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Luan J, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J. The Role of LC3-Associated Phagocytosis Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38953845 PMCID: PMC11221612 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in the immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods The formation of single-membrane phagosomes was visualized in the corneas of healthy or A. fumigatus-infected humans and C57BL/6 mice using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rubicon siRNA (si-Rubicon) was used to block Rubicon expression. RAW 264.7 cells or mice corneas were infected with A. fumigatus with or without pretreatment of si-Rubicon and scrambled siRNA. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with Dectin-1 antibody or Dectin-1 overexpressed plasmid and then stimulated with A. fumigatus. Flow cytometry was used to label macrophages in normal and infected corneas of mice. In mice with A. fumigatus keratitis, the severity of the disease was assessed using clinical scores. We used lentiviral technology to transfer GV348-Ubi-GFP-LC3-II-SV40-Puro Lentivirus into the mouse cornea. The GFP-LC3 fusion protein was visualized in corneal slices using a fluorescence microscope. We detected the mRNA and protein expressions of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA. We detected the expression of LAP-related proteins Rubicon, ATG-7, Beclin-1, and LC3-II using Western blot or immunofluorescence. Results Accumulation of single-membrane phagosomes within macrophages was observed in the corneas of patients and mice with A. fumigatus keratitis using TEM. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis results show that the number of macrophages in the cornea of mice significantly increases after infection with A. fumigatus. LAP-related proteins were significantly elevated in the corneas of mice and RAW 264.7 cells after infection with A. fumigatus. The si-Rubicon treatment elevated the clinical score of mice. In A. fumigatus keratitis mice, the si-Rubicon treated group showed significantly higher expression of IL-6 and IL-1β and lower expression of IL-10 and LC3-II compared to the control group. In RAW 264.7 cells, treatment with the Dectin-1 overexpressed plasmid upregulated the expression of LAP-related proteins, a process that was significantly inhibited by the Dectin-1 antibody. Conclusions LAP participates in the anti-inflammatory immune process of fungal keratitis (FK) and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. LAP is regulated through the Dectin-1 signaling pathway in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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Gong H, Lyu X, Liu Y, Peng N, Tan S, Dong L, Zhang X. Eupatilin inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by activating Sestrin2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR dependent autophagy pathway. Life Sci 2023; 334:122218. [PMID: 37918625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive chronic inflammatory disease with poor clinical outcomes and ineffective drug treatment options. Eupatilin is a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine Artemisia asiatica Nakai. Notably, it was demonstrated to have an anti-fibrosis effect in endometrial fibrosis, vocal fold, and hepatic fibrosis. Its role and mechanism in IPF remain unclear. METHODS This study used the TGF-β1-induced human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) activation, IPF lung fibroblasts, and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mice model. Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real time-PCR, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the effects of eupatilin on fibroblast activation, pulmonary fibrosis, and autophagy. The autophagosomes were observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). RNA sequencing was used to determine the signaling pathway and key regulator related to autophagy. RESULTS Eupatilin significantly decreased the expression of Col1A1, fibronectin, α-SMA, and SQSTM1/p62. In contrast, it increased the expression of LC3B II/I and the number of autophagosomes in TGF-β1 treated MRC-5, IPF lung fibroblasts, and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mice model; it also alleviated bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. The KEGG pathway mapping displayed that PI3K/Akt and Sestrin2 were associated with the enhanced fibrogenic process. Eupatilin suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and Akt activator SC-79 abrogated the anti-fibrotic effect of eupatilin. Sestrin2 expression was also downregulated in TGF-β1 treated lung fibroblasts and lung tissues of the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice model. Furthermore, eupatilin promoted Sestrin2 expression, and the knockdown of Sestrin2 significantly aggravated the degree of fibrosis, increased the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and decreased autophagy. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that eupatilin ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis through Sestrin2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Human Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xing Lyu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Naling Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shengyu Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Human Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lini Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Human Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Human Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Papin L, Lehmann M, Lagisquet J, Maarifi G, Robert-Hebmann V, Mariller C, Guerardel Y, Espert L, Haucke V, Blanchet FP. The Autophagy Nucleation Factor ATG9 Forms Nanoclusters with the HIV-1 Receptor DC-SIGN and Regulates Early Antiviral Autophagy in Human Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109008. [PMID: 37240354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical cellular mediators of host immunity, notably by expressing a broad panel of pattern recognition receptors. One of those receptors, the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN, was previously reported as a regulator of endo/lysosomal targeting through functional connections with the autophagy pathway. Here, we confirmed that DC-SIGN internalization intersects with LC3+ autophagy structures in primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC). DC-SIGN engagement promoted autophagy flux which coincided with the recruitment of ATG-related factors. As such, the autophagy initiation factor ATG9 was found to be associated with DC-SIGN very early upon receptor engagement and required for an optimal DC-SIGN-mediated autophagy flux. The autophagy flux activation upon DC-SIGN engagement was recapitulated using engineered DC-SIGN-expressing epithelial cells in which ATG9 association with the receptor was also confirmed. Finally, Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy performed in primary human MoDC revealed DC-SIGN-dependent submembrane nanoclusters formed with ATG9, which was required to degrade incoming viruses and further limit DC-mediated transmission of HIV-1 infection to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our study unveils a physical association between the Pattern Recognition Receptor DC-SIGN and essential components of the autophagy pathway contributing to early endocytic events and the host's antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Papin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Justine Lagisquet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Mariller
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Li H, Liang X, Sun W, Zhuang B, Cao Y, Zhang J, Shen J, Wang Y, Yu L. Immunological evaluation of a recombinant vaccine delivered with an analogous hyaluronic acid chitosan nanoparticle-hydrogel against Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106092. [PMID: 37003502 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is not only a threat to the public health but it also poses adverse impacts on the livestock industry. This study aimed to develop a recombinant vaccine composed of T. gondii microneme protein 6 (TgMIC6) and T. gondii rhoptry protein 18 (TgROP18).The vaccine was delivered with a novel vector, named analogous hyaluronic acid chitosan nanoparticle-hydrogel (AHACNP-HG) and its immune protection was evaluated. METHODS The recombinant MIC6 and ROP18 proteins were obtained by affinity chromatography and loaded onto AHACNP-HG by magnetic stirring. The characterizations of AHACNP-HG were investigated, including its structure, rheological property, nanoparticle size and zeta potential, its ability to release protein in vitro and toxicology in vivo. The immunological and anti-infection effects of AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 were examined in the mice model. RESULTS AHACNP-HG presented a characteristic of composite system and possessed biosecurity with excellent protein control-release property. AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 vaccine enhanced a mixed Th1/Th2 cellular immune response accompanied by an increased level of the cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-10. It also provoked a stronger humoral immune response. Additionally, after challenge with T. gondii tachyzoite, AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 inoculation prolonged the survival time of mice. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that mixed rMIC6 and rROP18 induced strong immune response and played a certain protective role in controlling T. gondii infection, and the novel adjuvant AHACNP-HG improved modestly some immunogenicity properties in mouse model, which indicated that it can be used as a novel delivery system in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taihe People's Hospital, Fuyang, 236600, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wenze Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Baocan Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Overview of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Processes in Toxoplasma gondii Infected Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020253. [PMID: 36839525 PMCID: PMC9966443 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite. During the parasitic invasion, T. gondii creates a parasitophorous vacuole, which enables the modulation of cell functions, allowing its replication and host infection. It has effective strategies to escape the immune response and reach privileged immune sites and remain inactive in a controlled environment in tissue cysts. This current review presents the factors that affect host cells and the parasite, as well as changes in the immune system during host cell infection. The secretory organelles of T. gondii (dense granules, micronemes, and rhoptries) are responsible for these processes. They are involved with proteins secreted by micronemes and rhoptries (MIC, AMA, and RONs) that mediate the recognition and entry into host cells. Effector proteins (ROP and GRA) that modify the STAT signal or GTPases in immune cells determine their toxicity. Interference byhost autonomous cells during parasitic infection, gene expression, and production of microbicidal molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), result in the regulation of cell death. The high level of complexity in host cell mechanisms prevents cell death in its various pathways. Many of these abilities play an important role in escaping host immune responses, particularly by manipulating the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Here we present recent works that define the mechanisms by which T. gondii interacts with these processes in infected host cells.
