits a noncanonical function independent of its protease activity in the p62 body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lindong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Honglv Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhanhong Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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5
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Li H, Lismont C, Costa CF, Hussein MAF, Baes M, Fransen M. Enhanced Levels of Peroxisome-Derived H2O2 Do Not Induce Pexophagy but Impair Autophagic Flux in HEK-293 and HeLa Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030613. [PMID: 36978861 PMCID: PMC10045779 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are functionally specialized organelles that harbor multiple hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing and -degrading enzymes. Given that this oxidant functions as a major redox signaling agent, peroxisomes have the intrinsic ability to mediate and modulate H2O2-driven processes, including autophagy. However, it remains unclear whether changes in peroxisomal H2O2 (po-H2O2) emission impact the autophagic process and to which extent peroxisomes with a disturbed H2O2 metabolism are selectively eliminated through a process called “pexophagy”. To address these issues, we generated and validated HEK-293 and HeLa pexophagy reporter cell lines in which the production of po-H2O2 can be modulated. We demonstrate that (i) po-H2O2 can oxidatively modify multiple selective autophagy receptors and core autophagy proteins, (ii) neither modest nor robust levels of po-H2O2 emission act as a prime determinant of pexophagy, and (iii) high levels of po-H2O2 impair autophagic flux by oxidative inhibition of enzymes involved in LC3II formation. Unexpectedly, our analyses also revealed that the autophagy receptor optineurin can be recruited to peroxisomes, thereby triggering pexophagy. In summary, these findings lend support to the idea that, during cellular and organismal aging, peroxisomes with enhanced H2O2 release can escape pexophagy and downregulate autophagic activity, thereby perpetuating the accumulation of damaged and toxic cellular debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cláudio F. Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A. F. Hussein
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asyut 71515, Egypt
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-330114
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6
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Zhang TM, Liao L, Yang SY, Huang MY, Zhang YL, Deng L, Hu SY, Yang F, Zhang FL, Shao ZM, Li DQ. TOLLIP-mediated autophagic degradation pathway links the VCP-TMEM63A-DERL1 signaling axis to triple-negative breast cancer progression. Autophagy 2023; 19:805-821. [PMID: 35920704 PMCID: PMC9980475 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most challenging breast cancer subtype to treat due to the lack of effective targeted therapies. Transmembrane (TMEM) proteins represent attractive drug targets for cancer therapy, but biological functions of most members of the TMEM family remain unknown. Here, we report for the first time that TMEM63A (transmembrane protein 63A), a poorly characterized TMEM protein with unknown functions in human cancer, functions as a novel oncogene to promote TNBC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TMEM63A localizes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosome membranes, and interacts with VCP (valosin-containing protein) and its cofactor DERL1 (derlin 1). Furthermore, TMEM63A undergoes autophagy receptor TOLLIP-mediated autophagic degradation and is stabilized by VCP through blocking its lysosomal degradation. Strikingly, TMEM63A in turn stabilizes oncoprotein DERL1 through preventing TOLLIP-mediated autophagic degradation. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of VCP by CB-5083 or knockdown of DERL1 partially abolishes the oncogenic effects of TMEM63A on TNBC progression both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these findings uncover a previously unknown functional and mechanistic role for TMEM63A in TNBC progression and provide a new clue for targeting TMEM63A-driven TNBC tumors by using a VCP inhibitor.Abbreviations: ATG16L1, autophagy related 16 like 1; ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATP5F1B/ATP5B, ATP synthase F1 subunit beta; Baf-A1, bafilomycin A1; CALCOCO2/NDP52, calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX, calnexin; DERL1, derlin 1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation; HSPA8, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; IP, immunoprecipitation; LAMP2A, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; NBR1, NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN, optineurin; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1, Tax1 binding protein 1; TMEM63A, transmembrane protein 63A; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; TOLLIP, toll interacting protein; VCP, valosin containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Mei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
| | - Shao-Ying Yang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China
| | - Min-Ying Huang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China
| | - Yin-Ling Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
| | - Ling Deng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
| | - Zhi-Min Shao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Yangpu, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Yangpu, China
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7
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Xu Q, Li H, Lu K. Cleavage of the selective autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 by the SARS-CoV-2 main protease NSP5 prevents the autophagic degradation of viral membrane proteins. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:17. [PMID: 35654983 PMCID: PMC9162485 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Omicron, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, has the characteristics of strong transmission and pathogenicity, short incubation period, and rapid onset progression, and has spread rapidly around the world. The high replication rate and intracellular accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 are remarkable, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy acts as a conservative cellular defence mechanism against invading pathogens. Here, we provide evidence that the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, NSP5, effectively cleaves the selective autophagy receptor p62. NSP5 targets p62 for cleavage at glutamic acid 354 and thus abolishes the capacity of p62 to mediate selective autophagy. It was further shown that p62 specifically interacted with ubiquitinated SARS-CoV-2 M, the viral membrane protein, to promote its autophagic degradation. In the presence of NSP5, p62-mediated autophagic degradation of the M protein was inhibited. The cleaved products of p62 also cannot facilitate the degradation of the M protein. Collectively, our findings reveal that p62 is a novel host target of SARS-CoV-2 NSP5 and suggest that selective autophagy targets viruses and potential strategies by which the virus evades autophagic clearance. Our results may provide new ideas for the development of anti-COVID-19 drugs based on autophagy and NSP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qingjia Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Selective autophagy: adding precision in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:189-206. [PMID: 35635102 PMCID: PMC9400066 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is antagonized by pathogenic effectors during interactions with bacteria, viruses or oomycetes. These effectors target core plant processes to promote infection. One such core plant process is autophagy, a conserved proteolytic pathway involved in ensuring cellular homeostasis. It involves the formation of autophagosomes around proteins destined for autophagic degradation. Many cellular components from organelles, aggregates, inactive or misfolded proteins have been found to be degraded via autophagy. Increasing evidence points to a high degree of specificity during the targeting of these components, strengthening the idea of selective autophagy. Selective autophagy receptors bridge the gap between target proteins and the forming autophagosome. To achieve this, the receptors are able to recognize specifically their target proteins in a ubiquitin-dependent or -independent manner, and to bind to ATG8 via canonical or non-canonical ATG8-interacting motifs. Some receptors have also been shown to require oligomerization to achieve their function in autophagic degradation. We summarize the recent advances in the role of selective autophagy in plant immunity and highlight NBR1 as a key player. However, not many selective autophagy receptors, especially those functioning in immunity, have been characterized in plants. We propose an in silico approach to identify novel receptors, by screening the Arabidopsis proteome for proteins containing features theoretically needed for a selective autophagy receptor. To corroborate these data, the transcript levels of these proteins during immune response are also investigated using public databases. We further highlight the novel perspectives and applications introduced by immunity-related selective autophagy studies, demonstrating its importance in research.
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