1
|
Ratusznik N, Edslev SM, Stegger M, Söderquist B. Superantigen Encoding Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Lesional Skin, Non-Lesional Skin, and Nares of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2024; 104:adv34882. [PMID: 38860624 PMCID: PMC11181919 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.34882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are more likely than healthy individuals to harbour Staphylococcus aureus on their skin. Superantigens (SAgs) produced by specific S. aureus strains may contribute to AD-associated skin inflammation. The present study compared the prevalence and types of SAg-encoding genes between S. aureus isolated from patients with AD and from controls, and within the AD group between isolates from different sampling sites (lesional skin, non-lesional skin, and nares). This retrospective case-control study extracted data from 2 previous studies that examined S. aureus using whole-genome sequencing. The 138 S. aureus isolates obtained from 71 AD patients contained 349 SAg-encoding genes; 22 (6.3%) were found in isolates from nares (0.4 ± 0.6 genes per isolate), 99 (28.4%) in isolates from non-lesional skin (3.7 ± 3.9), and 228 (65.3%) in isolates from lesional skin (4.2 ± 4.5). S. aureus (n = 101) from the control group contained 594 SAg-encoding genes (5.9 ± 4.2). Of the S. aureus isolated from lesional AD skin, 69% carried at least 1 gene encoding SAg compared with 33% of AD nasal isolates. SAg could be a factor in the pathogenesis of a subset of AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ratusznik
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee J, Park N, Nicosia M, Park JY, Pruett SB, Seo KS. Stimulation Strength Determined by Superantigen Dose Controls Subcellular Localization of FOXP3 Isoforms and Suppressive Function of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:421-432. [PMID: 38108423 PMCID: PMC10784726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens induce massive activation of T cells and inflammation, leading to toxic shock syndrome. Paradoxically, increasing evidence indicates that superantigens can also induce immunosuppression by promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) development. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation strength plays a critical role in superantigen-mediated induction of immunosuppressive human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells. Suboptimal stimulation by a low dose (1 ng/ml) of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1) led to de novo generation of Treg-like CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells with strong suppressive activity. In contrast, CD4+CD25+ T cells induced by optimal stimulation with high-dose SEC1 (1 µg/ml) were not immunosuppressive, despite high FOXP3 expression. Signal transduction pathway analysis revealed differential activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and expression of PTEN in optimal and suboptimal stimulation with SEC1. Additionally, we identified that FOXP3 isoforms in Treg-like cells from the suboptimal condition were located in the nucleus, whereas FOXP3 in nonsuppressive cells from the optimal condition localized in cytoplasm. Sequencing analysis of FOXP3 isoform transcripts identified five isoforms, including a FOXP3 isoform lacking partial exon 3. Overexpression of FOXP3 isoforms confirmed that both an exon 2-lacking isoform and a partial exon 3-lacking isoform confer suppressive activity. Furthermore, blockade of PI3K in optimal stimulation conditions led to induction of suppressive Treg-like cells with nuclear translocation of FOXP3, suggesting that PI3K signaling impairs induction of Tregs in a SEC1 dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the strength of activation signals determined by superantigen dose regulates subcellular localization of FOXP3 isoforms, which confers suppressive functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shimamura Y, Oura Y, Tsuchiya M, Yamanashi Y, Ogasawara A, Oishi M, Komuro M, Sasaki K, Masuda S. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water inhibits inflammation induced by membrane vesicles of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1328055. [PMID: 38282743 PMCID: PMC10811074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1328055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus grows in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and the associated symptoms are induced by membrane vesicles (MVs). This study explored the effects of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on the expression of virulence factors of S. aureus and MV-induced inflammation to uncover the potential of SAEW as a new treatment method for atopic dermatitis. Expression levels of genes related to virulence factors in S. aureus was assessed and S. aureus-derived MVs were characterized. Moreover, expression level of MV-induced Type I allergic reaction-related genes in RBL2H3 cells was also assessed. Significantly decreased staphylococcal enterotoxin A production and decreased virulence factor-related gene expression were observed after culturing S. aureus in broth supplemented with SAEW at ratios of 1, 2, and 5 per broth. MVs prepared by culturing S. aureus in SAEW-supplemented broth exhibited altered particle size and markedly reduced staphylococcal enterotoxin A content under all addition conditions; moreover, those obtained at a ratio of 1:5 (broth:SAEW) exhibited a reduction in the expression of several proteins associated with hemolytic activity and free iron uptake. The MVs prepared in SAEW-supplemented broth also exhibited remarkably reduced allergy-related gene expression levels in rat cell lines derived from basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Overall, SAEW is expected to suppress atopic dermatitis symptoms through the alteration of the properties of S. aureus-derived MVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukino Oura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Madoka Tsuchiya
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamanashi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asako Ogasawara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Minami Oishi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Komuro
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sasaki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Steininger H, Moltzau-Anderson J, Lynch SV. Contributions of the early-life microbiome to childhood atopy and asthma development. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101795. [PMID: 37379671 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise in atopy and asthma in industrialized nations has led to the identification of early life environmental factors that promote these conditions and spurred research into how such exposures may mediate the trajectory to childhood disease development. Over the past decade, the human microbiome has emerged as a key determinant of human health. This is largely due to the increasing appreciation for the myriad of non-mutually exclusive mechanisms by which microbes tune and train host immunity. Microbiomes, particularly those in early life, are shaped by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including many of the exposures known to influence allergy and asthma risk. This has led to the over-arching hypothesis that such exposures mediate their effect on childhood atopy and asthma by altering the functions and metabolic productivity of microbiomes that shape immune function during this critical developmental period. The capacity to study microbiomes at the genetic and molecular level in humans from the pre-natal period into childhood with well-defined clinical outcomes, offers an unprecedented opportunity to identify early-life and inter-generational determinants of atopy and asthma outcomes. Moreover, such studies provide an integrative microbiome research framework that can be applied to other chronic inflammatory conditions. This review attempts to capture key studies in the field that offer insights into the developmental origins of childhood atopy and asthma, providing novel insights into microbial mediators of maladaptive immunity and chronic inflammatory disease in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Steininger
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jacqueline Moltzau-Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goldust M. Cellular Mechanisms of Skin Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060945. [PMID: 36980285 PMCID: PMC10047226 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin plays an important role in protecting and enhancing health [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|