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Nicosia M, Valujskikh A. Recognizing Complexity of CD8 T Cells in Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00734. [PMID: 38637929 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The major role of CD8+ T cells in clinical and experimental transplantation is well documented and acknowledged. Nevertheless, the precise impact of CD8+ T cells on graft tissue injury is not completely understood, thus impeding the development of specific treatment strategies. The goal of this overview is to consider the biology and functions of CD8+ T cells in the context of experimental and clinical allotransplantation, with special emphasis on how this cell subset is affected by currently available and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Lee J, Chung YM, Curtin L, Silver DJ, Hao Y, Li C, Volovetz J, Hong ES, Jarmula J, Wang SZ, Kay KE, Berens M, Nicosia M, Swanson KR, Sharifi N, Lathia JD. Androgen loss weakens anti-tumor immunity and accelerates brain tumor growth. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-4014556. [PMID: 38585839 PMCID: PMC10996802 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4014556/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Many cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), have a male-biased sex difference in incidence and outcome. The underlying reasons for this sex bias are unclear but likely involve differences in tumor cell state and immune response. This effect is further amplified by sex hormones, including androgens, which have been shown to inhibit anti-tumor T cell immunity. Here, we show that androgens drive anti-tumor immunity in brain tumors, in contrast to its effect in other tumor types. Upon castration, tumor growth was accelerated with attenuated T cell function in GBM and brain tumor models, but the opposite was observed when tumors were located outside the brain. Activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis was increased in castrated mice, particularly in those with brain tumors. Blockade of glucocorticoid receptors reversed the accelerated tumor growth in castrated mice, indicating that the effect of castration was mediated by elevated glucocorticoid signaling. Furthermore, this mechanism was not GBM specific, but brain specific, as hyperactivation of the HPA axis was observed with intracranial implantation of non-GBM tumors in the brain. Together, our findings establish that brain tumors drive distinct endocrine-mediated mechanisms in the androgen-deprived setting and highlight the importance of organ-specific effects on anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
| | - Lee Curtin
- Mayo Clinic, Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel J. Silver
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yue Hao
- TGen, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Cathy Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Josephine Volovetz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ellen S. Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jakub Jarmula
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sabrina Z. Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristen E. Kay
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristin R. Swanson
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
- Mayo Clinic, Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, AZ, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Lee J, Park N, Nicosia M, Park JY, Pruett SB, Seo KS. Stimulation Strength Determined by Superantigen Dose Controls Subcellular Localization of FOXP3 Isoforms and Suppressive Function of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T Cells. J Immunol 2024; 212:421-432. [PMID: 38108423 PMCID: PMC10784726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens induce massive activation of T cells and inflammation, leading to toxic shock syndrome. Paradoxically, increasing evidence indicates that superantigens can also induce immunosuppression by promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) development. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation strength plays a critical role in superantigen-mediated induction of immunosuppressive human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells. Suboptimal stimulation by a low dose (1 ng/ml) of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1) led to de novo generation of Treg-like CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells with strong suppressive activity. In contrast, CD4+CD25+ T cells induced by optimal stimulation with high-dose SEC1 (1 µg/ml) were not immunosuppressive, despite high FOXP3 expression. Signal transduction pathway analysis revealed differential activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and expression of PTEN in optimal and suboptimal stimulation with SEC1. Additionally, we identified that FOXP3 isoforms in Treg-like cells from the suboptimal condition were located in the nucleus, whereas FOXP3 in nonsuppressive cells from the optimal condition localized in cytoplasm. Sequencing analysis of FOXP3 isoform transcripts identified five isoforms, including a FOXP3 isoform lacking partial exon 3. Overexpression of FOXP3 isoforms confirmed that both an exon 2-lacking isoform and a partial exon 3-lacking isoform confer suppressive activity. Furthermore, blockade of PI3K in optimal stimulation conditions led to induction of suppressive Treg-like cells with nuclear translocation of FOXP3, suggesting that PI3K signaling impairs induction of Tregs in a SEC1 dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the strength of activation signals determined by superantigen dose regulates subcellular localization of FOXP3 isoforms, which confers suppressive functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Zhang S, Han Y, Schofield W, Nicosia M, Karell PE, Newhall KP, Zhou JY, Musich RJ, Pan S, Valujskikh A, Sangwan N, Dwidar M, Lu Q, Stappenbeck TS. Select symbionts drive high IgA levels in the mouse intestine. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1620-1638.e7. [PMID: 37776865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an important factor in maintaining homeostasis at mucosal surfaces, yet luminal IgA levels vary widely. Total IgA levels are thought to be driven by individual immune responses to specific microbes. Here, we found that the prebiotic, pectin oligosaccharide (pec-oligo), induced high IgA levels in the small intestine in a T cell-dependent manner. Surprisingly, this IgA-high phenotype was retained after cessation of pec-oligo treatment, and microbiome transmission either horizontally or vertically was sufficient to retain high IgA levels in the absence of pec-oligo. Interestingly, the bacterial taxa enriched in the overall pec-oligo bacterial community differed from IgA-coated microbes in this same community. Rather, a group of ethanol-resistant microbes, highly enriched for Lachnospiraceae bacterium A2, drove the IgA-high phenotype. These findings support a model of intestinal adaptive immunity in which a limited number of microbes can promote durable changes in IgA directed to many symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, P.R. China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paul E Karell
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kevin P Newhall
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Julie Y Zhou
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan J Musich
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mohammed Dwidar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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5
