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Jin X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, He J, Wang M, Hei Y, Guo S, Xu X, Liu Y. Different origin-derived exosomes and their clinical advantages in cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401852. [PMID: 38994350 PMCID: PMC11236555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as a class of small extracellular vesicles closely related to the biological behavior of various types of tumors, are currently attracting research attention in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Regarding cancer diagnosis, the stability of their membrane structure and their wide distribution in body fluids render exosomes promising biomarkers. It is expected that exosome-based liquid biopsy will become an important tool for tumor diagnosis in the future. For cancer treatment, exosomes, as the "golden communicators" between cells, can be designed to deliver different drugs, aiming to achieve low-toxicity and low-immunogenicity targeted delivery. Signaling pathways related to exosome contents can also be used for safer and more effective immunotherapy against tumors. Exosomes are derived from a wide range of sources, and exhibit different biological characteristics as well as clinical application advantages in different cancer therapies. In this review, we analyzed the main sources of exosomes that have great potential and broad prospects in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Moreover, we compared their therapeutic advantages, providing new ideas for the clinical application of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi‘an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing He
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Hei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutong Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Skoczylas Ł, Gawin M, Fochtman D, Widłak P, Whiteside TL, Pietrowska M. Immune capture and protein profiling of small extracellular vesicles from human plasma. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300180. [PMID: 37713108 PMCID: PMC11046486 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), the key players in inter-cellular communication, are produced by all cell types and are present in all body fluids. Analysis of the proteome content is an important approach in structural and functional studies of these vesicles. EVs circulating in human plasma are heterogeneous in size, cellular origin, and functions. This heterogeneity and the potential presence of contamination with plasma components such as lipoprotein particles and soluble plasma proteins represent a challenge in profiling the proteome of EV subsets by mass spectrometry. An immunocapture strategy prior to mass spectrometry may be used to isolate a homogeneous subpopulation of small EVs (sEV) with a specific endocytic origin from plasma or other biofluids. Immunocapture selectively separates EV subpopulations in biofluids based on the presence of a unique protein carried on the vesicle surface. The advantages and disadvantages of EV immune capture as a preparative step for mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Skoczylas
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marta Gawin
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Daniel Fochtman
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
- Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Widłak
- Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
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3
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Chen J, Zhang G, Wan Y, Xia B, Ni Q, Shan S, Hu Z, Liang XJ. Immune cell-derived exosomes as promising tools for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 364:508-528. [PMID: 37939852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a size of 30-150 nm secreted by living cells. They are vital players in cellular communication as they can transport proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and etc. Immune cell-derived exosomes (imEXOs) have great potential for tumor therapy because they have many of the same functions as their parent cells. Especially, imEXOs display unique constitutive characteristics that are directly involved in tumor therapy. Herein, we begin by the biogenesis, preparation, characterization and cargo loading strategies of imEXOs. Next, we focus on therapeutic potentials of imEXOs from different kinds of immune cells against cancer from preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, we discuss advantages of engineered imEXOs and potential risks of imEXOs in cancer treatment. The advantages of engineered imEXOs are highlighted, including selective killing effect, effective tumor targeting, effective lymph node targeting, immune activation and regulation, and good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junge Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yichen Wan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bozhang Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Qiankun Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Shaobo Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
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4
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Tan S, Yang Y, Yang W, Han Y, Huang L, Yang R, Hu Z, Tao Y, Liu L, Li Y, Oyang L, Lin J, Peng Q, Jiang X, Xu X, Xia L, Peng M, Wu N, Tang Y, Cao D, Liao Q, Zhou Y. Exosomal cargos-mediated metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:59. [PMID: 36899389 PMCID: PMC9999652 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer. As nutrients are scarce in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells adopt multiple metabolic adaptations to meet their growth requirements. Metabolic reprogramming is not only present in tumor cells, but exosomal cargos mediates intercellular communication between tumor cells and non-tumor cells in the TME, inducing metabolic remodeling to create an outpost of microvascular enrichment and immune escape. Here, we highlight the composition and characteristics of TME, meanwhile summarize the components of exosomal cargos and their corresponding sorting mode. Functionally, these exosomal cargos-mediated metabolic reprogramming improves the "soil" for tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, we discuss the abnormal tumor metabolism