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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Zhou D, Eraslan Z, Miller D, Taylor I, You J, Grondin SJ, Vega M, Manga P, Goff PS, Sviderskaya EV, Gross SS, Chen Q, Zippin JH. Two-pore channel 2 is required for soluble adenylyl cyclase-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and melanin synthesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024. [PMID: 38844435 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Melanosomal pH is important for the synthesis of melanin as the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosinase, is very pH-sensitive. The soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) signaling pathway was recently identified as a regulator of melanosomal pH in melanocytes; however, the melanosomal proteins critical for sAC-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH were undefined. We now systematically examine four well-characterized melanosomal membrane proteins to determine whether any of them are required for sAC-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH. We find that OA1, OCA2, and SLC45A2 are dispensable for sAC-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH. In contrast, TPC2 activity is required for sAC-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and melanin synthesis. In addition, activation of TPC2 by NAADP-AM rescues melanosomal pH alkalinization and reduces melanin synthesis following pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of sAC signaling. These studies establish TPC2 as a critical melanosomal protein for sAC-dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalee Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zuhal Eraslan
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dawson Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isobel Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaewon You
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel J Grondin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martha Vega
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prashiela Manga
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip S Goff
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Criddle DN, Tepikin AV. Neighbourhood Watch: Two-pore-2 channels talking to IP3 receptors. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102868. [PMID: 38457907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The recent elegant study by Y. Yuan and colleagues examined functional relationships between the lysosomal two-pore channels 2 (TPC2) and IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) located in the endoplasmic reticulum [1]. The findings of this study suggest functional coupling of these channels and receptors. The study also describes interesting novel phenomena, which may indicate an additional coupling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Criddle
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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Barbonari S, D'Amore A, Hanbashi AA, Palombi F, Riccioli A, Parrington J, Filippini A. Endolysosomal two-pore channel 2 plays opposing roles in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:521-540. [PMID: 38263578 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The ion channel two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), localised on the membranes of acidic organelles such as endo-lysosomes and melanosomes, has been shown to play a role in pathologies including cancer, and it is differently expressed in primary versus metastatic melanoma cells. Whether TPC2 plays a pro- or anti-oncogenic role in different tumour conditions is a relevant open question which we have explored in melanoma at different stages of tumour progression. The behaviour of primary melanoma cell line B16F0 and its metastatic subline B16F10 were compared in response to TPC2 modulation by silencing (by small interfering RNA), knock-out (by CRISPR/Cas9) and overexpression (by mCherry-TPC2 transfected plasmid). TPC2 silencing increased cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and autophagy in the metastatic samples, but abated them in the silenced primary ones. Interestingly, while TPC2 inactivation failed to affect markers of proliferation in both samples, it strongly enhanced the migratory behaviour of the metastatic cells, again suggesting that in the more aggressive phenotype TPC2 plays a specific antimetastatic role. In line with this, overexpression of TPC2 in B16F10 cells resulted in phenotype rescue, that is, a decrease in migratory ability, thus collectively resuming traits of the B16F0 primary cell line. Our research shows a novel role of TPC2 in melanoma cells that is intriguingly different in initial versus late stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barbonari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ali A Hanbashi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fioretta Palombi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccioli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Galione A. Optical profiling of autonomous Ca 2+ nanodomains generated by lysosomal TPC2 and TRPML1. Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102801. [PMID: 37742482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple families of Ca2+-permeable channels co-exist on lysosomal Ca2+ stores but how each family couples to its own unique downstream physiology is unclear. We have therefore investigated the Ca2+-signalling architecture underpinning different channels on the same vesicle that drive separate pathways, using phagocytosis as a physiological stimulus. Lysosomal Ca2+-channels are a major Ca2+ source driving particle uptake in macrophages, but different channels drive different aspects of Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis: TPC2 couples to dynamin activation, whilst TRPML1 couples to lysosomal exocytosis. We hypothesised that they are driven by discrete local plumes of Ca2+ around open channels (Ca2+ nanodomains). To test this, we optimized Ca2+-nanodomain recordings by screening panels of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) fused to TPC2 to monitor the [Ca2+] next to the channel. Signal calibration accounting for the distance of the GECI from the channel mouth reveals that, during phagocytosis, TPC2 generates local Ca2+ nanodomains around itself of up to 42 µM, nearly a hundred-fold greater than the global cytosolic [Ca2+] rise. We further show that TPC2 and TRPML1, though on the same lysosomes, generate autonomous Ca2+ nanodomains of high [Ca2+] that are largely insulated from one another, a platform allowing their discrete Ca2+-decoding to promote unique respective physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anthony J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Chen CC. Electrophysiological Techniques on the Study of Endolysosomal Ion Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:217-233. [PMID: 36871125 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosomal ion channels are a group of ion channel proteins that are functionally expressed on the membrane of endolysosomal vesicles. The electrophysiological properties of these ion channels in the intracellular organelle membrane cannot be observed using conventional electrophysiological techniques. This section compiles the different electrophysiological techniques utilized in recent years to study endolysosomal ion channels and describes their methodological characteristics, emphasizing the most widely used technique for whole endolysosome recordings to date. This includes the use of different pharmacological tools and genetic tools for the application of patch-clamping techniques for specific stages of endolysosomes, allowing the recording of ion channel activity in different organelles, such as recycling endosomes, early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. These electrophysiological techniques are not only cutting-edge technologies that help to investigate the biophysical properties of known and unknown intracellular ion channels but also help us to investigate the physiopathological role of these ion channels in the distribution of dynamic vesicles and to identify new therapeutic targets for precision medicine and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Jaślan D, Ferro IF, Kudrina V, Yuan Y, Patel S, Grimm C. PI(3,5)P 2 and NAADP: Team players or lone warriors? - New insights into TPC activation modes. Cell Calcium 2023; 109:102675. [PMID: 36525777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a second messenger, releasing Ca2+ from acidic calcium stores such as endosomes and lysosomes. PI(3,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate) is a phospho-inositide, residing on endolysosomal membranes and likewise releasing Ca2+ from endosomes and lysosomes. Both compounds have been shown to activate endolysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs) in mammalian cells. However, their effects on ion permeability as demonstrated specifically for TPC2 differ. While PI(3,5)P2 elicits predominantly Na+-selective currents, NAADP increases the Ca2+ permeability of the channel. What happens when both compounds are applied simultaneously was unclear until recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Jaślan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Flavia Ferro
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Kudrina
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Maekawa M, Natsume R, Arita M. Functional significance of ion channels during macropinosome resolution in immune cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1037758. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1037758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a unique type of endocytosis accompanied by membrane ruffle formation. Closure of membrane ruffles leads to the uptake of large volumes of fluid phase and, subsequently, the formation of large vacuoles termed macropinosomes. Immune cells, such as dendritic cells, T cells, and macrophages, endocytose the surrounding amino acids and pathogens via macropinocytosis either constitutively or in a stimulus-dependent fashion. This process is critical for cell migration, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, and antigen presentation. Large vacuoles are fragmented into tubules and smaller vesicles during the progression and maturation of macropinosomes in immune cells. This process is called “macropinosome resolution” and requires osmotically driven shrinkage of macropinosomes, which is controlled by ion channels present in them. The crenation of membranes on shrunken macropinosomes is recognized by curvature-sensing proteins and results in intracellular membrane trafficking. In this mini review, we highlight the recent progress in research on macropinosome resolution in macrophages, with a focus on ion channels (TPC1/2 for Na+ and TMEM206 for Cl−) that is required for macropinosome resolution. We also discuss the potential contribution of membrane lipids to this process.
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