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Lee J, Nicosia M, Hong ES, Silver DJ, Li C, Bayik D, Watson DC, Lauko A, Kay KE, Wang SZ, Johnson S, McGraw M, Grabowski MM, Kish DD, Desai AB, Goodman WA, Cameron SJ, Okada H, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL, Ahluwalia MS, Lathia JD. Sex-Biased T-cell Exhaustion Drives Differential Immune Responses in Glioblastoma. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2090-2105. [PMID: 37378557 PMCID: PMC10481130 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in glioblastoma (GBM) incidence and outcome are well recognized, and emerging evidence suggests that these extend to genetic/epigenetic and cellular differences, including immune responses. However, the mechanisms driving immunologic sex differences are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that T cells play a critical role in driving GBM sex differences. Male mice exhibited accelerated tumor growth, with decreased frequency and increased exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. Furthermore, a higher frequency of progenitor exhausted T cells was found in males, with improved responsiveness to anti-PD-1 treatment. Moreover, increased T-cell exhaustion was observed in male GBM patients. Bone marrow chimera and adoptive transfer models indicated that T cell-mediated tumor control was predominantly regulated in a cell-intrinsic manner, partially mediated by the X chromosome inactivation escape gene Kdm6a. These findings demonstrate that sex-biased predetermined behavior of T cells is critical for inducing sex differences in GBM progression and immunotherapy response. SIGNIFICANCE Immunotherapies in patients with GBM have been unsuccessful due to a variety of factors, including the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in GBM. This study demonstrates that sex-biased T-cell behaviors are predominantly intrinsically regulated, further suggesting sex-specific approaches can be leveraged to potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM. See related commentary by Alspach, p. 1966. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 1949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ellen S. Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio
| | - Daniel J. Silver
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cathy Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Defne Bayik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dionysios C. Watson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam Lauko
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio
| | - Kristen E. Kay
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sabrina Z. Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio
| | - Sadie Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mary McGraw
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Danielle D. Kish
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amar B. Desai
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wendy A. Goodman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scott J. Cameron
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Nicosia M, Lee J, Beavers A, Kish D, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier MF, Lathia JD, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Water channel aquaporin 4 is required for T cell receptor mediated lymphocyte activation. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:544-554. [PMID: 36805947 PMCID: PMC10848298 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are a family of ubiquitously expressed transmembrane water channels implicated in a broad range of physiological functions. We have previously reported that aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is expressed on T cells and that treatment with a small molecule AQP4 inhibitor significantly delays T cell mediated heart allograft rejection. Using either genetic deletion or small molecule inhibitor, we show that AQP4 supports T cell receptor mediated activation of both mouse and human T cells. Intact AQP4 is required for optimal T cell receptor (TCR)-related signaling events, including nuclear translocation of transcription factors and phosphorylation of proximal TCR signaling molecules. AQP4 deficiency or inhibition impairs actin cytoskeleton rearrangements following TCR crosslinking, causing inferior TCR polarization and a loss of TCR signaling. Our findings reveal a novel function of AQP4 in T lymphocytes and identify AQP4 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing TCR-mediated T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ashley Beavers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Danielle Kish
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - George W. Farr
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Paul R. McGuirk
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Marc F. Pelletier
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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Lee J, Nicosia M, Lathia JD. Antibody-cytokine fusion breathes new life into glioblastoma therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh7674. [PMID: 37224224 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An antibody-cytokine fusion molecule combined with chemotherapy induces tumor regression in mice and patients with recurrent glioblastoma by boosting antitumor immunity (Look et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hasgur S, Yamamoto Y, Fan R, Nicosia M, Gorbacheva V, Zwick D, Araki M, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin activates B cells to promote T cell reconstitution in heart allograft recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1779-1790. [PMID: 35294793 PMCID: PMC9296143 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diminishing homeostatic proliferation of memory T cells is essential for improving the efficacy of lymphoablation in transplant recipients. Our previous studies in a mouse heart transplantation model established that B lymphocytes secreting proinflammatory cytokines are critical for T cell recovery after lymphoablation. The goal of the current study was to identify mediators of B cell activation following lymphoablation in allograft recipients. Transcriptome analysis revealed that macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle, Clec4e) expression is up-regulated in B cells from heart allograft recipients treated with murine anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG). Recipient Mincle deficiency diminishes B cell production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impairs T lymphocyte reconstitution. Mixed bone marrow chimeras lacking Mincle only in B lymphocytes have similar defects in T cell recovery. Conversely, treatment with a synthetic Mincle ligand enhances T cell reconstitution after lymphoablation in non-transplanted mice. Treatment with agonistic CD40 mAb facilitates T cell reconstitution in CD4 T cell-depleted, but not in Mincle-deficient, recipients indicating that CD40 signaling induces T cell proliferation via a Mincle-dependent pathway. These findings are the first to identify an important function of B cell Mincle as a sensor of damage-associated molecular patterns released by the graft and demonstrate its role in clinically relevant settings of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheyla Hasgur
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Yosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Ran Fan
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Victoria Gorbacheva
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Daniel Zwick
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,Present address:
AutonomousTherapeutics, IncRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of UrologyOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
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Nicosia M, Fan R, Lee J, Gorbacheva V, Beavers A, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL, Min B, Valujskikh A. The Role of LAG3 in Antibody Responses To Kidney Transplantation. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.175.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) in T cell functions is well studied, however its role in humoral immune responses remains poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to test the role of recipient LAG3 in a mouse model of renal allograft rejectionNaive B6.LAG3−/− mice have elevated numbers of follicular and memory T cells, and plasma cells compared to WT mice, as well as increased frequencies of memory T cells reactive to H-2Dd, H-2Ds, H-2Dq and H-2Dk alloantigens. When kidneys were transplanted from C3H donors to B6 WT and LAG3−/− mice, all C3H kidney allografts survived for > 60d in WT recipients, whereas LAG3−/− recipients rapidly reject allografts and have elevated serum creatinine levels at d14 posttransplant. Graft histology at rejection revealed minimal T cell infiltration, diffuse C4d staining, atrophic peritubular capillaries, endothelial swelling and edema characteristic of antibody mediated rejection (AMR). Compared to WT, LAG3−/− recipients had elevated frequencies of anti-donor IFNγ producing T cells and increased levels of donor specific antibody (DSA) against MHC-I and MHC-II. Depletion of CD8 T cells in LAG3−/− recipients did not alter rejection kinetics, while B cell depletion significantly extended C3H kidney allograft survival, suggesting the predominant role of alloantibody rather than T cell mediated rejection in these mice. However, neither T nor B cell conditional knockout recipients rejected the allograft demonstrating LAG3 expression on both cell types is necessary to mediate rejection.