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Wang D, Gu X, Ma X, Chen J, Zhang Q, Yu Z, Li J, Hu M, Tan X, Tang Y, Xu J, Xu M, Song Q, Song H, Jiang G, Tang Z, Gao X, Chen H. Nanopolyphenol rejuvenates microglial surveillance of multiple misfolded proteins through metabolic reprogramming. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:834-851. [PMID: 36873190 PMCID: PMC9978858 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial surveillance plays an essential role in clearing misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta, tau, and α-synuclein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to the complex structure and ambiguous pathogenic species of the misfolded proteins, a universal approach to remove the misfolded proteins remains unavailable. Here, we found that a polyphenol, α-mangostin, reprogrammed metabolism in the disease-associated microglia through shifting glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, which holistically rejuvenated microglial surveillance capacity to enhance microglial phagocytosis and autophagy-mediated degradation of multiple misfolded proteins. Nanoformulation of α-mangostin efficiently delivered α-mangostin to microglia, relieved the reactive status and rejuvenated the misfolded-proteins clearance capacity of microglia, which thus impressively relieved the neuropathological changes in both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease model mice. These findings provide direct evidences for the concept of rejuvenating microglial surveillance of multiple misfolded proteins through metabolic reprogramming, and demonstrate nanoformulated α-mangostin as a potential and universal therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaofang Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huahua Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zaiming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Kibler C, Cross E, Abraham S, Bellar A, Nagy LE, Scheraga RG, Vachharajani V. SIRT2-PFKP interaction dysregulates phagocytosis in macrophages with acute ethanol-exposure. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079962. [PMID: 36865524 PMCID: PMC9972587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse, reported by 1/8th critically ill patients, is an independent risk factor for death in sepsis. Sepsis kills over 270,000 patients/year in the US. We reported that the ethanol-exposure suppresses innate-immune response, pathogen clearance, and decreases survival in sepsis-mice via sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). SIRT2 is an NAD+-dependent histone-deacetylase with anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that in ethanol-exposed macrophages, SIRT2 suppresses phagocytosis and pathogen clearance by regulating glycolysis. Immune cells use glycolysis to fuel increased metabolic and energy demand of phagocytosis. Using ethanol-exposed mouse bone marrow- and human blood monocyte-derived macrophages, we found that SIRT2 mutes glycolysis via deacetylating key glycolysis regulating enzyme phosphofructokinase-platelet isoform (PFKP), at mouse lysine 394 (mK394, human: hK395). Acetylation of PFKP at mK394 (hK395) is crucial for PFKP function as a glycolysis regulating enzyme. The PFKP also facilitates phosphorylation and activation of autophagy related protein 4B (Atg4B). Atg4B activates microtubule associated protein 1 light chain-3B (LC3). LC3 is a driver of a subset of phagocytosis, the LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which is crucial for segregation and enhanced clearance of pathogens, in sepsis. We found that in ethanol-exposed cells, the SIRT2-PFKP interaction leads to decreased Atg4B-phosphorylation, decreased LC3 activation, repressed phagocytosis and LAP. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 reverse PFKP-deacetylation, suppressed LC3-activation and phagocytosis including LAP, in ethanol-exposed macrophages to improve bacterial clearance and survival in ethanol with sepsis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Gandhirajan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christopher Kibler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emily Cross
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Susamma Abraham
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Annett Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Greenberg Scheraga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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9
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Gund R, Christiano AM. Impaired autophagy promotes hair loss in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata. Autophagy 2023; 19:296-305. [PMID: 35652954 PMCID: PMC9809940 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2074104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) involves an aberrant immune attack on the hair follicle (HF), which leads to hair loss. Previous genetic data from our lab pointed to a connection between macroautophagy/autophagy and AA pathogenesis, and GWAS identified STX17, CLEC16A and BCL2L11/BIM as risk factors for AA. Additionally, AA patients have copy number deletions in region spanning the ATG4B gene. To test whether autophagy might contribute to disease pathogenesis in AA, we investigated autophagic activity in C3H/HeJ mouse model. We found that autophagy protein SQSTM1 accumulated in HF of AA mice, while in immune cells from AA skin-draining lymph nodes SQSTM1 was not altered, suggesting that autophagic activity is inhibited in the HF of AA mice. Induction of autophagy with Tat-BECN1 peptide attenuated AA, while treatment with the autophagy blocker chloroquine promoted disease, compared to untreated AA mice. Together, our findings suggest the involvement of impaired autophagy in disease pathogenesis of AA.Abbreviations: AA: alopecia areata; CQ: chloroquine; GWAS: genome-wide association studies; HF: hair follicle; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; SDLN: skin-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gund
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New YorkUSA
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New YorkUSA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Thakur M, Muniyappa K. Macrophage activation highlight an important role for NER proteins in the survival, latency and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 138:102284. [PMID: 36459831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the most extensively studied DNA repair processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The NER pathway is a highly conserved, ATP-dependent multi-step process involving several proteins/enzymes that function in a concerted manner to recognize and excise a wide spectrum of helix-distorting DNA lesions and bulky adducts by nuclease cleavage on either side of the damaged bases. As such, the NER pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential for its survival within the hostile environment of macrophages and disease progression. This review focuses on present published knowledge about the crucial roles of Mtb NER proteins in the survival and multiplication of the pathogen within the macrophages and as potential targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - K Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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11
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Gömeç M, Sayin K, Özkaraca M, Özden H. Synthesis, in silico and investigation of anti-breast cancer activity of new diphenyl urea derivatives: Experimental and computational study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Zhao N, Li Y, Wang C, Xue Y, Peng L, Wang T, Zhao Y, Xu G, Yu S. DJ-1 activates the Atg5-Atg12-Atg16L1 complex via Sirt1 to influence microglial polarization and alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory injury. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Liu X, Zhang W, Xu Y, Xu X, Jiang Q, Ruan J, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Saw PE, Luo B. Targeting PI3Kγ/AKT Pathway Remodels LC3-Associated Phagocytosis Induced Immunosuppression After Radiofrequency Ablation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102182. [PMID: 35037422 PMCID: PMC8895133 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Residual tumors after insufficient radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) shows accelerated progression and anti-PD-1 resistance. It is also reported that macrophages infiltrating into residual tumors leads to anti-PD-1 resistance. Elements of autophagy have been detected to conjugate LC3 to be increasingly expressed in residual tumors. The underlying mechanisms between LC3 and macrophages are aimed to be investigated, and explore further ways to enhance immunotherapy in treating residual tumors. In mice models and patients, macrophages demonstrate increased infiltration into residual tumors, especially surrounding the ablated zone. Single-cell transcriptome demonstrates enhancement of immunosuppression function in macrophages after IRFA. It is shown that macrophages engulf heat-treated cells through LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), enhance IL-4 mediated macrophage programming through the PI3Kγ/AKT pathway, and suppress T cell proliferation. Blockade of the PI3Kγ/AKT pathway enhances the antitumor activity of PD-1 blockades, inhibits malignant growth, and enhances survival in post-IRFA models. In conclusion, in mice models and patients, macrophages demonstrate increased infiltration around ablated zones in residual tumors. Blockade of the PI3Kγ/AKT pathway suppresses the growth of residual tumors in subcutaneous and orthotopic models. The results illustrate the translational potential of PI3Kγ inhibitors to enhance anti-PD-1 therapy for the treatment of residual tumors after IRFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Liu