targeted by exosomal cargos and its potential antitumor therapy. In conclusion, this review updates the current role of exosomal cargos in TME metabolic reprogramming and enriches the future application scenarios of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lisheng Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiqian Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zifan Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemeng Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Whiteside TL. Evaluating tumor cell- and T cell-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers of cancer and immune cell competence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:109-122. [PMID: 36787282 PMCID: PMC9998373 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by tumors, also called tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), have been implicated in inducing immune cell suppression in vitro and in vivo. The development of a novel category of noninvasive biomarkers for precision oncology remains an unmet need, and TEX emerge as a promising liquid tumor biopsy component. AREAS COVERED TEX play a critical role in monitoring cancer presence/progression and in reprograming of anti-tumor effector T cells to producers of EVs with pro-tumor activity. TEX are a subset of circulating EVs. Their separation by immune capture from EVs derived from nonmalignant cells allows for TEX phenotypic/functional assessments. TEX cross-talking with CD3(+) T cells induce the release of CD3(+) small EV (sEV), whose cargo of suppressor proteins resembles that of TEX and further contributes to cancer-induced immune suppression. While TEX recapitulate the genetic/molecular phenotype of tumor cells, CD3(+) sEV might serve as 'T cell liquid biopsy.' EXPERT OPINION Preclinical explorations of the role in cancer body fluids of TEX and CD3(+) sEV as cancer biomarkers suggest that these EV subsets may qualify as liquid tumor biopsy noninvasive components in the near future. Their potential to simultaneously serve as noninvasive liquid tumor biopsy and T cell biopsy remains to be validated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Figueira I, Bastos P, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC, Costa-Silva B, Nunes Dos Santos C. Can exosomes transfer the preconditioning effects triggered by (poly)phenol compounds between cells? Food Funct 2023; 14:15-31. [PMID: 36525310 PMCID: PMC9809131 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective strategies in prolonging life- and health span are increasingly recognized as acting as mild stressors. Micronutrients and other dietary compounds such as (poly)phenols may act as moderate stressors and confer protective effects via a preconditioning phenomenon. (Poly)phenols and their metabolites may not need to reach their target cells to produce biologically significant responses, so that cells exposed to it at entry points may communicate signals to other cells. One of such "communication" mechanisms could occur through extracellular vesicles, including exosomes. In vitro loading of exosomes with (poly)phenols has been used to achieve targeted exosome homing. However, it is unknown if similar shuttling phenomena occur in vivo upon (poly)phenols consumption. Alternatively, exposure to (poly)phenols might trigger responses in exposed organs, which can subsequently signal to cells distant from exposure sites via exosomes. The currently available studies favor indirect effects of (poly)phenols, tempting to suggest a "billiard-like" or "domino-like" propagating effect mediated by quantitative and qualitative changes in exosomes triggered by (poly)phenols. In this review, we discuss the limited current data available on how (poly)phenols exposure can potentially modify exosomes activity, highlighting major questions regarding how (epi)genetic, physiological, and gut microbiota factors can modulate and be modulated by the putative exosome-(poly)phenolic compound interplay that still remains to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Figueira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School| Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Bastos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School| Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School| Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBET, Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology, Oeiras, Portugal
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Wu Y, Chen W, Guo M, Tan Q, Zhou E, Deng J, Li M, Chen J, Yang Z, Jin Y. Metabolomics of Extracellular Vesicles: A Future Promise of Multiple Clinical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6113-6129. [PMID: 36514377 PMCID: PMC9741837 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s390378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can contain DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolic molecules from primary origins; they are coated with a phospholipid bilayer membrane and released by cells into the extracellular matrix. EVs can be obtained from various body liquids, including the blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. As has been proved, EVs-mediated transfer of biologically active molecules is crucial for various physiological and pathological processes. Extensive investigations have already begun to explore the diagnosis and prognosis potentials for EVs. Furthermore, research has continued to recognize the critical role of nucleic acids and proteins in EVs. However, our understanding of the comprehensive effects of metabolites in these nanoparticles is currently limited and in its infancy. Therefore, we have attempted to summarize the recent research into the metabolomics of EVs in relation to potential clinical applications and discuss the problems and challenges that have occurred, to provide more guidance for the future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaLi Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - WenJuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minglei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of National Health Commission, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases in Hubei Province, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yang Jin, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, Email
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