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Li Z, Zhang Y, Huang X, Gopinath D. MRE11 as a plausible biomarker and prognostic bioindicator for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024:101970. [PMID: 39032645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks as the sixth most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. MRE11 protein contains multiple domains that play a role in the initiation of DNA repair. This study aimed to elucidate the expression and prognostic significance of MRE11 in HNSCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-HNSCC) dataset comprising 520 HNSCC tissues and 44 normal tissues was initially used to evaluate the association between MRE11 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. Kaplan-Meier plot was utilized for survival analysis. MRE11-immune cell interaction was analyzed using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database. Further, Insilco methods were used to explore the protein network and its association with other pathways. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the MRE11 mRNA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues in patient samples. RESULTS MRE11 expression was upregulated in HNSCC, and the expression significantly varied across different clinical stages, pathological grades, and initial treatment outcomes. Further, high MRE11 expression is associated with poorer survival outcomes. MRE11 overexpression is also linked to the activation of the HIPPO signaling pathway, the mTOR signaling pathway, and the MYC/MYCN signaling pathway. CONCLUSION MRE 11 can be considered a novel prognostic biomarker for HNSCC, which can be leveraged for promising treatment outcomes. This research highlights MRE11 as a novel molecular biomarker for HNSCC and offers a new direction for its treatment, explicitly targeting MRE11 and its network for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Divya Gopinath
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Dept, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, PO Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.
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Singla P, Jain A. Deciphering the complex landscape of post-translational modifications on PKM2: Implications in head and neck cancer pathogenesis. Life Sci 2024; 349:122719. [PMID: 38759866 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
In the vast landscape of human health, head and neck cancer (HNC) poses a significant health burden globally, necessitating the exploration of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Metabolic alterations occurring within tumor microenvironment are crucial to understand the foundational cause of HNC. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have recently emerged as a silent foe exerting a significantly heightened influence on various aspects of the biological processes associated with the onset and advancement of cancer, particularly in the context of HNC. There are numerous targets involved in HNC but recently, the enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has come out as a hot target due to its involvement in glycolysis resulting in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Various PTMs have been reported to affect the structure and function of PKM2 by modulating its activity. This review aims to investigate the impact of PTMs on the interaction between PKM2 and several signaling pathways and transcription factors in the context of HNC. These interactions possess significant ramification for cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. This review primarily explores the role of PTMs influencing PKM2 and its involvement in tumor development. While acknowledging the significance of PKM2 interactions with other tumor regulators, the emphasis lies on dissecting PTM-related mechanisms rather than solely scrutinizing individual regulators. It lays the framework for the development of more sophisticated diagnostic tools and uncovers exciting possibilities for precision medicine essential for effectively addressing the complexity of this malignancy in a precise and focused manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Singla
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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Tabatabaeian H, Bai Y, Huang R, Chaurasia A, Darido C. Navigating therapeutic strategies: HPV classification in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:220-230. [PMID: 38643337 PMCID: PMC11263586 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation recognised human papillomavirus (HPV) as the cause of multiple cancers, including head and neck cancers. HPV is a double-stranded DNA virus, and its viral gene expression can be controlled after infection by cellular and viral promoters. In cancer cells, the HPV genome is detected as either integrated into the host genome, episomal (extrachromosomal), or a mixture of integrated and episomal. Viral integration requires the breakage of both viral and host DNA, and the integration rate correlates with the level of DNA damage. Interestingly, patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancers generally have a good prognosis except for a group of patients with fully integrated HPV who show worst clinical outcomes. Those patients present with lowered expression of viral genes and limited infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. An impediment to effective therapy applications in the clinic is the sole testing for HPV positivity without considering the HPV integration status. This review will discuss HPV integration as a potential determinant of response to therapies in head and neck cancers and highlight to the field