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yanni Xu
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Qiongchao Jiang
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Jingliang Ruan
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yingshi Zhou
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Baoming Luo
- Department of UltrasoundSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
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14
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Grijmans BJM, van der Kooij SB, Varela M, Meijer AH. LAPped in Proof: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and the Arms Race Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809121. [PMID: 35047422 PMCID: PMC8762105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system continuously patrol the extracellular environment for potential microbial threats that are to be neutralized by phagocytosis and delivery to lysosomes. In addition, phagocytes employ autophagy as an innate immune mechanism against pathogens that succeed to escape the phagolysosomal pathway and invade the cytosol. In recent years, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has emerged as an intermediate between phagocytosis and autophagy. During LAP, phagocytes target extracellular microbes while using parts of the autophagic machinery to label the cargo-containing phagosomes for lysosomal degradation. LAP contributes greatly to host immunity against a multitude of bacterial pathogens. In the pursuit of survival, bacteria have developed elaborate strategies to disarm or circumvent the LAP process. In this review, we will outline the nature of the LAP mechanism and discuss recent insights into its interplay with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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Leleu I, Genete D, Desnoulez SS, Saidi N, Brodin P, Lafont F, Tomavo S, Pied S. A noncanonical autophagy is involved in the transfer of Plasmodium-microvesicles to astrocytes. Autophagy 2021; 18:1583-1598. [PMID: 34747313 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1993704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a neuroinflammatory disease induced by P. falciparum infection. In animal models, the neuro-pathophysiology of cerebral malaria results from the sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in microvessels that promotes the activation of glial cells in the brain. This activation provokes an exacerbated inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to brain infiltration by pathogenic CD8+ T lymphocytes. Astrocytes are a major subtype of brain glial cells that play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system, the integrity of the brain-blood barrier and in mounting local innate immune responses. We have previously shown that parasitic microvesicles (PbA-MVs) are transferred from iRBCs to astrocytes. The present study shows that an unconventional LC3-mediated autophagy pathway independent of ULK1 is involved in the transfer and degradation of PbA-MVs inside the astrocytes. We further demonstrate that inhibition of the autophagy process by treatment with 3-methyladenine blocks the transfer of PbA-MVs, which remain localized in the astrocytic cell membrane and are not internalized. Moreover, bafilomycin A1, another drug against autophagy promotes the accumulation of PbA-MVs inside the astrocytes by inhibiting the fusion with lysosomes, and prevents ECM in mice infected with PbA. Finally, we establish that RUBCN/rubicon or ATG5 silencing impede astrocyte production in CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines induced by PbA stimulation. Altogether, our data suggest that a non-canonical autophagy-lysosomal pathway may play a key role in cerebral malaria through regulation of brain neuro-inflammation by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Leleu
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Genete
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nasreddine Saidi
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Cnrs, Inserm, Chu Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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16
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The Role of Autophagy in Anti-Cancer and Health Promoting Effects of Cordycepin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164954. [PMID: 34443541 PMCID: PMC8400201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin is an adenosine derivative isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, which has been used as an herbal complementary and alternative medicine with various biological activities. The general anti-cancer mechanisms of cordycepin are regulated by the adenosine A3 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Notably, cordycepin also induces autophagy to trigger cell death, inhibits tumor metastasis, and modulates the immune system. Since the dysregulation of autophagy is associated with cancers and neuron, immune, and kidney diseases, cordycepin is considered an alternative treatment because of the involvement of cordycepin in autophagic signaling. However, the profound mechanism of autophagy induction by cordycepin has never been reviewed in detail. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed the anti-cancer and health-promoting effects of cordycepin in the neurons, kidneys, and the immune system through diverse mechanisms, including autophagy induction. We also suggest that formulation changes for cordycepin could enhance its bioactivity and bioavailability and lower its toxicity for future applications. A comprehensive understanding of the autophagy mechanism would provide novel mechanistic insight into the anti-cancer and health-promoting effects of cordycepin.
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17
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Sun XL, Zhang JB, Guo YX, Xia TS, Xu LC, Rahmand K, Wang GP, Li XJ, Han T, Wang NN, Xin HL. Xanthohumol ameliorates memory impairment and reduces the deposition of β-amyloid in APP/PS1 mice via regulating the mTOR/LC3II and Bax/Bcl-2 signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1230-1239. [PMID: 33909081 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Xanthohumol (XAN) is a unique component of Humulus lupulus L. and is known for its diverse biological activities. In this study, we investigated whether Xanthohumol could ameliorate memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice, and explored its potential mechanism of action. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were used for in vivo test and were treated with N-acetylcysteine and Xanthohumol for 2 months. Learning and memory levels were evaluated by the Morris water maze. Inflammatory and oxidative markers in serum and hippocampus and the deposition of Aβ in the hippocampus were determined. Moreover, the expression of autophagy and apoptosis proteins was also evaluated by western blot. KEY FINDINGS Xanthohumol significantly reduced the latency and increased the residence time of mice in the target quadrant. Additionally, Xanthohumol increased superoxide dismutase level and reduced Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-1β levels both in serum and hippocampus. Xanthohumol also significantly reduced Aβ deposition in the hippocampus and activated autophagy and anti-apoptotic signals. CONCLUSIONS Xanthohumol effectively ameliorates memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice by activating mTOR/LC3 and Bax/Bcl-2 signalling pathways, which provides new insight into the neuroprotective effects of Xanthohumol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Sun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina.,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, JinanChina
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Yun-Xiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Tian-Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Ling-Chuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, JinanChina
| | - Khalid Rahmand
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Na-Ni Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, ShanghaiChina
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18
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Bischoff ME, Zang Y, Chu J, Price AD, Ehmer B, Talbot NJ, Newbold MJ, Paul A, Guan JL, Plas DR, Meller J, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF. Selective MAP1LC3C (LC3C) autophagy requires noncanonical regulators and the C-terminal peptide. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212107. [PMID: 33988680 PMCID: PMC8129795 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
LC3s are canonical proteins necessary for the formation of autophagosomes. We have previously established that two paralogs, LC3B and LC3C, have opposite activities in renal cancer, with LC3B playing an oncogenic role and LC3C a tumor-suppressing role. LC3C is an evolutionary late gene present only in higher primates and humans. Its most distinct feature is a C-terminal 20-amino acid peptide cleaved in the process of glycine 126 lipidation. Here, we investigated mechanisms of LC3C-selective autophagy. LC3C autophagy requires noncanonical upstream regulatory complexes that include ULK3, UVRAG, RUBCN, PIK3C2A, and a member of ESCRT, TSG101. We established that postdivision midbody rings (PDMBs) implicated in cancer stem-cell regulation are direct targets of LC3C autophagy. LC3C C-terminal peptide is necessary and sufficient to mediate LC3C-dependent selective degradation of PDMBs. This work establishes a new noncanonical human-specific selective autophagic program relevant to cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Bischoff
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yuanwei Zang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Johnson Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam D Price
