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Cilleros-Holgado P, Gómez-Fernández D, Piñero-Pérez R, Romero-Domínguez JM, Reche-López D, López-Cabrera A, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Munuera-Cabeza M, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Romero-González A, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Mitochondrial Quality Control via Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (mtUPR) in Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1789. [PMID: 38136659 PMCID: PMC10741690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular functions, including energy production and oxidative stress regulation. For this reason, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) is essential for cellular health. Therefore, there are different mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), mitophagy, or mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). The last item is a stress response that occurs when stress is present within mitochondria and, especially, when the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix surpasses the folding capacity of the mitochondrion. In response to this, molecular chaperones and proteases as well as the mitochondrial antioxidant system are activated to restore mitochondrial proteostasis and cellular function. In disease contexts, mtUPR modulation holds therapeutic potential by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary mitochondrial diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Friedreich's Ataxia (FA), there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that the modulation of mtUPR helps to reduce neurodegeneration and its associated symptoms in various cellular and animal models. These findings underscore mtUPR's role as a promising therapeutic target in combating these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (J.M.R.-D.); (D.R.-L.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.)
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2
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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen L, Su W, Zhu Q, Tong G. Protective mechanisms of quercetin in neonatal rat brain injury induced by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7649-7663. [PMID: 38107093 PMCID: PMC10724619 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. This study explored whether quercetin (Que) exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD. A total of 36 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, Que, HI, and HI + Que groups. The Rice method was used to establish HIBD in HI and HI + Que rats, which were treated with hypoxia (oxygen concentration of 8%) for 2 h after ligation of the left common carotid artery. The rats in the HI + Que group were intraperitoneally injected with Que (30 mg/kg) 1 h before hypoxia, and the rats in the Que group were only injected with the same amount of Que. Brain tissues were harvested 24 h postoperation and assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay; relative gene and protein levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR, IHC, or western blot (WB) assay. Brain tissue morphologies were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); LC3B protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Escape latencies and platform crossing times were significantly improved (p < .05) in HI + Que groups; infarct volume significantly decreased (p < .001), whereas the numbers of autophagic bodies and apoptotic cells increased and decreased, respectively. Meanwhile, NLRX1, ATG7, and Beclin1 expressions were significantly upregulated, and mTOR and TIM23 expressions, LC3B protein level, and LC 3II/LC 3I ratio were significantly downregulated. Que exerted neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD by regulating NLRX1 and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐hong Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Jin‐bo Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Lu‐lu Chen
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Wei Su
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Qing Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
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3
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Wu L, Lin Y, Song J, Li L, Rao X, Wan W, Wei G, Hua F, Ying J. TMEM175: A lysosomal ion channel associated with neurological diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106244. [PMID: 37524211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic intracellular organelles with autophagic functions that are critical for protein degradation and mitochondrial homeostasis, while abnormalities in lysosomal physiological functions are closely associated with neurological disorders. Transmembrane protein 175 (TMEM175), an ion channel in the lysosomal membrane that is essential for maintaining lysosomal acidity, has been proven to coordinate with V-ATPase to modulate the luminal pH of the lysosome to assist the digestion of abnormal proteins and organelles. However, there is considerable controversy about the characteristics of TMEM175. In this review, we introduce the research progress on the structural, modulatory, and functional properties of TMEM175, followed by evidence of its relevance for neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the potential value of TMEM175 as a therapeutic target in the hope of providing new directions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luojia Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Jiali Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Longshan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Gen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China.
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China.
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4
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Carvalho D, Diaz-Amarilla P, Dapueto R, Santi MD, Duarte P, Savio E, Engler H, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Arredondo F. Transcriptomic Analyses of Neurotoxic Astrocytes Derived from Adult Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:487-515. [PMID: 37318736 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease have been classically studied from a purely neuronocentric point of view. More recent evidences support the notion that other cell populations are involved in disease progression. In this sense, the possible pathogenic role of glial cells like astrocytes is increasingly being recognized. Once faced with tissue damage signals and other stimuli present in disease environments, astrocytes suffer many morphological and functional changes, a process referred as reactive astrogliosis. Studies from murine models and humans suggest that these complex and heterogeneous responses could manifest as disease-specific astrocyte phenotypes. Clear understanding of disease-associated astrocytes is a necessary step to fully disclose neurodegenerative processes, aiding in the design of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In this work, we present the transcriptomics characterization of neurotoxic astrocytic cultures isolated from adult symptomatic animals of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD). According to the observed profile, 3xTg-AD neurotoxic astrocytes show various reactivity features including alteration of the extracellular matrix and release of pro-inflammatory and proliferative factors that could result in harmful effects to neurons. Moreover, these alterations could be a consequence of stress responses at the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as of concomitant metabolic adaptations. Present results support the hypothesis that adaptive changes of astrocytic function induced by a stressed microenvironment could later promote harmful astrocyte phenotypes and further accelerate or induce neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carvalho
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Diaz-Amarilla
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Dapueto
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Daniela Santi
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- College of Dentistry, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, 10010, USA