These findings demonstrate that LAG3 regulates both T and B cell functions in response to kidney allografts, and is an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of AMR.
Supported by grants from NIH (P01AI087586-10)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Fan
- 1Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
| | - Juyeun Lee
- 2Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
| | | | | | - Nina Dvorina
- 1Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
| | | | | | - Booki Min
- 3Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg Sch. of Med., Northwestern Univ
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10
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Nicosia M, Beavers A, Yamamoto Y, Thompson T, Zindrick T, Valujskikh A. Aquaporin 4 Is A Mediator Of Essential Dendritic Cell Function. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.102.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins are transmembrane water channels implicated in a range of physiologic functions. We previously reported that Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is expressed by T cells and treatment with a small molecule AQP4 inhibitor (AER-270) significantly delays T cell mediated mouse heart allograft rejection. Our findings did not exclude a role for antigen presenting cells (APCs), and the purpose of this study is to investigate the requirement for AQP4 in dendritic cell (DC) functions.
Stimulation with AQP4−/− spleen APCs with the addition of antigenic peptide, resulted in reduced frequencies of IFNγ producing MAR T cells compared to WT APCs. We confirmed that splenic DCs express AQP4. Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from WT and AQP4−/− mice were stimulated with LPS or protein antigen, the absence or inhibition of AQP4 resulted in no defects in up-regulation of maturation markers following stimulation. WT and AQP4−/− BMDCs were pulsed with Lucifer Yellow, FITC-dextran and OVA-AF647 to assess antigen uptake with no observable defect after AQP4 inhibition or in AQP4−/− BMDCs. However, AQP4−/− BMDCs pulsed with OVA protein had reduced expression of SIINFEKL peptide-MHC-I complexes. In contrast, when pulsed with OVA-derived SIINFEKL peptide, AER-270 treated WT BMDCs or AQP4−/− BMDCs showed no change in peptide-MHC complex expression suggesting a role for AQP4 in antigen processing. Consistent with this, the absence or inhibition of AQP4 resulted in decreased DQ-OVA signal, indicating that AQP4 is required for the antigen loading into the lysosome.
Our data indicate that AQP4 plays a critical role in the processing of antigens by dendritic cells that impacts their ability to prime T cells, and can be therapeutically targeted in a transplant setting.
Supported by grants from NIH (R56AI152368-01)
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Siegert S, Yonan C, Longo N, Cratty H, Nicosia M, Sampalis J, Carmack T, Dhanda R, Farahmand K, Lundt L, Angelov A, Goldberg E. Real-world evaluation of patient characteristics and disease management in long-term valbenazine treatment in adults with Tardive dyskinesia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Nicosia M, Lee J, Fan R, Gorbacheva V, Beavers A, Dvorina N, Baldwin W, Fairchild RL, Min B, Valujskikh A. Recipient LAG3 deficiency results in antibody-mediated rejection of mouse renal allografts. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.161.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The functions of coinhibitory receptor lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) in T cells are well studied, however its role in humoral immune responses remains poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to test the role of recipient LAG3 in a mouse model of renal allograft rejection
Compared to WT animals, naïve B6.LAG3−/− mice have increased splenic cellularity and higher frequencies of CD44hi memory T cells, CXCR5hi follicular T cells, and B220+CD138+plasma cells yet do not develop spontaneous autoimmunity. Furthermore, naïve B6.LAG3−/−(H-2Db) mice have increased frequencies of memory T cells against H-2Dd, H-2Ds, H-2Dq and H-2Dk alloantigens. C3H (H-2Dk) kidney allografts were transplanted into B6.WT or B6.LAG3−/− recipients after bilateral nephrectomy. Whereas 4/4 WT recipients accepted C3H allografts for longer than 60 d, recipient LAG3 deficiency led to rapid allograft rejection (MST of 14 d, n=5) with serum creatinine levels of 0.1 and 1.35 mg/dl respectively at d14 posttransplant. Graft histology at rejection revealed minimal T cell infiltration, diffuse C4d staining, atrophic peritubular capillaries, endothelial swelling and edema characteristic of antibody mediated rejection (AMR). Compared to WT, LAG3−/− recipients had elevated frequencies of anti-donor IFNg producing T cells and increased levels of anti-donor MHC-II antibodies. Recipient CD8 T cell depletion did not alter the rejection kinetics in LAG3−/− recipients (MST of 16 d), while B cell depletion significantly extended C3H kidney allograft survival (MST of >30 d).