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Birgit Ehmer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael J Newbold
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anurag Paul
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David R Plas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jarek Meller
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, OH
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19
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Prajsnar TK, Serba JJ, Dekker BM, Gibson JF, Masud S, Fleming A, Johnston SA, Renshaw SA, Meijer AH. The autophagic response to Staphylococcus aureus provides an intracellular niche in neutrophils. Autophagy 2021; 17:888-902. [PMID: 32174246 PMCID: PMC8078660 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing multiple pathologies, from cutaneous lesions to life-threatening sepsis. Although neutrophils contribute to immunity against S. aureus, multiple lines of evidence suggest that these phagocytes can provide an intracellular niche for staphylococcal dissemination. However, the mechanism of neutrophil subversion by intracellular S. aureus remains unknown. Targeting of intracellular pathogens by macroautophagy/autophagy is recognized as an important component of host innate immunity, but whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental to S. aureus-infected hosts remains controversial. Here, using larval zebrafish, we showed that the autophagy marker Lc3 rapidly decorates S. aureus following engulfment by macrophages and neutrophils. Upon phagocytosis by neutrophils, Lc3-positive, non-acidified spacious phagosomes are formed. This response is dependent on phagocyte NADPH oxidase as both cyba/p22phox knockdown and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) treatment inhibited Lc3 decoration of phagosomes. Importantly, NADPH oxidase inhibition diverted neutrophil S. aureus processing into tight acidified vesicles, which resulted in increased host resistance to the infection. Some intracellular bacteria within neutrophils were also tagged by Sqstm1/p62-GFP fusion protein and loss of Sqstm1 impaired host defense. Together, we have shown that intracellular handling of S. aureus by neutrophils is best explained by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which appears to provide an intracellular niche for bacterial pathogenesis, while the selective autophagy receptor Sqstm1 is host-protective. The antagonistic roles of LAP and Sqstm1-mediated pathways in S. aureus-infected neutrophils may explain the conflicting reports relating to anti-staphylococcal autophagy and provide new insights for therapeutic strategies against antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococci.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CFU: colony-forming units; CMV: cytomegalovirus; Cyba/P22phox: cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpf: hours post-fertilization; hpi: hours post-infection; Irf8: interferon regulatory factor 8; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; lyz: lysozyme; LWT: london wild type; Map1lc3/Lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Sqstm1/p62: sequestosome 1; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna J. Serba
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bernice M. Dekker
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josie F. Gibson
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Krebs Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Su Y, Ren H, Tang M, Zheng Y, Zhang B, Wang C, Hou X, Niu Z, Wang Z, Gao X, Gao L, Jiang H, Chen Z, Luo T, Sun Q. Role and dynamics of vacuolar pH during cell-in-cell mediated death. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:119. [PMID: 33483474 PMCID: PMC7822940 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonautonomous cell death by entosis was mediated by the so-called cell-in-cell structures, which were believed to kill the internalized cells by a mechanism dependent on acidified lysosomes. However, the precise values and roles of pH critical for the death of the internalized cells remained undetermined yet. We creatively employed keima, a fluorescent protein that displays different excitation spectra in responding to pH changes, to monitor the pH dynamics of the entotic vacuoles during cell-in-cell mediated death. We found that different cells varied in their basal intracellular pH, and the pH was relatively stable for entotic vacuoles containing live cells, but sharply dropped to a narrow range along with the inner cell death. In contrast, the lipidation of entotic vacuoles by LC3 displayed previously underappreciated complex patterns associated with entotic and apoptotic death, respectively. The pH decline seemed to play distinct roles in the two types of inner cell deaths, where apoptosis is preceded with moderate pH decline while a profound pH decline is likely to be determinate for entotic death. Whereas the cancer cells seemed to be lesser tolerant to acidified environments than noncancerous cells, manipulating vacuolar pH could effectively control inner cell fates and switch the ways whereby inner cell die. Together, this study demonstrated for the first time the pH dynamics of entotic vacuoles that dictate the fates of internalized cells, providing a rationale for tuning cellular pH as a potential way to treat cell-in-cell associated diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - He Ren
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolie Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2020RU009, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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Macrophage LC3-associated phagocytosis is an immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae that diminishes with host aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33561-33569. [PMID: 33376222 PMCID: PMC7776987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015368117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and invasive disease, particularly, in the elderly. S. pneumoniae lung infection of aged mice is associated with high bacterial burdens and detrimental inflammatory responses. Macrophages can clear microorganisms and modulate inflammation through two distinct lysosomal trafficking pathways that involve 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-marked organelles, canonical autophagy, and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). The S. pneumoniae pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY) triggers an autophagic response in nonphagocytic cells, but the role of LAP in macrophage defense against S. pneumoniae or in age-related susceptibility to infection is unexplored. We found that infection of murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by PLY-producing S. pneumoniae triggered Atg5- and Atg7-dependent recruitment of LC3 to S. pneumoniae-containing vesicles. The association of LC3 with S. pneumoniae-containing phagosomes required components specific for LAP, such as Rubicon and the NADPH oxidase, but not factors, such as Ulk1, FIP200, or Atg14, required specifically for canonical autophagy. In addition, S. pneumoniae was sequestered within single-membrane compartments indicative of LAP. Importantly, compared to BMDMs from young (2-mo-old) mice, BMDMs from aged (20- to 22-mo-old) mice infected with S. pneumoniae were not only deficient in LAP and bacterial killing, but also produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of LAP enhanced S. pneumoniae survival and cytokine responses in BMDMs from young but not aged mice. Thus, LAP is an important innate immune defense employed by BMDMs to control S. pneumoniae infection and concomitant inflammation, one that diminishes with age and may contribute to age-related susceptibility to this important pathogen.
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22
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Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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23
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Autophagy and Redox Homeostasis in Parkinson's: A Crucial Balancing Act. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8865611. [PMID: 33224433 PMCID: PMC7671810 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8865611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated primarily from endogenous biochemical reactions in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and peroxisomes. Typically, ROS/RNS correlate with oxidative damage and cell death; however, free radicals are also crucial for normal cellular functions, including supporting neuronal homeostasis. ROS/RNS levels influence and are influenced by antioxidant systems, including the catabolic autophagy pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process by which invasive, damaged, or redundant cytoplasmic components, including microorganisms and defunct organelles, are removed to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is particularly important in neurons that are required to cope with prolonged and sustained operational stress. Consequently, autophagy is a primary line of protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's is caused by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs), resulting in progressive disruption of the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to motor, behavioural, and cognitive impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, with associated increases in oxidative stress, and declining proteostasis control, are key contributors during mDAN demise in Parkinson's. In this review, we analyse the crosstalk between autophagy and redoxtasis, including the molecular mechanisms involved and the detrimental effect of an imbalance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's.