| | - Pablo Duarte
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 1800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan A Abin-Carriquiry
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Florencia Arredondo
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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5
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Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
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6
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Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Leal IF, Dos Santos MV, Coiado JV, Bagatini MD. Action of the Purinergic and Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neuroscience 2023; 512:110-132. [PMID: 36526078 PMCID: PMC9746135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected more than 20 million people in Brazil and caused a global health emergency. This virus has the potential to affect various parts of the body and compromise metabolic functions. The virus-mediated neural inflammation of the nervous system is due to a storm of cytokines and oxidative stress, which are the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This neurodegenerative disease is aggravated in cases involving SARS-CoV-2 and its inflammatory biomarkers, accelerating accumulation of β-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and production of reactive oxygen species, which lead to homeostasis imbalance. The cholinergic system, through neurons and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), modulates various physiological pathways, such as the response to stress, sleep and wakefulness, sensory information, and the cognitive system. Patients with AD have low concentrations of ACh; hence, therapeutic methods are aimed at adjusting the ACh titers available to the body for maintaining functionality. Herein, we focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, responsible for the degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, and muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists of the cholinergic system owing to the therapeutic potential of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in AD associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L.B. Simões
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Inayá F. Leal
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - João Victor Coiado
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete D. Bagatini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil,Corresponding author
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Xin Y. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin-mediated mitophagy through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein X1 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22784. [PMID: 36692416 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201523r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of brain damage in neonates. Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a hub for a broad spectrum of signaling events, culminating in cell death triggered by HI. A neuroprotective role of melatonin (MT) has been proposed, and mitophagy regulation seems to be important for cell survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MT-mediated mitophagy during HI treatment are poorly defined. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein X1 (NLRX1) has emerged as a critical regulator of mitochondrial dynamics and neuronal death that participates in the pathology of diverse diseases. This study aimed to clarify whether NLRX1 participates in the regulation of mitophagy during MT treatment for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). We demonstrated that MT protected neonates from HIBD through NLRX1-mediated mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, MT upregulated the expression of NLRX1, Beclin-1, and autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) but decreased the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and translocase of the inner membrane of mitochondrion 23 (TIM23). Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of MT were abolished by silencing NLRX1 after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, the downregulation of mTOR and upregulation of Beclin-1 and ATG7 by MT were inhibited after silencing NLRX1 under OGD. In summary, MT modulates mitophagy induction through NLRX1 and plays a protective role in HIBD, providing insight into potential therapeutic targets for MT to exert neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Xingzao Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
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8
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Guo DF, Merrill RA, Qian L, Hsu Y, Zhang Q, Lin Z, Thedens DR, Usachev YM, Grumbach I, Sheffield VC, Strack S, Rahmouni K. The BBSome regulates mitochondria dynamics and function. Mol Metab 2023; 67:101654. [PMID: 36513220 PMCID: PMC9792363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The essential role of mitochondria in regulation of metabolic function and other physiological processes has garnered enormous interest in understanding the mechanisms controlling the function of this organelle. We assessed the role of the BBSome, a protein complex composed of eight Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, in the control of mitochondria dynamic and function. METHODS We used a multidisciplinary approach that include CRISPR/Cas9 technology-mediated generation of a stable Bbs1 gene knockout hypothalamic N39 neuronal cell line. We also analyzed the phenotype of BBSome deficient mice in presence or absence of the gene encoding A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (AKAP1). RESULTS Our data show that the BBSome play an important role in the regulation of mitochondria dynamics and function. Disruption of the BBSome cause mitochondria hyperfusion in cell lines, fibroblasts derived from patients as well as in hypothalamic neurons and brown adipocytes of mice. The morphological changes in mitochondria translate into functional abnormalities as indicated by the reduced oxygen consumption rate and altered mitochondrial distribution and calcium handling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the BBSome modulates the activity of dynamin-like protein 1 (DRP1), a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, by regulating its phosphorylation and translocation to the mitochondria. Notably, rescuing the decrease in DRP1 activity through deletion of one copy of the gene encoding AKAP1 was effective to normalize the defects in mitochondrial morphology and activity induced by BBSome deficiency. Importantly, this was associated with improvement in several of the phenotypes caused by loss of the BBSome such as the neuroanatomical abnormalities, metabolic alterations and obesity highlighting the importance of mitochondria defects in the pathophysiology of BBS. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a critical role of the BBSome in the modulation of mitochondria function and point to mitochondrial defects as a key disease mechanism in BBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ronald A Merrill
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lan Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ying Hsu
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yuriy M Usachev
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Isabella Grumbach
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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9