a novel therapeutic avenue that would reduce the cancer burden and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruihong Huang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Akhilanand Chaurasia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Chuang JY, Kuo HH, Wang PH, Su CJ, Yih LH. NPRL2 is required for proliferation of oncogenic Ras-transformed bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Div 2024; 19:22. [PMID: 38915098 PMCID: PMC11197203 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (NPRL2/TUSC4) is known to exert both tumor-suppressing and oncogenic effects in different types of cancers, suggesting that its actions are context dependent. Here, we delineated the molecular and functional effects of NPRL2 in malignantly transformed bronchial epithelial cells. To do so, we depleted NPRL2 in oncogenic HRas-transduced and malignantly transformed human bronchial epithelial (BEAS2B), Ras-AI-T2 cells. Intriguingly, depletion of NPRL2 in these cells induced activation of mTORC1 downstream signaling, inhibited autophagy, and impaired Ras-AI-T2 cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that NPRL2 is required for oncogenic HRas-induced cell transformation. Depletion of NPRL2 increased levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX, the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, and the apoptosis marker cleaved-PARP. These NPRL2-depleted cells first accumulated at G1 and G2, and later exhibited signs of mitotic catastrophe, which implied that NPRL2 depletion may be detrimental to oncogenic HRas-transformed cells. Additionally, NPRL2 depletion reduced heat shock factor 1/heat shock element- and NRF2/antioxidant response element-directed luciferase reporter activities in Ras-AI-T2 cells, indicating that NPRL2 depletion led to the suppression of two key cytoprotective processes in oncogenic HRas-transformed cells. Overall, our data suggest that oncogenic HRas-transduced and malignantly transformed cells may depend on NPRL2 for survival and proliferation, and depletion of NPRL2 also induces a stressed state in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jou Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Huei Yih
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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Song J, Wen Y, Liang L, Lv Y, Liu T, Wang R, Hu K. Prediction of severe radiation-induced oral mucositis in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma using the combined systemic immune-inflammatory index and prognostic nutritional index. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:2627-2635. [PMID: 38472492 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe radiation-induced oral mucositis (sRIOM) can seriously affect patients' quality of life and treatment compliance. This study was to investigate the utility of the systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in predicting sRIOM in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC). METHODS 295 patients with LANPC were retrospectively screened. The pre-radiotherapy SII and PNI were calculated based on peripheral blood samples. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off value. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Patients were classified into three groups based on the SII-PNI score: score of 2, high SII (> cut-off value) and low PNI (≤ cut-off value); score of 1, either high SII or low PNI; score of 0, neither high SII nor low PNI. RESULTS The SII-PNI demonstrated significant predictive ability for sRIOM occurrence, as evidenced by an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.738. The incidence rates of sRIOM with SII-PNI score of 2, 1, and 0 were 73.86%, 44.35%, and 18.07%, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the SII-PNI score was an independent risk factor for sRIOM. CONCLUSION The SII-PNI score is a reliable and convenient indicator for predicting sRIOM in patients with LANPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunMei Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Oncology Department, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - YaJing Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - YuQing Lv
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - RenSheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22# Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Luthuli SD, Shonhai A. The multi-faceted roles of R2TP complex span across regulation of gene expression, translation, and protein functional assembly. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1951-1965. [PMID: 38192347 PMCID: PMC10771493 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes play essential roles in various cellular processes. The assembly of macromolecular assemblies within the cell must overcome barriers imposed by a crowded cellular environment which is characterized by an estimated concentration of biological macromolecules amounting to 100-450 g/L that take up approximately 5-40% of the cytoplasmic volume. The formation of the macromolecular assemblies is facilitated by molecular chaperones in cooperation with their co-chaperones. The R2TP protein complex has emerged as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 that plays an important role in macromolecular assembly. The R2TP complex is composed of a heterodimer of RPAP3:P1H1DI that is in turn complexed to members of the ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA +), RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 (R1 and R2) families. What makes the R2TP co-chaperone complex particularly important is that it is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including gene expression, translation, co-translational complex assembly, and posttranslational protein complex formation. The functional versatility of the R2TP co-chaperone complex makes it central to cellular development; hence, it is implicated in various human diseases. In addition, their roles in the development of infectious disease agents has become of interest. In the current review, we discuss the roles of these proteins as co-chaperones regulating Hsp90 and its partnership with Hsp70. Furthermore, we highlight the structure-function features of the individual proteins within the R2TP complex and describe their roles in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifiso Duncan Luthuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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7