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24
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Vishnupriya S, Priya Dharshini LC, Sakthivel KM, Rasmi RR. Autophagy markers as mediators of lung injury-implication for therapeutic intervention. Life Sci 2020; 260:118308. [PMID: 32828942 PMCID: PMC7442051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung injury is characterized by inflammatory processes demonstrated as loss of function of the pulmonary capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells. Autophagy is an intracellular digestion system that work as an inducible adaptive response to lung injury which is a resultant of exposure to various stress agents like hypoxia, ischemia-reperfusion and xenobiotics which may be manifested as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic lung injury (CLI), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), cystic fibrosis (CF) and radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Numerous regulators like LC3B-II, Beclin 1, p62, HIF1/BNIP3 and mTOR play pivotal role in autophagy induction during lung injury possibly for progression/inhibition of the disease state. The present review focuses on the critical autophagic mediators and their potential cross talk with the lung injury pathophysiology thereby bringing to limelight the possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vishnupriya
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan Radha Rasmi
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Habieb ME, Mohamed MA, El Gamal DM, Hawas AM, Mohamed TM. Anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate against hepatic cellular senescence induced by D-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagic flux stimulation in male rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104288. [PMID: 33147533 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to shed new light on anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) against hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. The rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1, control, group 2, exposed to γ-ray (5 GY), group 3, injected by d-galactose (150 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 6 weeks, which regarded to induce the aging, group 4, injected intraperitoneal by β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) (72.8 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 14 days, group 5, exposed to γ-ray then treated with βOHB daily for consecutive 14 days, group 6, injected daily with d-galactose for consecutive 6 weeks, then treated with βOHB daily at the last two weeks of d-galactose. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), Insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated in serum. Moreover, protein expression of Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II/LC3-I) ratio, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), pAMPK, mRNA gene expression of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Nucleoporin p62 (p62), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1(P21CIP1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) and DNA fragmentation percentage were measured in liver tissue as a biomarker of cellular senescence. The results confirmed that βOHB modulated serum level of AST, ALT, insulin, IL-6 and TNF-α, protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, pAMPK and p62 in liver aging model induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. Histopathological examination results of liver tissue indicated coincidence with those recorded by molecular biochemical inspection. Taken together, these findings suggest that βOHB may be useful in combating hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagy dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M A Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D M El Gamal
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - A M Hawas
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
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26
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Møller-Olsen C, Ross T, Leppard KN, Foisor V, Smith C, Grammatopoulos DK, Sagona AP. Bacteriophage K1F targets Escherichia coli K1 in cerebral endothelial cells and influences the barrier function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8903. [PMID: 32483257 PMCID: PMC7264188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial neonatal meningitis results in high mortality and morbidity rates for those affected. Although improvements in diagnosis and treatment have led to a decline in mortality rates, morbidity rates have remained relatively unchanged. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in this clinical setting further underlines the need for developing other technologies, such as phage therapy. We exploited an in vitro phage therapy model for studying bacterial neonatal meningitis based on Escherichia coli (E. coli) EV36, bacteriophage (phage) K1F and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs). We show that phage K1F is phagocytosed and degraded by constitutive- and PAMP-dependent LC3-assisted phagocytosis and does not induce expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-8 or IFNβ. Additionally, we observed that phage K1F temporarily decreases the barrier resistance of hCMEC cultures, a property that influences the barrier permeability, which could facilitate the transition of immune cells across the endothelial vessel in vivo. Collectively, we demonstrate that phage K1F can infect intracellular E. coli EV36 within hCMECs without themselves eliciting an inflammatory or defensive response. This study illustrates the potential of phage therapy targeting infections such as bacterial neonatal meningitis and is an important step for the continued development of phage therapy targeting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections generally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Ross
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Keith N Leppard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Veronica Foisor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Corinne Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Dept of Pathology, UHCW NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, CV2 2DX, Coventry, UK
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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27
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Zhang Q, Wang X, Cao S, Sun Y, He X, Jiang B, Yu Y, Duan J, Qiu F, Kang N. Berberine represses human gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytostatic autophagy via inhibition of MAPK/mTOR/p70S6K and Akt signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110245. [PMID: 32454290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid from Coptidis Rhizoma, has been characterized as a potential anticancer drug due to its good anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in anti-gastric cancer remain poorly understood. Herein, the role of berberine in gastric cancer suppression by inducing cytostatic autophagy in vitro and in vivo was first investigated. Results showed that berberine induced an obvious growth inhibitory effect on gastric cancer BGC-823 cells without toxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment with berberine triggered cell autophagy, as demonstrated by the punctuate distribution of monodansylcadaverine staining and GFP-LC3, as well as the LC3-II, Beclin-1 and p-ULK1 promotion, and p62 degradation. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA, CQ, Baf-A1 and BECN1 siRNA obviously increased cell viability of berberine-exposed gastric cancer cells, which confirmed the anti-cancer role of autophagy induced by berberine. Mechanistic studies showed that berberine inhibited mTOR, Akt and MAPK (ERK, JNK and p38) pathways thereby inducing autophagy. Inhibition of above pathways increases berberine induced autophagy and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, mTOR/p70S6K was inhibited by the MAPK but not Akt. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy reversed berberine down-regulated mTOR, Akt and MAPK. In xenografts, the berberine induced autophagy leads to suppression of tumor proliferation with no side-effect, and western blotting displayed an apparent attenuation of p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, p-Akt, p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 in tumors from berberine treated mice. Briefly, these results indicated that berberine repressed human gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytostatic autophagy via inhibition of MAPK/mTOR/p70S6K and Akt, and provided a molecular basis for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shijie Cao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinya He
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Benke Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingshi Duan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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28
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Karow M, Fischer S, Meßling S, Konertz R, Riehl J, Xiong Q, Rijal R, Wagle P, S. Clemen C, Eichinger L. Functional Characterisation of the Autophagy ATG12~5/16 Complex in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051179. [PMID: 32397394 PMCID: PMC7290328 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a highly conserved and complex intracellular degradative pathway, involves more than 20 core autophagy (ATG) proteins, among them the hexameric ATG12~5/16 complex, which is part of the essential ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in autophagy. Dictyostelium discoideumatg5 single, atg5/12 double, and atg5/12/16 triple gene knock-out mutant strains displayed similar defects in the conjugation of ATG8 to phosphatidylethanolamine, development, and cell viability upon nitrogen starvation. This implies that ATG5, 12 and 16 act as a functional unit in canonical autophagy. Macropinocytosis of TRITC dextran and phagocytosis of yeast were significantly decreased in ATG5¯ and ATG5¯/12¯ and even further in ATG5¯/12¯/16¯ cells. In contrast, plaque growth on Klebsiella aerogenes was about twice as fast for ATG5¯ and ATG5¯/12¯/16¯ cells in comparison to AX2, but strongly decreased for ATG5¯/12¯ cells. Along this line, phagocytic uptake of Escherichia coli was significantly reduced in ATG5¯/12¯ cells, while no difference in uptake, but a strong increase in membrane association of E. coli, was seen for ATG5¯ and ATG5¯/12¯/16¯ cells. Proteasomal activity was also disturbed in a complex fashion, consistent with an inhibitory activity of ATG16 in the absence of ATG5 and/or ATG12. Our results confirm the essential function of the ATG12~5/16 complex in canonical autophagy, and furthermore are consistent with autophagy-independent functions of the complex and its individual components. They also strongly support the placement of autophagy upstream of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), as a fully functional UPS depends on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Karow
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Susanne Meßling
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Roman Konertz
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jana Riehl
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Ramesh Rijal
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA;
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Christoph S. Clemen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (M.K.); (S.F.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-6928; Fax: +49-221-478-97524
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29