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Li L, Chen M, Liu W, Tai P, Liu X, Liu JX. Zebrafish cox17 modulates primitive erythropoiesis via regulation of mitochondrial metabolism to facilitate hypoxia tolerance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22596. [PMID: 36208295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200829r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cox17 is required in the assembly of mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) and Cu metallization of cytochrome C oxidase (CcO) in mitochondria as well as Cu homeostasis in cells. Cox deficiency is associated with hematopoietic diseases such as tubulopathy and leukodystrophy, but whether and how cox17 functions in hematopoiesis are still unknown. Here, we report the effects of zebrafish cox17 deficiency on primitive erythropoiesis, mitochondrial metabolism, and hypoxia tolerance. Cox17-/- larvae were sensitive to hypoxia stress, with reduced primitive erythropoiesis. Meanwhile, cox17-/- mutants showed a significant reduction in the expression of pivotal transcriptional regulators in erythropoiesis, such as scl, lmo2, and gata1a at 14 h post fertilization (hpf), with expression remaining downregulated for scl but upregulated for lmo2 and gata1a at 24 hpf. Mechanistically, cox17-/- mutants showed impaired mitochondrial metabolism, coupled with a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP and SAM content, and the ratio of SAM and SAH. Additionally, disrupting mitochondrial metabolism in wild type (WT) larvae treated with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) could mimic the primitive erythropoiesis defects observed in cox17-/- mutants. Moreover, cox17-/- mutants exhibited significantly downregulated WNT signaling and upregulated ER stress, with a significant reduction of beta-Catenin in gata1a+ cells and of binding enrichment in both scl and lmo2 promoters of the WNT transcriptional factor TCF4. This is the first report on the novel linkage of cox17 deficiency with defective primitive erythropoiesis and reduced hypoxia tolerance. This study has shed light on the potential mechanism by which Cox deficiency, especially cox17 deficiency, induces Cu homeostasis imbalance, leading to hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingYa Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - MingYue Chen
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - WenYe Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - PengZhi Tai
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Na JH, Kim HD, Lee YM. Effective application of corpus callosotomy in pediatric intractable epilepsy patients with mitochondrial dysfunction. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221092551. [PMID: 35498367 PMCID: PMC9039434 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether epilepsy surgery, such as corpus callosotomy is effective in patients with pediatric intractable epilepsy with mitochondrial dysfunction is controversial, and there is a paucity of literature on this issue. Objective: This study aimed to assess and describe the effective application of corpus callosotomy for treating pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy with mitochondrial dysfunction in a single institution in Korea. Methods: This was a retrospective study of pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy and mitochondrial dysfunction who underwent corpus callosotomy in a single tertiary care center. Ten patients with intractable epilepsy with mitochondrial dysfunction were included, and 10 patients with intractable epilepsy with non-mitochondrial dysfunctions were included as a control group. The outcomes of corpus callosotomy in the two groups were evaluated and compared. Results: Corpus callosotomy was safely performed and was efficacious in reducing seizure frequency in both groups. The group with non-mitochondrial dysfunction showed slightly better treatment outcomes, with greater reductions in overall seizures, traumatic falling seizures, and electroencephalography improvements, but the differences in treatment effects were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study is meaningful as it identified the use of corpus callosotomy as a means to save lives and improve quality of life by reducing the frequency of seizures and those associated with traumatic falling in pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy with mitochondrial dysfunction. Larger multicenter studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children’s Hospital, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Mock Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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An B, Zhang Y, Li X, Hou X, Yan B, Cai J. PHB2 affects the virulence of Vip3Aa to Sf9 cells through internalization and mitochondrial stability. Virulence 2022; 13:684-697. [PMID: 35400294 PMCID: PMC9037526 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2064596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip3A) secreted by some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains during vegetative growth are regarded as a new generation of insecticidal toxins. Like insecticidal crystal proteins, they are also used in transgenic crops to control pests. However, their insecticidal mechanisms are far less defined than those of insecticidal crystal protein. Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) is a potential Vip3Aa binding receptor identified from the membrane of Sf9 cells in our previous work. In this paper, we demonstrated the interaction between Vip3Aa and PHB2 using pull-down, dot blotting, microscale thermophoresis, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. PHB2 is distributed on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm, and the co-localization of PHB2 and Vip3Aa was observed in Sf9 cells using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Moreover, PHB2 could interact with scavenger receptor-C via its SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) domain. Downregulation of phb2 expression reduced the degree of internalization of Vip3Aa, exacerbated Vip3Aa-mediated mitochondrial damage, and increased Vip3Aa toxicity to Sf9 cells. This suggested that PHB2 performs two different functions: Acting as an interacting partner to facilitate the internalization of Vip3Aa into Sf9 cells and maintaining the stability of mitochondria. The latter has a more important influence on the virulence of Vip3Aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoju An
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Bioresources development, Lianyungang, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
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12
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The mitochondrial proteomic changes of rat hippocampus induced by 28-day simulated microgravity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265108. [PMID: 35271667 PMCID: PMC8912132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aerospace practices have confirmed that the aerospace microgravity environment can lead to cognitive function decline. Mitochondria are the most important energy metabolism organelles, and some studies demonstrate that the areospace microgravity environment can cause mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the relationships between cognitive function decline and mitochondrial dysfunction in the microgravity environment have not been elucidated. In this study, we simulated the microgravity environment in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by -30° tail suspension for 28 days. We then investigated the changes of mitochondrial morphology and proteomics in the hippocampus. The electron microscopy results showed that the 28-day tail suspension increased the mitochondria number and size of rat hippocampal neuronal soma. Using TMT-based proteomics analysis, we identified 163 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between tail suspension and control samples, and among them, 128 proteins were upregulated and 35 proteins were downregulated. Functional and network analyses of the DEPs indicated that several of mitochondrial metabolic processes including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were altered by simulating microgravity (SM). We verified 3 upregulated proteins, aconitate hydratase (ACO2), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST), and citrate synthase (CS), in the TCA cycle process by western blotting and confirmed their differential expressions between tail suspension and control samples. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 28-day tail suspension can cause changes in the morphology and metabolic function of hippocampus mitochondria, which might represent a mechanism of cognitive disorder caused by aerospace microgravity.