These results suggest the predominant role of alloantibody rather than T cells in renal allograft injury and identify LAG3 is a potential therapeutic target for AMR prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Juyeun Lee
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Ran Fan
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Victoria Gorbacheva
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Ashley Beavers
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Nina Dvorina
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - William Baldwin
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Booki Min
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
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Nicosia M, Miyairi S, Beavers A, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier MF, Valujskikh A. Aquaporin 4 inhibition alters chemokine receptor expression and T cell trafficking. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7417. [PMID: 31092872 PMCID: PMC6520372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channels that mediate a variety of biological processes. However, their role in the immune system is poorly understood. We recently reported that AQP4 is expressed by naïve and memory T cells and that AQP4 blockade with a small molecule inhibitor prolongs murine heart allograft survival at least partially through diminishing T cell activation, proliferation and trafficking. The goal of this study was to determine how AQP4 function impacts T cells in the absence of antigen stimulation. AQP4 inhibition transiently reduced the number of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in naïve non-transplanted mice in the absence of systemic T cell depletion. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated T cell intrinsic effect of AQP4 inhibition. AQP4 blockade altered T cell gene and protein expression of chemokine receptors S1PR1 and CCR7, and their master regulator KLF-2, and reduced chemotaxis toward S1P and CCL21. Consistent with the in vitro data, in vivo AQP4 inhibition reduced T lymphocyte numbers in the lymph nodes with simultaneous accumulation in the liver. Our findings indicate that blocking AQP4 reversibly alters T lymphocyte trafficking pattern. This information can be explored for the treatment of undesirable immune responses in transplant recipients or in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Ashley Beavers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.
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Nicosia M, Beavers AM, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier M, Valujskikh A. The role of Aquaporin-4 in T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.186.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channels that mediate a variety of biological processes via water and other small molecule movement. Several aquaglyceroporins have been shown to regulate key immune functions. However, the role of AQP4 in immune cells is poorly characterized. We recently reported that AQP4 is expressed by both naïve and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Furthermore, AQP4 blockade with a small molecule inhibitor, AER-270, reduced T cell activation and proliferation leading to a significant prolongation of fully MHC-mismatched murine heart allograft survival. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which AQP4 facilitates T cell activation and TCR signaling. Wild-type (WT) but not AQP4−/− T cells treated with AER-270 were protected from lysis in a hypoosmotic shock assay demonstrating AQP4 requirement for water transport in T cells. Following αCD3/αCD28 stimulation, AQP4−/− T cells demonstrated inferior activation compared to WT T cells. Similar decreased activation was observed after treatment of WT T cells with AER-270. Consistent with reduced T cell activation, AQP4 inhibition diminished Ca2+flux in WT but not AQP4−/− T cells in response to TCR crosslinking. AQP4 inhibition also resulted in altered pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation at 2 min following TCR crosslinking. These results indicate that despite T cell expression of several water channels, AQP4 function is critical for optimal T cell activation and functions. Our study identifies a novel role of water channels in T cell biology and suggests AQP4 inhibition as a promising strategy to modulate T cell alloresponses following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Ashley M Beavers
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | | | | | | | - Anna Valujskikh
- 1Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
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Ayasoufi K, Zwick DB, Fan R, Hasgur S, Nicosia M, Gorbacheva V, Keslar KS, Min B, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Interleukin-27 promotes CD8+ T cell reconstitution following antibody-mediated lymphoablation. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125489. [PMID: 30944247 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated lymphoablation is used in solid organ and stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. Using murine anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG) in a mouse model of heart transplantation, we previously reported that the homeostatic recovery of CD8+ T cells requires help from depletion-resistant memory CD4+ T cells delivered through CD40-expressing B cells. This study investigated the mechanisms by which B cells mediate CD8+ T cell proliferation in lymphopenic hosts. While CD8+ T cell recovery required MHC class I expression in the host, the reconstitution occurred independently of MHC class I, MHC class II, or CD80/CD86 expression on B cells. mATG lymphoablation upregulated the B cell expression of several cytokine genes, including IL-15 and IL-27, in a CD4-dependent manner. Neither treatment with anti-CD122 mAb nor the use of IL-15Rα-/- recipients altered CD8+ T cell recovery after mATG treatment, indicating that IL-15 may be dispensable for T cell proliferation in our model. Instead, IL-27 neutralization or the use of IL-27Rα-/- CD8+ T cells inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation and altered the phenotype and cytokine profile of reconstituted CD8+ T cells. Our findings uncover what we believe is a novel role of IL-27 in lymphopenia-induced CD8+ T cell proliferation and suggest that targeting B cell-derived cytokines may increase the efficacy of lymphoablation and improve transplant outcomes.