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Atasever Akkas E, Erdis E, Yucel B. Prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and prognostic nutritional index in head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:3821-3830. [PMID: 37029321 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to investigate the prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS The data of 310 patients with head and neck cancer who were referred to the Radiation Oncology Clinic of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine (n = 271, 87%) and to S.B.U. Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Health Practice and Research Centre (n = 39, 13%) between January 2009 and March 2020 were retrospectively analysed. At the time of diagnosis, patients' neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet and albumin levels were used to calculate their SII, SIRI and PNI indices. RESULTS Multivariate analysis found the after variables to be independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS): SII [hazard ratio (HR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-2.47; p = 0.002] and PNI (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43-0.97; p = 0.038), stage (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.07-4.16; p = 0.030), fraction technique (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.85; p = 0.011) and age (HR 2.51, 95% CI 1.77-3.57; p = 0.001).The following variables were found to be independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS) in multivariate analysis: SII (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.22-3.83; p = 0.008), fractionation technique (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.004-0.64; p = 0.017) and age (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.13-3.93; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION This study found a high SII to be an independent poor prognostic factor for both OS and DFS, while a low PNI was found to be an independent poor prognostic factor only for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Atasever Akkas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty of Saglik Bilimleri University, Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtarslan Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Eda Erdis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty of Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Birsen Yucel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty of Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Bovari-Biri J, Abdelwahab EMM, Garai K, Pongracz JE. Prdx5 in the Regulation of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Mutation-Induced Signaling Mechanisms. Cells 2023; 12:1713. [PMID: 37443747 PMCID: PMC10340296 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) mutations directly affect mTORC activity and, as a result, protein synthesis. In several cancer types, TSC mutation is part of the driver mutation panel. TSC mutations have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, tolerance to reactive oxygen species due to increased thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme activity, tolerance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis. The FDA-approved drug rapamycin is frequently used in clinical applications to inhibit protein synthesis in cancers. Recently, TrxR inhibitor auranofin has also been involved in clinical trials to investigate the anticancer efficacy of the combination treatment with rapamycin. We aimed to investigate the molecular background of the efficacy of such drug combinations in treating neoplasia modulated by TSC mutations. (2) Methods: TSC2 mutant and TSC2 wild-type (WT) cell lines were exposed to rapamycin and auranofin in either mono- or combination treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential, TrxR enzyme activity, stress protein array, mRNA and protein levels were investigated via cell proliferation assay, electron microscopy, etc. (3) Results: Auranofin and rapamycin normalized mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced proliferation capacity of TSC2 mutant cells. Database analysis identified peroxiredoxin 5 (Prdx5) as the joint target of auranofin and rapamycin. The auranofin and the combination of the two drugs reduced Prdx5 levels. The combination treatment increased the expression of heat shock protein 70, a cellular ER stress marker. (4) Conclusions: After extensive analyses, Prdx5 was identified as a shared target of the two drugs. The decreased Prdx5 protein level and the inhibition of both TrxR and mTOR by rapamycin and auranofin in the combination treatment made ER stress-induced cell death possible in TSC2 mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judit E. Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2. Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