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13
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Liu J, Li L, Xie P, Zhao X, Shi D, Zhang Y, Pan C, Li T. Sevoflurane induced neurotoxicity in neonatal mice links to a GSK3β/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:72-81. [PMID: 35122996 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria damage and apoptosis were found associated with sevoflurane induced neurotoxicity in developing brains of rodent and neuro cell lines. The detailed upstream mechanism remains unclear. This study explored whether sevoflurane induces neurotoxicity by activating a GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β)/Drp1 (dynamin-related protein-1)-dependent mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. Our results showed that sevoflurane exposure promoted mitochondria fission in hippocampus of neonatal mice, resulted in a prolonged escape latency from P32 (32-day-postnatal) to P35, and decreased platform crossing times on P36 as compared to the control treatment. Additionally, sevoflurane upregulated GSK3β stability and activation, promoted phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser616 along with its translocation to mitochondria and resulted in increasing cytochrome c and cleaved casepase-3 in hippocampus of neonatal mice and in human SK-N-SH cells. Simultaneously, sevoflurane promoted the interaction between Drp1 and GSK3β. Furthermore, GSK3β activated phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser616, induced mitochondrial fission, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells, which was attenuated by TDZD-8, an inhibitor of GSK3β. In conclusion, sevoflurane induced neurotoxicity links to a GSK3β/Drp1 dependent mitochondrial fission and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjing Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuxiong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianzuo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Huang T, Zhang T, Gao J. Targeted mitochondrial delivery: A therapeutic new era for disease treatment. J Control Release 2022; 343:89-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Lin YT, Shi QQ, Zhang L, Yue CP, He ZJ, Li XX, He QJ, Liu Q, Du XB. Hydrogen-rich water ameliorates neuropathological impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease through reducing neuroinflammation and modulating intestinal microbiota. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:409-417. [PMID: 34269217 PMCID: PMC8464006 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen exhibits the potential to treat Alzheimer's disease. Stereotactic injection has been previously used as an invasive method of administering active hydrogen, but this method has limitations in clinical practice. In this study, triple transgenic (3×Tg) Alzheimer's disease mice were treated with hydrogen-rich water for 7 months. The results showed that hydrogen-rich water prevented synaptic loss and neuronal death, inhibited senile plaques, and reduced hyperphosphorylated tau and neurofibrillary tangles in 3×Tg Alzheimer's disease mice. In addition, hydrogen-rich water improved brain energy metabolism disorders and intestinal flora imbalances and reduced inflammatory reactions. These findings suggest that hydrogen-rich water is an effective hydrogen donor that can treat Alzheimer's disease. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of Shenzhen University, China (approval No. AEWC-20140615-002) on June 15, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing-Qing Shi
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cai-Ping Yue
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jun He
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Xia Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian-Jun He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Bo Du
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Carneiro L, Pellerin L. Nutritional Impact on Metabolic Homeostasis and Brain Health. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:767405. [PMID: 35153657 PMCID: PMC8829049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.767405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging in modern societies is often associated with various diseases including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, researchers have shown that both dysfunctions are related to each other. Although the relationship is not fully understood, recent evidence indicate that metabolic control plays a determinant role in neural defects onset. Indeed, energy balance dysregulation affects neuroenergetics by altering energy supply and thus neuronal activity. Consistently, different diets to help control body weight, blood glucose or insulin sensitivity are also effective in improving neurodegenerative disorders, dampening symptoms, or decreasing the risk of disease onset. Moreover, adapted nutritional recommendations improve learning, memory, and mood in healthy subjects as well. Interestingly, adjusted carbohydrate content of meals is the most efficient for both brain function and metabolic regulation improvement. Notably, documented neurological disorders impacted by specific diets suggest that the processes involved are inflammation, mitochondrial function and redox balance as well as ATP production. Interestingly, processes involving inflammation, mitochondrial function and redox balance as well as ATP production are also described in brain regulation of energy homeostasis. Therefore, it is likely that changes in brain function induced by diets can affect brain control of energy homeostasis and other brain functions such as memory, anxiety, social behavior, or motor skills. Moreover, a defect in energy supply could participate to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Among the possible processes involved, the role of ketone bodies metabolism, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress and inflammation or epigenetic regulations as well as gut-brain axis and SCFA have been proposed in the literature. Therefore, the goal of this review is to provide hints about how nutritional studies could help to better understand the tight relationship between metabolic balance, brain activity and aging. Altogether, diets that help maintaining a metabolic balance could be key to both maintain energy homeostasis and prevent neurological disorders, thus contributing to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Lionel Carneiro,
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Inserm U1082, Université de Poitiers and CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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17