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Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32373110 PMCID: PMC7176874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a stigmatized disease even now. Since clinical manifestations of leprosy patients present as an immune-related spectrum, leprosy is regarded as an ideal model for studying the interaction between host immune response and infection; in fact, the landscape of leprosy immune responses has been extensively investigated. Meanwhile, leprosy is to some extent a genetic disease because the genetic factors of hosts have long been considered major contributors to this disease. Many immune-related genes have been discovered to be associated with leprosy. However, immunological and genetic findings have rarely been studied and discussed together, and as a result, the effects of gene variants on leprosy immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of leprosy pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized advances in both the immunology and genetics of leprosy and discussed the perspective of the combination of immunological and genetic approaches in studying the molecular mechanism of leprosy pathogenesis. In our opinion, the integrating of immunological and genetic approaches in the future may be promising to elucidate the molecular mechanism of leprosy onset and how leprosy develops into different types of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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30
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Zhang C, Feng X, He L, Zhang Y, Shao L. The interrupted effect of autophagic flux and lysosomal function induced by graphene oxide in p62-dependent apoptosis of F98 cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:52. [PMID: 32188458 PMCID: PMC7081710 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in various fields, especially in biomedical applications. Extensive studies have suggested that GO can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce abnormal autophagy and cytotoxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the effect and specific mechanism of GO on astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain still has not been extensively investigated. RESULTS In this study, we systematically explored the toxicity and mechanism of GO exposure in the rat astroglioma-derived F98 cell line using molecular biological techniques (immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and Western blot) at the subcellular level and the signaling pathway level. Cells exposed to GO exhibited decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. GO-induced autophagy was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence staining. Western blots showed that LC3II/I and p62 were upregulated and PI3K/Akt/mTOR was downregulated. Detection of lysosomal acidity and cathepsin B activity assay indicated the impairment of lysosomal function. Annexin V-FITC-PI detection showed the occurrence of apoptosis after GO exposure. The decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with an accompanying upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 further suggested that endogenous signaling pathways were involved in GO-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION The exposure of F98 cells to GO can elicit concentration- and time-dependent toxicological effects. Additionally, increased autophagic response can be triggered after GO treatment and that the blocking of autophagy flux plays a vital role in GO cytotoxicity, which was determined to be related to dysfunction of lysosomal degradation. Importantly, the abnormal accumulation of autophagic substrate p62 protein can induce capase-3-mediated apoptosis. Inhibition of abnormal accumulation of autophagic cargo could alleviate the occurrence of GO-induced apoptosis in F98 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Longwen He
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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31
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Bellisai C, Sciamanna I, Rovella P, Giovannini D, Baranzini M, Pugliese GM, Zeya Ansari MS, Milite C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Cirilli R, Sbardella G, Pichierri P, Trisciuoglio D, Lavia P, Serafino A, Spadafora C. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors promote the remodelling of nuclear architecture and induce autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 478:133-145. [PMID: 32112906 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that the reverse transcriptase (RT) protein encoded by LINE-1 transposable elements is a promising cancer target. Nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, e.g. efavirenz (EFV) and SPV122.2, reduce proliferation and promote differentiation of cancer cells, concomitant with a global reprogramming of the transcription profile. Both inhibitors have therapeutic anticancer efficacy in animal models. Here we have sought to clarify the mechanisms of RT inhibitors in cancer cells. We report that exposure of PC3 metastatic prostate carcinoma cells to both RT inhibitors results in decreased proliferation, and concomitantly induces genome damage. This is associated with rearrangements of the nuclear architecture, particularly at peripheral chromatin, disruption of the nuclear lamina, and budding of micronuclei. These changes are reversible upon discontinuation of the RT-inhibitory treatment, with reconsititution of the lamina and resumption of the cancer cell original features. The use of pharmacological autophagy inhibitors proves that autophagy is largely responsible for the antiproliferative effect of RT inhibitors. These alterations are not induced in non-cancer cell lines exposed to RT inhibitors. These data provide novel insight in the molecular pathways targeted by RT inhibitors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bellisai
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Rovella
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Giovannini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Baranzini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusj Monia Pugliese
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammad Salik Zeya Ansari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Spadafora
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang F, Chen C, Hu J, Su R, Zhang J, Han Z, Chen H, Li Y. Molecular mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-induced autophagy in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6221-6227. [PMID: 31788098 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative pathogen that colonizes gastric epithelial cells. The drug resistance rates of H. pylori have dramatically increased, causing persistent infections. Chronic infection by H. pylori is a critical cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers and even gastric cancer. In host cells, autophagy is stimulated to maintain cellular homeostasis following intracellular pathogen recognition by the innate immune defense system. However, H. pylori-induced autophagy is not consistent during acute and chronic infection. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the association between H. pylori infection and autophagy in gastric epithelial cells could aid the understanding of the mechanisms of persistent infection and the identification of autophagy-associated therapeutic targets for H. pylori infection. The present review describes the role of H. pylori and associated virulence factors in the induction of autophagy by different signaling pathways during acute infection. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy in gastric epithelial cells during chronic infection was discussed. The present review summarized H. pylori-mediated autophagy and provided insights into its mechanism of action, suggesting the induction of autophagy as a novel therapeutic target for persistent H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jike Hu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Ruiliang Su
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Junqiang Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Han
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Wang Z, Cao Y, Liu J, Li P, Li H, Liu M. Yizhiqingxin Formula Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Enhances Autophagy via mTOR Signaling Pathway Modulation in Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1041. [PMID: 31607908 PMCID: PMC6758600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia worldwide. The deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) is one of the most important pathological changes in AD. Autophagy, which mediates degradation of toxic proteins and maintains normal neuronal function, is dysfunctional in AD; dysfunctional autophagy is believed to be a critical pathological feature of AD. Here, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of a traditional Chinese medicinal formula called Yizhiqingxin formula (YQF) on autophagy. We determined that treatment with a high dose of YQF improved spatial memory and decreased the hippocampal Aβ burden in APP/PS1 mice, an early onset AD model. Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical data revealed that YQF enhanced autophagosome formation and also increased the levels of LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1. Further, we found that YQF treatment promoted autophagic activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at the Ser2448 site. Moreover, the level of 4EBP1 increased after YQF intervention, indicating a suppression of mTOR signaling. YQF was also found to promote autophagosome degradation, as indicated by the decreased p62 levels and increased cathepsin D and V-ATPase levels. Taken together, YQF could improve spatial learning in APP/PS1 mice and ameliorate the accumulation of Aβ while promoting autophagy via mTOR pathway modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rat V, Seigneuret F, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Lemoine R, Hourioux C, Zoulim F, Testoni B, Meunier JC, Tauber C, Roingeard P, de Rocquigny H. BAY 41-4109-mediated aggregation of assembled and misassembled HBV capsids in cells revealed by electron microscopy. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104557. [PMID: 31302151 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBc is a small protein essential for the formation of the icosahedral HBV capsid. Its multiple roles in the replication cycle make this protein a promising target for the development of antiviral molecules. Based on the structure of HBc, a series of HBV assembly inhibitors, also known as capsid assembly modulators, were identified. We investigated the effect of BAY 41-4109, a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivative that promotes the assembly of a non-capsid polymer. We showed, by confocal microscopy, that BAY 41-4109 mediated HBc aggregation, mostly in the cytoplasm of Huh7 cells. Image analysis revealed that aggregate size depended on BAY 41-4109 concentration and treatment duration. Large aggregates in the vicinity of the nucleus were enclosed by invaginations of the nuclear envelope. This deformation of the nuclear envelope was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immuno-TEM. These two techniques also revealed that the HBc aggregates were accumulations of capsid-like shells with an electron-dense material consisting of HBV core fragments. These findings, shedding light on the ultrastructural organization of HBc aggregates, provide insight into the mechanisms of action of BAY 41-4109 against HBV and will serve as a basis for comparison with other HBV capsid assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Rat
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- B-Cell Resources Platform, EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation", Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Meunier
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Clovis Tauber
- UMRS Inserm U1253 - Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France.