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Kina S, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Miyamoto S, Kato T, Kina-Tanada M, Arasaki A. EphA4 signaling is involved in the phenotype of well-differentiated oral squamous cell arcinoma with decreased tumor immunity. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175611. [PMID: 36804938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy is defined as a high-frequency low-dose schedule of chemotherapy drug administration. Although metronomic chemotherapy is widely used, the mechanisms underlying resistance to metronomic chemotherapy remain unclear. Therefore, we herein conducted a single institutional phase I/II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of metronomic chemotherapy with bleomycin plus S-1, an oral 5-FU prodrug, in the neoadjuvant setting for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The response rate of well-differentiated OSCC to metronomic chemotherapy was significantly lower. We investigated differences in molecular profiles between poorly or moderately differentiated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and well-differentiated HNSCC from patients with HNSCC TCGA data. EphA4 expression positively correlated with histological differentiation. An upstream regulator analysis correlated with EphA4 expression identified pathways associated with decreased mTORC1 signaling and T cell activation, including TCR, CD3, CD28, and CD40LG. An EphA4 blocking peptide (KYL) induced mTOR activation in well-differentiated OSCC cell lines. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD8+ T cell numbers were higher in the microenvironment of poorly or moderately differentiated HNSCC than in that of well-differentiated HNSCC. Well-differentiated HNSCC had the characteristics of "cold tumors" (immune-excluded tumors). Moreover, KYL used with chemotherapeutic drugs synergistically increased cancer cell death. Well-differentiated OSCC is depleted of immune cells, which may be partly explained by the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Japan
| | - Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Kina-Tanada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Arasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
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Bai Y, Gotz C, Chincarini G, Zhao Z, Slaney C, Boath J, Furic L, Angel C, Jane SM, Phillips WA, Stacker SA, Farah CS, Darido C. YBX1 integration of oncogenic PI3K/mTOR signalling regulates the fitness of malignant epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1591. [PMID: 36949044 PMCID: PMC10033729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In heterogeneous head and neck cancer (HNC), subtype-specific treatment regimens are currently missing. An integrated analysis of patient HNC subtypes using single-cell sequencing and proteome profiles reveals an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature within the epithelial cancer-cell population. The EMT signature coincides with PI3K/mTOR inactivation in the mesenchymal subtype. Conversely, the signature is suppressed in epithelial cells of the basal subtype which exhibits hyperactive PI3K/mTOR signalling. We further identify YBX1 phosphorylation, downstream of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, restraining basal-like cancer cell proliferation. In contrast, YBX1 acts as a safeguard against the proliferation-to-invasion switch in mesenchymal-like epithelial cancer cells, and its loss accentuates partial-EMT and in vivo invasion. Interestingly, phospho-YBX1 that is mutually exclusive to partial-EMT, emerges as a prognostic marker for overall patient outcomes. These findings create a unique opportunity to sensitise mesenchymal cancer cells to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors by shifting them towards a basal-like subtype as a promising therapeutic approach against HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Bai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Carolin Gotz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Clare Slaney
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jarryd Boath
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher Angel
- Department of Histopathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education; Fiona Stanley Hospital; Hollywood Private Hospital; Australian Clinical Labs, CQ University, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Bai B, Dong L, Feng M, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Xu Z, Liu Y. Prognostic and functional roles of EIF4G1 in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1099-1107. [PMID: 36897548 PMCID: PMC10110680 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 (EIF4G1) is highly expressed in many cancers and affects their occurrence and development. However, the effect of EIF4G1 on the prognosis, biological function and the relevant mechanism in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is unclear. Through clinical cases, Cox's proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier plotter survival analysis, we find the expression levels of EIF4G1 are dependent on age and clinical stage, high expression of EIF4G1 could be used to predict the overall survival of LSCC patients. LSCC cell line NCI-H1703, NCI-H226 and SK-MES-1infected with EIF4G1 siRNA are used to detect the function of EIF4G1 with cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo and vitro. The data show that EIF4G1 promotes tumor cell proliferation and the G1/S transition of cell cycle in LSCC, then the biological function of LSCC is effected by the AKT/mTOR pathway. Above all, these results have demonstrated that EIF4G1 promotes LSCC cell proliferation and may represent an indicator of prognosis in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Bai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, GuiLin University School of Medicine, Guilin, 541004, China