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Erbescu A, Papuc SM, Budisteanu M, Arghir A, Neagu M. Re-emerging concepts of immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1006612. [PMID: 36339838 PMCID: PMC9626859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by communication and social interaction deficits, and by restricted interests and stereotyped, repetitive behavior patterns. ASD has a strong genetic component and a complex architecture characterized by the interplay of rare and common genetic variants. Recently, increasing evidence suggest a significant contribution of immune system dysregulation in ASD. The present paper reviews the latest updates regarding the altered immune landscape of this complex disorder highlighting areas with potential for biomarkers discovery as well as personalization of therapeutic approaches. Cross-talk between the central nervous system and immune system has long been envisaged and recent evidence brings insights into the pathways connecting the brain to the immune system. Disturbance of cytokine levels plays an important role in the establishment of a neuroinflammatory milieu in ASD. Several other immune molecules involved in antigen presentation and inflammatory cellular phenotypes are also at play in ASD. Maternal immune activation, the presence of brain-reactive antibodies and autoimmunity are other potential prenatal and postnatal contributors to ASD pathophysiology. The molecular players involved in oxidative-stress response and mitochondrial system function, are discussed as contributors to the pro-inflammatory pattern. The gastrointestinal inflammation pathways proposed to play a role in ASD are also discussed. Moreover, the body of evidence regarding some of the genetic factors linked to the immune system dysregulation is reviewed and discussed. Last, but not least, the epigenetic traits and their interactions with the immune system are reviewed as an expanding field in ASD research. Understanding the immune-mediated pathways that influence brain development and function, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis, may lead to the identification of robust diagnostic or predictive biomarkers for ASD individuals. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches could be developed, ultimately aiming to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Erbescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Magdalena Budisteanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Arghir
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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18
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The Protective Role of E-64d in Hippocampal Excitotoxic Neuronal Injury Induced by Glutamate in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:7174287. [PMID: 34721570 PMCID: PMC8550833 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7174287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common childhood neurologic disorder. Status epilepticus (SE), which refers to continuous epileptic seizures, occurs more frequently in children than in adults, and approximately 40–50% of all cases occur in children under 2 years of age. Conventional antiepileptic drugs currently used in clinical practice have a number of adverse side effects. Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) can progressively develop in children with persistent SE, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic drugs. During SE, the persistent activation of neurons leads to decreased glutamate clearance with corresponding glutamate accumulation in the synaptic extracellular space, increasing the chance of neuronal excitotoxicity. Our previous study demonstrated that after developmental seizures in rats, E-64d exerts a neuroprotective effect on the seizure-induced brain damage by modulating lipid metabolism enzymes, especially ApoE and ApoJ/clusterin. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanisms of E-64d administration on neuronal excitotoxicity. To test our hypothesis that E-64d confers neuroprotective effects by regulating autophagy and mitochondrial pathway activity, we simulated neuronal excitotoxicity in vitro using an immortalized hippocampal neuron cell line (HT22). We found that E-64d improved cell viability while reducing oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, E-64d treatment regulated mitochondrial pathway activity and inhibited chaperone-mediated autophagy in HT22 cells. Our findings indicate that E-64d may alleviate glutamate-induced damage via regulation of mitochondrial fission and apoptosis, as well as inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Thus, E-64d may be a promising therapeutic treatment for hippocampal injury associated with SE.
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19
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Aksu-Menges E, Eylem CC, Nemutlu E, Gizer M, Korkusuz P, Topaloglu H, Talim B, Balci-Hayta B. Reduced mitochondrial fission and impaired energy metabolism in human primary skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial Congenital Muscular Dystrophy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18161. [PMID: 34518586 PMCID: PMC8438035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Megaconial Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by enlarged mitochondria located mainly at the periphery of muscle fibers and caused by mutations in the Choline Kinase Beta (CHKB) gene. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is not well understood, there is accumulating evidence for the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics affects mitochondrial function and bioenergetic efficiency in skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial CMD. Immunofluorescence, confocal and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed impaired mitochondrial network, morphology, and localization in primary skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial CMD. The organelle disruption was specific only to skeletal muscle cells grown in culture. The expression levels of mitochondrial fission proteins (DRP1, MFF, FIS1) were found to be decreased significantly in both primary skeletal muscle cells and tissue sections of Megaconial CMD by Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence analysis. The metabolomic and fluxomic analysis, which were performed in Megaconial CMD for the first time, revealed decreased levels of phosphonucleotides, Krebs cycle intermediates, ATP, and altered energy metabolism pathways. Our results indicate that reduced mitochondrial fission and altered mitochondrial energy metabolism contribute to mitochondrial dysmorphology and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Megaconial CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Aksu-Menges
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemil Can Eylem
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Gizer
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pediatrics, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Talim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Balci-Hayta
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Increases DRP1 Levels and Promotes Mitochondrial Fission. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051202. [PMID: 34068960 PMCID: PMC8156392 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the heart, mitochondrial homeostasis is critical for sustaining normal function and optimal responses to metabolic and environmental stressors. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are thought to be necessary for maintaining a robust population of mitochondria, and disruptions in mitochondrial fission and/or fusion can lead to cellular dysfunction. The dynamin-related protein (DRP1) is an important mediator of mitochondrial fission. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of the micronutrient retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the mitochondrial structure in vivo and in vitro using Western blot, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy, as well as mitochondrial network quantification using stochastic modeling. Our results showed that ATRA increases DRP1 protein levels, increases the localization of DRP1 to mitochondria in isolated mitochondrial preparations. Our results also suggested that ATRA remodels the mitochondrial ultrastructure where the mitochondrial area and perimeter were decreased and the circularity was increased. Microscopically, mitochondrial network remodeling is driven by an increased rate of fission over fusion events in ATRA, as suggested by our numerical modeling. In conclusion, ATRA results in a pharmacologically mediated increase in the DRP1 protein. It also results in the modulation of cardiac mitochondria by promoting fission events, altering the mitochondrial network, and modifying the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the heart.