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Ayasoufi K, Kohei N, Nicosia M, Fan R, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier MF, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Aquaporin 4 blockade improves survival of murine heart allografts subjected to prolonged cold ischemia. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1238-1246. [PMID: 29243390 PMCID: PMC5910181 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged cold ischemia storage (CIS) is a leading risk factor for poor transplant outcome. Existing strategies strive to minimize ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplanted organs, yet there is a need for novel approaches to improve outcomes of marginal allografts and expand the pool of donor organs suitable for transplantation. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of water channels that facilitate homeostasis, tissue injury, and inflammation. We tested whether inhibition of AQP4 improves the survival of fully MHC-mismatched murine cardiac allografts subjected to 8 hours of CIS. Administration of a small molecule AQP4 inhibitor during donor heart collection and storage and for a short-time posttransplantation improves the viability of donor graft cells, diminishes donor-reactive T cell responses, and extends allograft survival in the absence of other immunosuppression. Furthermore, AQP4 inhibition is synergistic with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-Ig in prolonging survival of 8-hour CIS heart allografts. AQP4 blockade markedly reduced T cell proliferation and cytokine production in vitro, suggesting that the improved graft survival is at least in part mediated through direct effects on donor-reactive T cells. These results identify AQPs as a promising target for diminishing donor-specific alloreactivity and improving the survival of high-risk organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Naoki Kohei
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ran Fan
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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17
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Nicosia M, Fan R, Miyairi S, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier MF, Beavers A, Valujskikh A. Aquaporin 4 blockade alters T cell trafficking through a novel mechanism of S1PR1 regulation. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.55.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The water channels aquaporins mediate a variety of immune functions. We previously demonstrated that aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is expressed by CD4 and CD8 T cells and blockade of AQP4 with small molecule inhibitor AER-270/271 significantly prolongs survival of heart allografts in two robust models of rejection. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of AQP4 blockade on T cells.
Administration of AER-271 into naïve non-transplanted mice (250 μg i.p. every 6 h on d. 0–4) decreased numbers of circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells, but not B cells, by >90%, compared to untreated controls. The T cell frequencies and numbers in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) were not significantly affected by AER-271, suggesting the lack of circulating T cells is not due to systemic depletion but rather to altered T cell trafficking.
The effect of AER-271 treatment was transient, as circulating T cell numbers returned to pretreatment levels by d 21. AER-271 treated animals promptly rejected heart allografts transplanted 24 d after treatment cessation (MST 6 d, n=4).
We next tested the effects of AQP4 blockade on Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Receptor 1 (S1PR1), a key mediator of T cell trafficking. S1PR1 mRNA expression was reduced in isolated mouse spleen T cells within 3 h of in vitro incubation with AER-270. Decreased S1PR1 mRNA expression translated into altered chemotaxis, as AER-270 reduced T cell migration toward S1PR1 ligand, Sphingosine-1 Phosphate (S1P), in a transwell system.
Our data suggest that AER-270/271 treatment results in altered S1PR1 transcription thus changing T cell trafficking and prolonging allograft survival. Therefore, AQP4 blockade may be an attractive therapeutic strategy in transplantation and other immune-mediated diseases.
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Nicosia M, Valujskikh A. Total Recall: Can We Reshape T Cell Memory by Lymphoablation? Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1713-1718. [PMID: 27888576 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in immunosuppression, donor-reactive memory T cells remain a serious threat to successful organ transplantation. To alleviate damaging effects of preexisting immunologic memory, lymphoablative induction therapies are used as part of standard care in sensitized recipients. However, accumulating evidence suggests that memory T cells have advantages over their naive counterparts in surviving depletion and expanding under lymphopenic conditions. This may at least partially explain the inability of existing lymphoablative strategies to improve long-term allograft outcome in sensitized recipients, despite the well-documented decrease in the frequency of early acute rejection episodes. This minireview summarizes the insights gained from both experimental and clinical transplantation as to the effects of existing lymphoablative strategies on memory T cells and discusses the latest research developments aimed at improving the efficacy and safety of lymphoablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicosia
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - A Valujskikh
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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19
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Nicosia M, Zuk J, Sorin S, Song J, Tsai M, Song J. Advantages of Robotic Surgery in Management of Fibroids. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.08.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Davison J, Nicosia M, Surette AM, Song J, Tsai M. The Clinical Value of Endometrial Pipelle Biopsy in Women with Endometrial Polyps. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Allen SC, Lee CW, French JC, Nicosia M, Jung TT, John EO, Ly D, Nguyen J, Pham T. 373 EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE AND RIMEXOLONE ON MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROUND WINDOW MEMBRANE IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED OTITIS MEDIA. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Einstein DR, Reinhall P, Nicosia M, Cochran RP, Kunzelman K. Dynamic finite element implementation of nonlinear, anisotropic hyperelastic biological membranes. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2003; 6:33-44. [PMID: 12623436 DOI: 10.1080/1025584021000048983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel method for the implementation of hyperelastic finite strain, non-linear strain-energy functions for biological membranes in an explicit finite element environment. The technique is implemented in LS-DYNA but may also be implemented in any suitable non-linear explicit code. The constitutive equations are implemented on the foundation of a co-rotational uniformly reduced Hughes-Liu shell. This shell is based on an updated-Lagrangian formulation suitable for relating Cauchy stress to the rate-of-deformation, i.e. hypo-elasticity. To accommodate finite deformation hyper-elastic formulations, a co-rotational deformation gradient is assembled over time, resulting in a formulation suitable for pseudo-hyperelastic constitutive equations that are standard assumptions in biomechanics. Our method was validated by comparison with (1) an analytic solution to a spherically-symmetric dynamic membrane inflation problem, incorporating a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic equation and (2) with previously published finite element solutions to a non-linear transversely isotropic inflation problem. Finally, we implemented a transversely isotropic strain-energy function for mitral valve tissue. The method is simple and accurate and is believed to be generally useful for anyone who wishes to model biologic membranes with an experimentally driven strain-energy function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Einstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Nicosia M, Zabolotny JM, Lirette RP, Fraser NW. The HSV-1 2-kb latency-associated transcript is found in the cytoplasm comigrating with ribosomal subunits during productive infection. Virology 1994; 204:717-28. [PMID: 7941340 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of the latency-associated transcripts (LATs) of HSV-1. During latency these transcripts accumulate in the nuclei of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system of infected animals. However, our Northern blot analyses demonstrate that the 2-kb LAT is found in the cytoplasm of HSV-1-infected CV-1 cells, and brainstems of HSV-1 productively infected mice. Like the nuclear LAT from latently infected tissue, most of the cytoplasmic 2-kb LAT from lytically infected CV-1 cells is unpolyadenylated. In order to determine if cytoplasmic LAT could be translated, we compared its distribution with that of glycoprotein C mRNA in polysome profiles from HSV-1-infected tissue culture cells. Specific association of RNAs to polysomes was verified by disruption of polysomes with EDTA or puromycin. Analyses of numerous experiments indicate that most of the cytoplasmic 2-kb LAT migrates at the position of ribosomal subunits in polysome profiles. Thus, the 2-kb LAT may not be efficiently translated during productive infection. This suggests that if the 2-kb LAT is indeed translated, its translation may be tightly regulated during HSV-1 infection, possibly in a cell type- or cell cycle-specific manner. Another possibility is that the 2-kb LAT is not a translated RNA but may have another function, possibly related to translation as indicated by its apparent association to ribosomal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicosia
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Nicosia M, Deshmane SL, Zabolotny JM, Valyi-Nagy T, Fraser NW. Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter deletion mutants can express a 2-kilobase transcript mapping to the LAT region. J Virol 1993; 67:7276-83. [PMID: 8230451 PMCID: PMC238191 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.7276-7283.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of studies in several laboratories suggest that a TATA box-containing promoter located in the herpes simplex virus type 1 internal long repeat and long terminal repeat elements drives expression of the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). In the present study, we show that expression of a 2-kb LAT-related transcript can occur in the absence of this LAT TATA promoter, indicating the existence of a cryptic promoter. By Northern (RNA) blot analysis, we have examined LAT expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 variant strains KOS/29 and 1704, which contain deletions of the LAT promoter region. Our data indicate that KOS/29, despite lacking the 203-bp fragment which contains the LAT TATA box, can express a 2-kb LAT-related transcript during productive infection in tissue culture and in mouse trigeminal ganglia during acute infection and reactivation. Similarly, strain 1704, which contains a larger deletion in this promoter region, also expresses a 2-kb LAT-related transcript during tissue culture infection and reactivation of latently infected trigeminal ganglia. However, LATs are not expressed with either virus during latency. Northern blot analysis with a single-stranded, oligonucleotide probe demonstrates that the 2-kb LAT and LAT-related transcript are colinear and share a large area of sequence similarity. These findings suggest the existence of a second promoter in the LAT gene which can function during lytic infection and reactivation, at least in the absence of the LAT TATA promoter. We propose that this cryptic promoter is located either in a proximal region approximately 300 bp upstream of the start site of the 2-kb LAT or in a distal region starting over 1,226 bp upstream of this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicosia
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4268
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25
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Deshmane SL, Nicosia M, Valyi-Nagy T, Feldman LT, Dillner A, Fraser NW. An HSV-1 mutant lacking the LAT TATA element reactivates normally in explant cocultivation. Virology 1993; 196:868-72. [PMID: 8396815 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1993.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine if mutations within the LAT promoter region of HSV-1 are sufficient to change the reactivation phenotype, a mutant (KOS/29) containing a deletion of the LAT TATA element was used to establish latent infections in mouse ganglia by corneal inoculation. During the acute phase of infection, KOS/29 replicated as efficiently as its wild-type parent. As previously noted, latent KOS/29 infections were totally devoid of LAT gene transcripts (Dobson A. T., Sederati F., Devi-Rao G., Flanagan J., Farrell M. J., Stevens J. G., Wagner E. K., and Feldman L. T., J. Virol. 63, 3844-3851 (1989))). However, unlike other null mutants, KOS/29 reactivated from explanted ganglia with a kinetics similar to that of the LAT competent parent. These data show that the deletion created in KOS/29, removing the LAT TATA promoter element and small upstream and downstream flanking sequences, is not enough to alter the reactivation phenotype and that efficient reactivation can occur in the absence of any detectable LAT expression during latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Deshmane