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Zhu W, Li J, Pappoe F, Shen J, Yu L. Strategies Developed by Toxoplasma gondii to Survive in the Host. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:899. [PMID: 31080445 PMCID: PMC6497798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most successful intracellular parasites, Toxoplasma gondii has developed several strategies to avoid destruction by the host. These include approaches such as rapid and efficient cell invasion to avoid phagocytic engulfment, negative regulation of the canonical CD40-CD40L-mediated autophagy pathway, impairment of the noncanonical IFN-γ-dependent autophagy pathway, and modulation of host cell survival and death to obtain lifelong parasite survival. Different virulent strains have even evolved different ways to cope with and evade destruction by the host. This review aims to illustrate every aspect of the game between the host and Toxoplasma during the process of infection. A better understanding of all aspects of the battle between Toxoplasma and its hosts will be useful for the development of better strategies and drugs to control the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Graduate School of Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Clinical Laboratory of the Third People's Hospital of Heifei, Hefei, China
| | - Faustina Pappoe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Oh DS, Lee HK. Autophagy protein ATG5 regulates CD36 expression and anti-tumor MHC class II antigen presentation in dendritic cells. Autophagy 2019; 15:2091-2106. [PMID: 30900506 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been implicated in cytoplasmic and viral antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. However, the role of autophagy in the presentation of phagocytized tumor-associated antigens in vivo remains unclear. Following the administration of apoptotic tumor cells and in vivo chemotherapy, mice with a dendritic cell-specific deletion of Atg5, a key autophagy gene, exhibit reduced CD4+ T-cell priming but not CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell priming. Interestingly, Atg5-deficient dendritic cells have an elevated expression of scavenger receptor CD36 and show excessive lipid accumulation. Atg5-deficient dendritic cells increased CD36-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells. CD36 blockade ameliorates elevated phagocytosis and increases CD4+ T-cell priming in dendritic cells; intratumoral CD36 blockade inhibits tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that Atg5 is required for proper antigen phagocytosis and presentation to MHC class II via modulation of CD36 in dendritic cells and may be a future therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy.Abbreviations: APC: antigen-presenting cell; ATG: autophagy-related; BMDC: bone marrow-derived dendritic cell; BODIPY: 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; CSFE: carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; NLDC: neonatal liver-derived dendritic cell; PDCD1/PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PI: propidium iodide; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; SERPINB/OVA: serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B; TIMD4/TIM-4: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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The cAMP effectors, Rap2b and EPAC, are involved in the regulation of the development of the Coxiella burnetii containing vacuole by altering the fusogenic capacity of the vacuole. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212202. [PMID: 30763357 PMCID: PMC6375611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger known to directly regulate not only the protein kinase A (PKA) activity but also other important molecules such as the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), which is as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the low molecular weight GTPase, Rap2. Coxiella burnetii is a Gram negative bacterium that survives and grows in a large Coxiella replicative vacuole (CRV), which displays lysosomal and autophagic features. In this report, we present evidence that both, EPAC and its downstream effector Rap2b, were recruited to the CRV. The transient over-expression of the Rap2b wt protein, but not its inactive mutant Rap2b ΔAAX, markedly inhibited the development of the large CRV. Additionally, Rap2b wtinhibited the fusion of early Coxiella phagosomes with the fully developed CRV, indicating that homotypic fusion events are altered in the presence of high levels of Rap2b wt. Likewise, the fusion of endosome/lysosomal compartments (heterotypic fusions) with the large CRV was also affected by the over-expression of this GTPase. Interestingly, cell overexpression of Rap2b wt markedly decreased the levels of the v-SNARE, Vamp7, suggesting that this down-regulation impairs the homotypic and heterotypic fusions events of the Coxiella vacuole.
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Functional Characterization of Ubiquitin-Like Core Autophagy Protein ATG12 in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010072. [PMID: 30669443 PMCID: PMC6356199 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradative pathway that is crucial for cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, the core autophagy protein ATG12 plays, together with ATG5 and ATG16, an essential role in the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane. In this study we analyzed gene replacement mutants of atg12 in Dictyostelium discoideum AX2 wild-type and ATG16‾ cells. RNAseq analysis revealed a strong enrichment of, firstly, autophagy genes among the up-regulated genes and, secondly, genes implicated in cell motility and phagocytosis among the down-regulated genes in the generated ATG12‾, ATG16‾ and ATG12‾/16‾ cells. The mutant strains showed similar defects in fruiting body formation, autolysosome maturation, and cellular viability, implying that ATG12 and ATG16 act as a functional unit in canonical autophagy. In contrast, ablation of ATG16 or of ATG12 and ATG16 resulted in slightly more severe defects in axenic growth, macropinocytosis, and protein homeostasis than ablation of only ATG12, suggesting that ATG16 fulfils an additional function in these processes. Phagocytosis of yeast, spore viability, and maximal cell density were much more affected in ATG12‾/16‾ cells, indicating that both proteins also have cellular functions independent of each other. In summary, we show that ATG12 and ATG16 fulfil autophagy-independent functions in addition to their role in canonical autophagy.
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Chindemi C, Cirielli V, Cima L, Danzi O, Raniero D, Tagliaro F, Turrina S, Eccher A, Ghimenton C, Bortolotti F, Brunelli M, De Leo D. Autophagy pathways in drug abusers after forensic autopsy: LC3B, ph-mTOR and p70S6K analysis. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2019; 59:49-56. [PMID: 30852985 DOI: 10.1177/0025802419828910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy plays a role in various central nervous system diseases. Little is known about its molecular activation in drug addiction. Our aim was to investigate the signalling pathways of autophagy in brain tissues from drug abusers. METHODS Twenty-five drug abusers with acute lethal intoxication and 10 controls were medico-legally autopsied. Brain-tissue samples from the parietal cortex and cerebellum were obtained. Expression of LC3B, phospho-mTOR (ph-mTOR) and phospho70S6 Kinase (p70S6K) was identified in tissue microarrays, with three tissue spots per case. Blood, urine or vitreous humour were tested in all cases to identify the acute intoxication. Hair analysis was performed in 14 cases to confirm chronic intoxication; the remaining cases had a documented medical history of chronic abuse. RESULTS The autophagy marker LC3B was always positive on both the cortex and the cerebellum, stratified as strongly in 18 (72%) cases and weakly positive in seven (28%) cases. ph-mTOR was negative in all cases. The p70S6K molecule showed positivity in 14 (56%) cases on cortex tissue. The cerebellum was always negative, except for Purkinje cells. Drug abusers had statistically more double positive cases (LC3B-p70S6K) than controls ( p=0.0094). CONCLUSION Autophagy pathways were activated in our series, and 56% of drug abusers showed simultaneous LC3B-p70S6K immunoexpression on tissue from the parietal cortex and cerebellum. This may be of value in autopsy practice as an indicator of brain damage due to drug abuse and could serve as alternative or additional double sensitive diagnostic method to detect drug-related deaths using a tissue-based rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chindemi
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Vito Cirielli
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Cima
- 2 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Olivia Danzi
- 3 Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Dario Raniero
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
- 4 Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
| | - Stefania Turrina
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Albino Eccher
- 2 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Ghimenton
- 2 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico De Leo
- 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology Unit, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy
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Huang JH, Liu CY, Wu SY, Chen WY, Chang TH, Kan HW, Hsieh ST, Ting JPY, Wu-Hsieh BA. NLRX1 Facilitates Histoplasma capsulatum-Induced LC3-Associated Phagocytosis for Cytokine Production in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2761. [PMID: 30559741 PMCID: PMC6286976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is an emerging non-canonical autophagy process that bridges signaling from pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to autophagic machinery. LAP formation results in incorporation of lipidated LC3 into phagosomal membrane (termed LAPosome). Increasing evidence reveals that LAP functions as an innate defense mechanism against fungal pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism involved and the consequence of LAP in regulating anti-fungal immune response remain largely unexplored. Here we show that Histoplasma capsulatum is taken into LAPosome upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Interaction of H. capsulatum with Dectin-1 activates Syk and triggers subsequent NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) response that is involved in LAP induction. Inhibiting LAP induction by silencing LC3α/β or treatment with ROS inhibitor impairs the activation of MAPKs-AP-1 pathway, thereby reduces macrophage proinflammatory cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Additionally, we unravel the importance of NLRX1 in fungus-induced LAP. NLRX1 facilitates LAP by interacting with TUFM which associates with autophagic proteins ATG5-ATG12 for LAPosome formation. Macrophages from Nlrx1 -/- mice or TUFM-silenced cells exhibit reduced LAP induction and LAP-mediated MAPKs-AP-1 activation for cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Furthermore, inhibiting ROS production in Nlrx1 -/- macrophages almost completely abolishes H. capsulatum-induced LC3 conversion, indicating that both Dectin-1/Syk/ROS-dependent pathway and NLRX1-TUFM complex-dependent pathway collaboratively contribute to LAP induction. Our findings reveal new pathways underlying LAP induction by H. capsulatum for macrophage cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juin-Hua Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Møller-Olsen C, Ho SFS, Shukla RD, Feher T, Sagona AP. Engineered K1F bacteriophages kill intracellular Escherichia coli K1 in human epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17559. [PMID: 30510202 PMCID: PMC6277420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections can be treated with bacteriophages that show great specificity towards their bacterial host and can be genetically modified for different applications. However, whether and how bacteriophages can kill intracellular bacteria in human cells remains elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas selection, we have engineered a fluorescent bacteriophage specific for E. coli K1, a nosocomial pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and sepsis. By confocal and live microscopy, we show that engineered bacteriophages K1F-GFP and E. coli EV36-RFP bacteria displaying the K1 capsule, enter human cells via phagocytosis. Importantly, we show that bacteriophage K1F-GFP efficiently kills intracellular E. coli EV36-RFP in T24 human urinary bladder epithelial cells. Finally, we provide evidence that bacteria and bacteriophages are degraded by LC3-associated phagocytosis and xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siu Fung Stanley Ho