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21
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Liput M, Magliaro C, Kuczynska Z, Zayat V, Ahluwalia A, Buzanska L. Tools and approaches for analyzing the role of mitochondria in health, development and disease using human cerebral organoids. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:591-607. [PMID: 33725382 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in generating energy to power various processes in the cell. Although the pivotal role of mitochondria in neurogenesis was demonstrated (first in animal models), very little is known about their role in human embryonic neurodevelopment and its pathology. In this respect human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived cerebral organoids provide a tractable, alternative model system of the early neural development and disease that is responsive to pharmacological and genetic manipulations, not possible to apply in humans. Although the involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and brain dysfunction has been demonstrated, the precise role they play in cell life and death remains unknown, compromising the development of new mitochondria-targeted approaches to treat human diseases. The cerebral organoid model of neurogenesis and disease in vitro provides an unprecedented opportunity to answer some of the most fundamental questions about mitochondrial function in early human neurodevelopment and neural pathology. Largely an unexplored territory due to the lack of tools and approaches, this review focuses on recent technological advancements in fluorescent and molecular tools, imaging systems, and computational approaches for quantitative and qualitative analyses of mitochondrial structure and function in three-dimensional cellular assemblies-cerebral organoids. Future developments in this direction will further facilitate our understanding of the important role or mitochondrial dynamics and energy requirements during early embryonic development. This in turn will provide a further understanding of how dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Liput
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre "E. Piaggio", and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zuzanna Kuczynska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valery Zayat
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Centre "E. Piaggio", and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Moro L, Rech G, Linazzi AM, Dos Santos TG, de Oliveira DL. An optimized method for adult zebrafish brain-tissue dissociation that allows access mitochondrial function under healthy and epileptic conditions. Brain Res 2021; 1765:147498. [PMID: 33894225 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in brain metabolism. Not surprisingly, mitochondria dysfunction is a ubiquitous cause of neurodegenerative diseases. In turn, acquired forms of epilepsy etiology is specifically intriguing since mitochondria function and dysfunction remain not completely enlightened. Investigation in the field includes models of epileptic disorder using mainly rodents followed by mitochondrial function evaluation, which in general evidenced controversial data. So, we considered the efforts and limitations in this research field and we took into account that sample preparation and quality are critical for bioenergetics investigation. For these reasons the aim of the present study was to develop a thorough protocol for adult zebrafish brain-tissue dissociation to evaluate oxygen consumption flux and reach the bioenergetics profile in health and models of epileptic disorder in both, in vitro using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and N-methyl-D-Aspartic acid (NMDA), and in vivo after kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus. In conclusion, we verify that fire-polished glass Pasteur pipette is eligible to brain-tissue dissociation and to study mitochondrial function and dysfunction in adult zebrafish. The results give evidence for large effect size in increase of coupling efficiency respiration (p/O2) correlated to treatment with PTZ and spare respiratory capacity (SRC) in KA-induced model indicating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) variable alterations. Further investigation is needed in order to clarify the bioenergetics role as well as other mitochondrial functions in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Moro
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Rech
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Linazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thainá Garbino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Lösch de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Sercel AJ, Carlson NM, Patananan AN, Teitell MA. Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics in Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:311-323. [PMID: 33422359 PMCID: PMC7954944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells, with the exception of erythrocytes, harbor mitochondria, which are organelles that provide energy, intermediate metabolites, and additional activities to sustain cell viability, replication, and function. Mitochondria contain multiple copies of a circular genome called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose individual sequences are rarely identical (homoplasmy) because of inherited or sporadic mutations that result in multiple mtDNA genotypes (heteroplasmy). Here, we examine potential mechanisms for maintenance or shifts in heteroplasmy that occur in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by cellular reprogramming, and further discuss manipulations that can alter heteroplasmy to impact stem and differentiated cell performance. This additional insight will assist in developing more robust iPSC-based models of disease and differentiated cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sercel
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Natasha M Carlson
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, CA, USA 91330; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095.