- Hubei University of Medicine, No. 30, Renmin South Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Minghao Feng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zengguang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, GuiLin University School of Medicine, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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12
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Li Q, Tie Y, Alu A, Ma X, Shi H. Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 36646686 PMCID: PMC9842704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major risk factors. Based on epigenetic data, HNC is remarkably heterogeneous, and treatment remains challenging. There is a lack of significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients with HNC. Over half of HNC patients experience locoregional recurrence or distal metastasis despite the current multiple traditional therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some targeted therapies is common. Therefore, it is urgent to explore more effective and tolerable targeted therapies to improve the clinical outcomes of HNC patients. Recent targeted therapy studies have focused on identifying promising biomarkers and developing more effective targeted therapies. A well understanding of the pathogenesis of HNC contributes to learning more about its inner association, which provides novel insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the vital signaling pathways and discussed the current potential therapeutic targets against critical molecules in HNC, as well as presenting preclinical animal models and ongoing or completed clinical studies about targeted therapy, which may contribute to a more favorable prognosis of HNC. Targeted therapy in combination with other therapies and its limitations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Targeting mTOR as a Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances in Natural Bioactive Compounds and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225520. [PMID: 36428613 PMCID: PMC9688668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, which regulates many biological processes related to metabolism, cancer, immune function, and aging. It is an essential protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family and has two known signaling complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Even though mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting mitochondria-related protein synthesis, suppressing the catabolic process of autophagy, contributing to lipid metabolism, engaging in ribosome formation, and acting as a critical regulator of mRNA translation, it remains one of the significant signaling systems involved in the tumor process, particularly in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the mTOR signaling system could be suggested as a cancer biomarker, and its targeting is important in anti-tumor therapy research. Indeed, its dysregulation is involved in different types of cancers such as colon, neck, cervical, head, lung, breast, reproductive, and bone cancers, as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, recent investigations showed that targeting mTOR could be considered as cancer therapy. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments associated with the mTOR signaling pathway and its molecular involvement in various human cancer types. It also summarizes the research progress of different mTOR inhibitors, including natural and synthetised compounds and their main mechanisms, as well as the rational combinations with immunotherapies.
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Quercetin induces autophagy-associated death in HL-60 cells through CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signal pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1244-1256. [PMID: 36148953 PMCID: PMC9827794 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common malignancies of the hematopoietic progenitor cell in adults. Quercetin has gained recognition over the years because of its anti-cancer effect with minimal toxicity. Herein, we aim to investigate the anti-leukemia mechanism of quercetin and to decipher the signaling pathway of quercetin in HL-60 leukemic cells. We observed that quercetin induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death, in which both pathways play an important role in suppressing the viability of leukemia cells. Phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) protein expressions are lower in primary AML cells, HL-60 cells, KG-1 and THP-1 cells than in peripheral blood monocular cells. After quercetin treatment, the expression of p-AMPK is increased while the expression of p-mTOR is decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, compound C, an AMPK phosphorylation inhibitor, upregulates the phosphorylation of mTOR and inhibits autophagy and apoptosis in quercetin-induced HL-60 cells, while silencing of CaMKKβ inhibits the quercetin-induced phosphorylation of AMPK, resulting in increased mTOR phosphorylation. Furthermore, silencing of CaMKKβ inhibits the autophagy in HL-60 cells. Taken together, our data delineate that quercetin plays its anti-leukemia role by inhibiting cell viability and inducing apoptosis and autophagy in leukemia cells. Quercetin inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR by regulating the activity of AMPK, thus playing a role in the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. CaMKKβ is a potential upstream molecule for AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, through which quercetin induces autophagy in HL-60 cells.