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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26
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Valyi-Nagy T, Deshmane SL, Raengsakulrach B, Nicosia M, Gesser RM, Wysocka M, Dillner A, Fraser NW. Herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant strain in1814 establishes a unique, slowly progressing infection in SCID mice. J Virol 1992; 66:7336-45. [PMID: 1331523 PMCID: PMC240438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7336-7345.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infection of immunocompetent (BALB/c) mice with wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) 17+ may lead to acute fatal encephalitis; however, in surviving animals, a latent (nonproductive) infection of the nervous system is established. In contrast, 17+ infection invariably kills mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice) within 2 weeks. Ocular infection of immunocompetent mice with a mutant HSV-1 strain, in1814, which does not produce a functional alpha-transinducing protein, results in no detectable viral replication in the nervous system during the time corresponding to the acute phase of infection, no mortality, and the establishment of latency. In SCID mice, however, the in1814 virus establishes a unique, slowly progressing infection. In studying the courses of in1814 infection in SCID and BALB/c mice, we found that although intact B- and/or T-lymphocytic functions were required for the control of viral replication in the nervous system, some of the infected neurons of SCID mice seemed to be able to restrict in1814 replication and harbor the virus in a latent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Valyi-Nagy
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Nicosia M. Apolipoprotein-E messenger RNA in rat ovary is expressed in theca and interstitial cells and presumptive macrophage, but not in granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 1992. [DOI: 10.1210/me.6.6.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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28
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Nicosia M, Moger WH, Dyer CA, Prack MM, Williams DL. Apolipoprotein-E messenger RNA in rat ovary is expressed in theca and interstitial cells and presumptive macrophage, but not in granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6:978-88. [PMID: 1495495 DOI: 10.1210/mend.6.6.1495495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E (apoE) is a constituent of various lipoproteins and is a ligand for cellular lipoprotein receptors. Unlike most apolipoproteins, apoE is synthesized in peripheral tissues, including those engaged in steroidogenesis. ApoE expression in adrenal cells inhibits cholesterol utilization for steroid synthesis and blocks signal transduction via the protein kinase-A pathway. In cultured ovarian thecal/interstitial cells, exogenous apoE has been shown to inhibit LH-induced androgen synthesis. These findings support a role for apoE as an autocrine or paracrine factor involved in regulating steroidogenesis. In the present study in situ hybridization was used to identify cell types that express apoE mRNA in ovaries from rats with a 4-day estrous cycle, from pregnant rats, from immature rats treated with PMSG to stimulate follicular development, and from PMSG-treated rats that were subsequently administered hCG to stimulate ovulation and luteinization. ApoE mRNA was localized to theca and interstitial cells of follicles in animals at all stages of the estrous cycle as well as in immature rats treated with PMSG. ApoE mRNA was not detected in oocytes, cumulus cells, or granulosa cells. High levels of apoE mRNA also were expressed by localized clusters of presumptive macrophages in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea. This complex pattern of expression may indicate that apoE has multiple functions in the rat ovary. ApoE made by theca and interstitial cells may act locally as an autocrine factor to regulate androgen production. ApoE made in atretic follicles and regressing corpora lutea may serve to facilitate local transport and reutilization of lipid released as these structures degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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Nicosia M, Prack MM, Williams DL. Differential regulation of apolipoprotein-E messenger RNA in zona fasciculata cells of rat adrenal gland determined by in situ hybridization. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6:288-98. [PMID: 1373819 DOI: 10.1210/mend.6.2.1373819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that apolipoprotein-E (apoE) mRNA is regulated in rat adrenal gland by treatments that alter adrenal gland cholesterol content and steroidogenesis. In the present study cell types expressing apoE mRNA were determined by in situ hybridizations using an [alpha-35S]UTP-labeled RNA probe. Autoradiographic grains were counted to compare apoE expression in adrenal glands from control and experimentally treated animals. In control adrenal gland, zona (z.) fasciculata and z. reticularis exhibited the highest level of apoE mRNA expression, with lower levels in z. glomerulosa and medulla. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment selectively increased apoE mRNA 3-fold in outer z. fasciculata, but not in other adrenal zones. ApoE mRNA expression appeared to be lower in adrenal glands from 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine-treated rats, in that differences among adrenal gland zones were abolished. DEX treatment increased adrenal gland cholesteryl ester and oil red O staining in z. fasciculata cells in which the apoE mRNA concentration was increased as well as in other cortical cells in which apoE mRNA was unchanged. Aminoglutethimide administration led to a large increase in oil red O staining throughout the cortex, including z. fasciculata, without affecting apoE mRNA expression. These data suggest that adrenal gland apoE mRNA expression is not closely coupled to cellular cholesterol concentrations. Increased apoE mRNA expression in z. fasciculata of DEX-treated animals suggests an inverse relationship between apoE mRNA concentration and the level of steroidogenesis. This result is consistent with the proposal that apoE may play a role in regulating the utilization of cholesterol for steroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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Nicosia M. Differential regulation of apolipoprotein-E messenger RNA in zona fasciculata cells of rat adrenal gland determined by in situ hybridization. Mol Endocrinol 1992. [DOI: 10.1210/me.6.2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Prack MM, Nicosia M, Williams DL, Gwynne J. Relationship between apolipoprotein E mRNA expression and tissue cholesterol content in rat adrenal gland. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:1611-8. [PMID: 1665849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among extrahepatic tissues the adrenal gland has one of the highest concentrations of apoE mRNA and the highest rate of apoE synthesis. In the present investigation several previously described in vivo treatments were used to assess the relationship between apoE expression and cellular cholesterol in the rat adrenal gland. Treatment of rats with 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (4-APP) to lower serum cholesterol concentration and deplete adrenal gland cholesterol content decreased adrenal gland apoE mRNA concentration. These adrenal responses were blocked by dexamethasone (DEX) suggesting that the effect of 4-APP occurred indirectly via stimulation of the adrenal gland by endogenous adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH). Relative to control rats, DEX treatment increased both adrenal gland cholesterol content and apoE mRNA concentration. Concurrent ACTH and DEX administration reduced both adrenal gland cholesterol content and apoE mRNA concentration relative to DEX-treated rats. ACTH administration also rapidly decreased adrenal gland apoE mRNA concentration and cholesterol content in rats pretreated with DEX. In all the above experiments, adrenal gland cholesterol content and apoE mRNA concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.78, P = 0.0001). In contrast, aminoglutethimide treatment, which blocks adrenal gland steroidogenesis and greatly increases adrenal gland cholesterol content, was without effect on apoE mRNA concentration. ACTH administration to rats treated with DEX + aminoglutethimide resulted in decreased adrenal apoE mRNA despite greatly increased adrenal cholesterol content. This uncoupling of adrenal gland cholesterol content and apoE mRNA concentration suggests that apoE mRNA expression and cellular cholesterol are regulated independently by ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Prack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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Gordon DA, Shelness GS, Nicosia M, Williams DL. Estrogen-induced destabilization of yolk precursor protein mRNAs in avian liver. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:2625-31. [PMID: 3422636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating gene expression at the level of transcription, estrogen is generally considered to selectively stabilize induced mRNAs against degradation. As a result of mRNA stabilization, estrogen-induced mRNAs accumulate to much higher levels in target cells, and the encoded proteins are made at much greater rates than would occur on the basis of transcriptional activation alone. The present study examined the effect of estrogen on the stabilities of avian liver mRNAs that code for the yolk precursor proteins apolipoprotein (apo) II and vitellogenin (VTG) II. The results show that the degradation rates of apoII and VTG II mRNAs during hormone withdrawal are dramatically altered by the duration of prior estrogen treatment. During the 2 days required for the hormonal inductions of these mRNAs to new steady states, the turnover rates of both mRNAs were the same in the presence and absence of estrogen (t1/2 = 13 h). This result indicates that mRNA stabilization does not contribute to the extensive accumulation of apoII and VTG II mRNAs. When the duration of estrogen treatment was extended beyond 3 days, however, hormone withdrawal led to the rapid (t1/2 = 1.5 h) and selective destabilization of these mRNAs. This result suggests that estrogen induced a destabilization activity that was only functional following hormone withdrawal. Thus, the point at which estrogen alters mRNA stability is at the level of mRNA degradation. An absence of detectable apoII mRNA degradation intermediates during either the slow or rapid mode of mRNA decay suggests that the rate-limiting step for apoII mRNA turnover is an estrogen-sensitive targeting event that marks the mRNA for rapid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gordon
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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Kirchgessner TG, Heinzmann C, Svenson KL, Gordon DA, Nicosia M, Lebherz HG, Lusis AJ, Williams DL. Regulation of chicken apolipoprotein B: cloning, tissue distribution, and estrogen induction of mRNA. Gene 1987; 59:241-51. [PMID: 3436530 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) B is a major protein component of plasma very low-density and low-density lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL, respectively) and serves as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL by the apoB/E receptor. In contrast to the situation in mammals, avian apoB is also a component of specialized VLDL particles that are produced by the liver in response to estrogen. These particles transport cholesterol and triglyceride from the liver to the ovary for deposition in egg yolk. We report here the identification and characterization of cDNA clones for chicken apoB and their use in examining the tissue distribution and hormonal regulation of chicken apoB mRNA. The cDNA clones were identified by immunological screening of a phage lambda gt11 library constructed with hen liver mRNA and their identity was supported by sequence comparisons with mammalian apoB. The chicken apoB mRNA is approximately the same size as mammalian apoB mRNA (14 kb), and, as occurs in mammals, is present at high levels in liver and small intestine. Unlike mammals, the chicken apoB mRNA is also found at high levels in the kidney, consistent with previous protein biosynthetic studies. A DNA-excess solution-hybridization assay was used to quantitate apoB mRNA in these tissues and to examine its hormonal regulation. In control roosters the liver and kidney contained 65% and 10%, respectively, as much apoB mRNA as the small intestine. Within 24 h after estradiol administration, apoB mRNA was increased five- to seven-fold in liver but was unchanged in intestine and kidney. The increase in apoB mRNA content and the kinetics of induction parallel hepatic apoB synthesis, indicating that estrogen regulates apoB production through changes in the cellular abundance of apoB mRNA. The apoB mRNA increased rapidly following hormone treatment while the mRNA for another VLDL protein (apoII) showed a lag or slow phase of several hours before significant mRNA accumulation occurred. These data indicate that the liver can respond immediately to estrogen to increase apoB mRNA accumulation, while apoII mRNA accumulation appears to involve additional events or signals which occur slowly and are specific to this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Kirchgessner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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