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24
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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25
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Guo YF, Su T, Yang M, Li CJ, Guo Q, Xiao Y, Huang Y, Liu Y, Luo XH. The role of autophagy in bone homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4152-4173. [PMID: 33452680 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process and is considered one of the main catabolism pathways. In the process of autophagy, cells are digested nonselectively or selectively to recover nutrients and energy, so it is regarded as an antiaging process. In addition to the essential role of autophagy in cellular homeostasis, autophagy is a stress response mechanism for cell survival. Here, we review recent literature describing the pathway of autophagy and its role in different bone cell types, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Also discussed is the mechanism of autophagy in bone diseases associated with bone homeostasis, including osteoporosis and Paget's disease. Finally, we discuss the application of autophagy regulators in bone diseases. This review aims to introduce autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role and therapeutic potential in the pathogenesis of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tian Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Picone P, Porcelli G, Bavisotto CC, Nuzzo D, Galizzi G, Biagio PLS, Bulone D, Di Carlo M. Synaptosomes: new vesicles for neuronal mitochondrial transplantation. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:6. [PMID: 33407593 PMCID: PMC7789323 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, mitochondrial transplantation has been advised as an innovative and attractive strategy to transfer and replace damaged mitochondria. Here we propose, for the first time, to use rat brain extracted synaptosomes, a subcellular fraction of isolated synaptic terminal that contains mitochondria, as mitochondrial delivery systems. Results Synaptosome preparation was validated by the presence of Synaptophysin and PSD95. Synaptosomes were characterized in terms of dimension, zeta potential, polydispersity index and number of particles/ml. Nile Red or CTX-FITCH labeled synaptosomes were internalized in LAN5 recipient cells by a mechanism involving specific protein–protein interaction, as demonstrated by loss of fusion ability after trypsin treatment and using different cell lines. The loading and release ability of the synaptosomes was proved by the presence of curcumin both into synaptosomes and LAN5 cells. The vitality of mitochondria transferred by Synaptosomes was demonstrated by the presence of Opa1, Fis1 and TOM40 mitochondrial proteins and JC-1 measurements. Further, synaptosomes deliver vital mitochondria into the cytoplasm of neuronal cells as demonstrated by microscopic images, increase of TOM 40, cytochrome c, Hexokinase II mitochondrial proteins, and presence of rat mitochondrial DNA. Finally, by using synaptosomes as a vehicle, healthy mitochondria restored mitochondrial function in cells containing rotenone or CCCp damaged mitochondria. Conclusions Taken together these results suggest that synaptosomes can be a natural vehicle for the delivery of molecules and organelles to neuronal cells. Further, the replacement of affected mitochondria with healthy ones could be a potential therapy for treating neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetana Porcelli
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze, e Diagnostica Avanzata (BIND) (Sez. Anatomia Umana), Università di Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienze e Tecnologie (IEMEST), via M. Miraglia, 20, 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacoma Galizzi
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
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27
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Wajner M, Vargas CR, Amaral AU. Disruption of mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress contribute to neurologic dysfunction in organic acidurias. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108646. [PMID: 33098870 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic acidurias (OADs) are inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism biochemically characterized by accumulation of short-chain carboxylic acids in tissues and biological fluids of the affected patients and clinically by predominant neurological manifestations. Some of these disorders are amenable to treatment, which significantly decreases mortality and morbidity, but it is still ineffective to prevent long-term neurologic and systemic complications. Although pathogenesis of OADs is still poorly established, recent human and animal data, such as lactic acidosis, mitochondrial morphological alterations, decreased activities of respiratory chain complexes and altered parameters of oxidative stress, found in tissues from patients and from genetic mice models with these diseases indicate that disruption of critical mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress play an important role in their pathophysiology. Furthermore, organic acids that accumulate in the most prevalent OADs were shown to compromise bioenergetics, by decreasing ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing equivalent content and calcium retention capacity, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation and apoptosis. It is therefore presumed that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by major metabolites accumulating in OADs contribute to tissue damage in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, RS, Brazil
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28
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Woodward KE, de Jesus P, Esser MJ. Neuroinflammation and Precision Medicine in Pediatric Neurocritical Care: Multi-Modal Monitoring of Immunometabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9155. [PMID: 33271778 PMCID: PMC7730047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of molecular biology in neurocritical care (NCC) is expanding rapidly and recognizing the important contribution of neuroinflammation, specifically changes in immunometabolism, towards pathological disease processes encountered across all illnesses in the NCC. Additionally, the importance of individualized inflammatory responses has been emphasized, acknowledging that not all individuals have the same mechanisms contributing towards their presentation. By understanding cellular processes that drive disease, we can make better personalized therapy decisions to improve patient outcomes. While the understanding of these cellular processes is evolving, the ability to measure such cellular responses at bedside to make acute care decisions is lacking. In this overview, we review cellular mechanisms involved in pathological neuroinflammation with a focus on immunometabolic dysfunction and review non-invasive bedside tools that have the potential to measure indirect and direct markers of shifts in cellular metabolism related to neuroinflammation. These tools include near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial doppler, elastography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and cytokine analysis. Additionally, we review the importance of genetic testing in providing information about unique metabolic profiles to guide individualized interpretation of bedside data. Together in tandem, these modalities have the potential to provide real time information and guide more informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (K.E.W.); (P.d.J.)