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ranti Dev Shukla
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Feher
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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Abstract
Autophagy is a well-conserved process of self-digestion of intracellular components. T. cruzi is a protozoan parasite with a complex life-cycle that involves insect vectors and mammalian hosts. Like other eukaryotic organisms, T. cruzi possesses an autophagic pathway that is activated during metacyclogenesis, the process that generates the infective forms of parasites. In addition, it has been demonstrated that mammalian autophagy has a role during host cell invasion by T. cruzi, and that T. cruzi can modulate this process to its own benefit. This review describes the latest findings concerning the participation of autophagy in both the T. cruzi differentiation processes and during the interaction of parasites within the host cells. Data to date suggest parasite autophagy is important for parasite survival and differentiation, which offers interesting prospects for therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the interruption of mammalian autophagy reduces the parasite infectivity, interfering with the intracellular cycle of T. cruzi inside the host. However, the impact on other stages of development, such as the intracellular replication of parasites is still not clearly understood. Further studies in this matter are necessaries to define the integral effect of autophagy on T. cruzi infection with both in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana Nebaí Salassa
- a Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM) "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" CONICET , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina.,b Facultad de Odontología , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Patricia Silvia Romano
- a Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM) "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" CONICET , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina.,c Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina
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44
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasitic protist that infects a wide range of warm-blooded vertebrates. Although this parasite can cause serious complications, infections are often asymptomatic, allowing T. gondii to persist in its host and possibly enhancing the chances of its transmission. T. gondii has thus evolved multiple mechanisms of host manipulation to establish chronic infection. This persistence involves a balance between host immunity and parasite evasion of this immune response. This review highlights recent investigations that have demonstrated the important role played by the autophagy machinery in this balance, both in parasite control by the host, and in host exploitation by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Besteiro
- a DIMNP, UMR5235 CNRS , Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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Activation of CD137 Signaling Enhances Vascular Calcification through c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Dependent Disruption of Autophagic Flux. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8407137. [PMID: 30356425 PMCID: PMC6178178 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8407137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular calcification is widespread and clinically significant, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. Calcifying vascular cells are partly derived from local vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which can undergo chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation under inflammatory environment. Recently, we have found activation of CD137 signaling accelerated vascular calcification. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to identify key mediators involved in CD137 signaling-induced vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro. Methods Autophagy flux was measured through mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus and transmission electron microscopy. Von Kossa assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were used to observe calcification in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Autophagosome-containing vesicles were collected and identified by flow cytometry and Western blot. Autophagy or calcification-associated targets were measured by Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Results Treatment with the agonist-CD137 displayed c-Jun N-terminal kinase- (JNK-) dependent increase in the expression of various markers of autophagy and the number of autophagosomes relative to the control group. Autophagy flux experiments suggested that agonist-CD137 blocked the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in cultured VSMCs. Calcium deposition, ALP activity, and the expression of calcification-associated proteins also increased in agonist-CD137 group compared with anti-CD137 group, which could be recovered by autophagy stimulator rapamycin. Autophagosome-containing vesicles collected from agonist-CD137 VSMCs supernatant promoted VSMC calcification. Conclusion The present study identified a new pathway in which CD137 promotes VSMC calcification through the activation of JNK signaling, subsequently leading to the disruption of autophagic flux, which is responsible for CD137-induced acceleration of vascular calcification.
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Yin H, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zheng M, Chen G, Li L, Lu Q. The Therapeutic and Pathogenic Role of Autophagy in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1512. [PMID: 30108582 PMCID: PMC6080611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complicated cellular mechanism that maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis and integrity via degradation of senescent, defective subcellular organelles, infectious agents, and misfolded proteins. Accumulating evidence has shown that autophagy is involved in numerous immune processes, such as removal of intracellular bacteria, cytokine production, autoantigen presentation, and survival of lymphocytes, indicating an apparent and important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Indeed, in genome-wide association studies, autophagy-related gene polymorphisms have been suggested to be associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, conditional knockdown of autophagy-related genes in mice displayed therapeutic effects on several autoimmune disease models by reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines and autoreactive immune cells. However, the inhibition of autophagy accelerates the progress of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via promotion of inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, this review will summarize the current knowledge of autophagy in immune regulation and discuss the therapeutic and pathogenic role of autophagy in autoimmune diseases to broaden our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and shed light on autophagy-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genhui Chen
- Beijing Wenfeng Tianji Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, Coleman M, Brown GC. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:813-880. [PMID: 29488822 PMCID: PMC5966715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fricker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Aviva M Tolkovsky
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coleman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Mitigating the Impact of Antibacterial Drug Resistance through Host-Directed Therapies: Current Progress, Outlook, and Challenges. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01932-17. [PMID: 29382729 PMCID: PMC5790911 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01932-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidences of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria threaten our ability to treat and manage bacterial infection. The development and FDA approval of novel antibiotics have slowed over the past decade; therefore, the adoption and improvement of alternative therapeutic strategies are critical for addressing the threat posed by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Host-directed therapies utilize small-molecule drugs and proteins to alter the host response to pathogen infection. Here, we highlight strategies for modulating the host inflammatory response to enhance bacterial clearance, small-molecule potentiation of innate immunity, and targeting of host factors that are exploited by pathogen virulence factors. Application of state-of-the-art "omic" technologies, including proteomics, transcriptomics, and image-omics (image-based high-throughput phenotypic screening), combined with powerful bioinformatics tools will enable the modeling of key signaling pathways in the host-pathogen interplay and aid in the identification of host proteins for therapeutic targeting and the discovery of host-directed small molecules that will regulate bacterial infection. We conclude with an outlook on research needed to overcome the challenges associated with transitioning host-directed therapies into a clinical setting.
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49
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Coppens I. How Toxoplasma and malaria parasites defy first, then exploit host autophagic and endocytic pathways for growth. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
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