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29
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Montaseri A, Giampietri C, Rossi M, Riccioli A, Fattore AD, Filippini A. The Role of Autophagy in Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption Function. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1398. [PMID: 33008140 PMCID: PMC7601508 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic organelles, proteins, macromolecules, and pathogens, eliminates unnecessary materials and provides nutrients and energy for cell survival and maintenance. The critical role of autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and maintenance of bone homeostasis has previously been reported. Increasing evidence reveals that autophagy dysregulation leads to alteration of osteoclast function and enhanced bone loss, which is associated with the onset and progression of osteoporosis. In this review, we briefly consolidate the current state-of-the-art technology regarding the role of autophagy in osteoclast function in both physiologic and pathologic conditions to have a more general view on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Riccioli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
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30
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Mens Sana in Corpore Sano: Does the Glycemic Index Have a Role to Play? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102989. [PMID: 33003562 PMCID: PMC7599769 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diet interventions are mostly related to metabolic disorders, nowadays they are used in a wide variety of pathologies. From diabetes and obesity to cardiovascular diseases, to cancer or neurological disorders and stroke, nutritional recommendations are applied to almost all diseases. Among such disorders, metabolic disturbances and brain function and/or diseases have recently been shown to be linked. Indeed, numerous neurological functions are often associated with perturbations of whole-body energy homeostasis. In this regard, specific diets are used in various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, stroke, or seizure recovery. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and Autism Spectrum Disorders are also considered to be putatively improved by diet interventions. Glycemic index diets are a novel developed indicator expected to anticipate the changes in blood glucose induced by specific foods and how they can affect various physiological functions. Several results have provided indications of the efficiency of low-glycemic index diets in weight management and insulin sensitivity, but also cognitive function, epilepsy treatment, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, studies involving the glycemic index can provide new insights into the relationship between energy homeostasis regulation and brain function or related disorders. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the main evidence on glycemic index involvement in brain mechanisms of energy homeostasis regulation.
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31
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Deafness and Vestibulopathy in Cerebellar Diseases: a Practical Approach. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:1011-1016. [PMID: 31154624 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a clinically heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. Besides the cerebellum, several forms of hereditary ataxias or non-genetic ataxias also affect other areas of the brain. Some forms of cerebellar ataxias may have cochlear and vestibular involvement and may present with deafness and symptoms or signs of vestibulopathy (dizziness, nystagmus and diplopia). Recognizing otoneurological symptoms in patients with cerebellar ataxias is mandatory, since these signs may guide a specific diagnosis, and clinicians may provide a suitable therapeutic approach. In this review, we describe and discuss the most common forms of cerebellar ataxias associated with deafness and vestibulopathy.
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32
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Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Vine Flavone Ameliorates Glutamic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity via MAPK Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7509612. [PMID: 32273948 PMCID: PMC7118691 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7509612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamic acid (Glu) is a worldwide flavor enhancer with various positive effects. However, Glu-induced neurotoxicity has been reported less. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (TH), a rare herbal plant in China, possesses high medicinal value. More studies paid attention to tuber of TH whereas vine part (THV) attracts fewer focus. In this study, we extracted and purified flavones from THV (THVF), and UPLC-TOF/MS showed THVF was consisted of 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. In vitro, Glu caused severe cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage to rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Conversely, THVF attenuated Glu-induced toxicity via MAPK pathways. In vivo, the neurotoxicity triggered by Glu restrained the athletic ability in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The treatment of THVF reversed the situation induced by Glu. In a word, Glu could cause neurotoxicity and THVF owns potential neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo via MAPK pathways.
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33
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Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis. Bone Res 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31666998 PMCID: PMC6804951 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process is indispensable for cell homeostasis maintenance and stress responses. Both genetic and functional studies have demonstrated that multiple proteins involved in autophagic activities are critical to the survival, differentiation, and functioning of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Dysregulation at the level of autophagic activity consequently disturbs the balance between bone formation and bone resorption and mediates the onset and progression of multiple bone diseases, including osteoporosis. This review aims to introduce the topic of autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role in the onset of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are best known as the sites for production of respiratory ATP and are essential for eukaryotic life. They have their own genome but the great majority of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and are imported into the mitochondria. The mitochondria participate in critical central metabolic pathways and they are fully integrated into the intracellular signalling networks that regulate diverse cellular functions. It is not surprising then that mitochondrial defects or dysregulation have emerged as having key roles in ageing and in the cytopathological mechanisms underlying cancer, neurodegenerative and other diseases. This special issue contains 12 publications—nine review articles and three original research articles. They cover diverse areas of mitochondrial biology and function and how defects in these areas can lead to disease. In addition, the articles in this issue highlight how model organisms have contributed to our understanding of these processes.
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35
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Pathogenesis of brain damage in glutaric acidemia type I: Lessons from the genetic mice model. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 78:215-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Signorile A, Sgaramella G, Bellomo F, De Rasmo D. Prohibitins: A Critical Role in Mitochondrial Functions and Implication in Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010071. [PMID: 30669391 PMCID: PMC6356732 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2) are proteins that are ubiquitously expressed, and are present in the nucleus, cytosol, and mitochondria. Depending on the cellular localization, PHB1 and PHB2 have distinctive functions, but more evidence suggests a critical role within mitochondria. In fact, PHB proteins are highly expressed in cells that heavily depend on mitochondrial function. In mitochondria, these two proteins assemble at the inner membrane to form a supra-macromolecular structure, which works as a scaffold for proteins and lipids regulating mitochondrial metabolism, including bioenergetics, biogenesis, and dynamics in order to determine the cell fate, death, or life. PHB alterations have been found in aging and cancer, as well as neurodegenerative, cardiac, and kidney diseases, in which significant mitochondrial impairments have been observed. The molecular mechanisms by which prohibitins regulate mitochondrial function and their role in pathology are reviewed and discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sgaramella
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Viale F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bellomo
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Rare Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Viale di S. Paolo, 15, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico De Rasmo
- Institute of Biomembrane, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy.
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