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Two-in-One Nanoparticle Formulation to Deliver a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and microRNA for Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Gastric Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091759. [PMID: 36145507 PMCID: PMC9504622 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulational EGFR, KRAS, and mTOR pathways cause metabolic reprogramming, leading to progression of gastric cancer. Afatinib (Afa) is a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor that reduces cancer growth by blocking the EGFR family. MicroRNA 125 (miR-125) reportedly diminishes EGFRs, glycolysis, and anti-apoptosis. Here, a one-shot formulation of miR-125 and Afa was presented for the first time. The formulation comprised solid lipid nanoparticles modified with mitochondrial targeting peptide and EGFR-directed ligand to suppress pan-ErbB-facilitated epithelial–mesenchymal transition and mTOR-mediated metabolism discoordination of glycolysis–glutaminolysis–lipids. Results showed that this cotreatment modulated numerous critical proteins, such as EGFR/HER2/HER3, Kras/ERK/Vimentin, and mTOR/HIF1-α/HK2/LDHA pathways of gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. The combinatorial therapy suppressed glutaminolysis, glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid synthesis. The cotreatment also notably decreased the levels of lactate, acetyl-CoA, and ATP. The active involvement of mitophagy supported the direction of promoting the apoptosis of AGS cells, which subsequently caused the breakdown of tumor-cell homeostasis and death. In vivo findings in AGS-bearing mice confirmed the superiority of the anti-tumor efficacy and safety of this combination nanomedicine over other formulations. This one-shot formulation disturbed the metabolic reprogramming; alleviated the “Warburg effect” of tumors; interrupted the supply of fatty acid, cholesterol, and triglyceride; and exacerbated the energy depletion in the tumor microenvironment, thereby inhibiting tumor proliferation and aggressiveness. Collectively, the results showed that the two-in-one nanoparticle formulation of miR-125 and Afa was a breakthrough in simplifying drug preparation and administration, as well as effectively inhibiting tumor progression through the versatile targeting of pan-ErbB- and mTOR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated metabolism.
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do Canto LM, da Silva JM, Castelo-Branco PV, da Silva IM, Nogueira L, Fonseca-Alves CE, Khayat A, Birbrair A, Pereira SR. Mutational Signature and Integrative Genomic Analysis of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas from Latin American Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143514. [PMID: 35884575 PMCID: PMC9316960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA sequencing has been crucial to comprehending cancer mutational patterns, leading to the identification of driver genes and altered signaling pathways. Thus, identifying new pathogenic variants and their impact on tumor onset, progression, and treatment response has fueled tumor biology research. Here, we present novel findings addressing the first whole-exome sequencing (WES) of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) from Latin Americans and its association with pathogenesis. We also compared the molecular profile of the tumors to that of three previous studies from populations with different genetic and socioeconomic backgrounds, the majority of which was HPV-negative. We describe the most altered genes and the main pathogenic variants found in the Latin Americans, ten of which are exclusive to our study sample. The data allowed us to identify molecular pathways and druggable targets with potential treatment value for this still-neglected HPV-associated carcinoma. Abstract High-throughput DNA sequencing has allowed for the identification of genomic alterations and their impact on tumor development, progression, and therapeutic responses. In PSCC, for which the incidence has progressively increased worldwide, there are still limited data on the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, we characterized the mutational signature of 30 human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated PSCC cases from Latin Americans, using whole-exome sequencing. Copy number variations (CNVs) were also identified and compared to previous array-generated data. Enrichment analyses were performed to reveal disrupted pathways and to identify alterations mapped to HPV integration sites (HPVis) and miRNA–mRNA hybridization regions. Among the most frequently mutated genes were NOTCH1, TERT, TTN, FAT1, TP53, CDKN2A, RYR2, CASP8, FBXW7, HMCN2, and ITGA8. Of note, 92% of these altered genes were localized at HPVis. We also found mutations in ten novel genes (KMT2C, SMARCA4, PTPRB, AJUBA, CR1, KMT2D, NBEA, FAM135B, GTF2I, and CIC), thus increasing our understanding of the potential HPV-disrupted pathways. Therefore, our study reveals innovative targets with potential therapeutic benefits for HPV-associated PSCCs. The CNV analysis by sequencing (CNV-seq) revealed five cancer-associated genes as the most frequent with gains (NOTCH1, MYC, NUMA1, PLAG1, and RAD21), while 30% of the tumors showed SMARCA4 with loss. Additionally, four cancer-associated genes (CARD11, CSMD3, KDR, and TLX3) carried untranslated regions (UTRs) variants, which may impact gene regulation by affecting the miRNAs hybridization regions. Altogether, these data contribute to the characterization of the mutational spectrum and its impact on cellular signaling pathways in PSCC, thus reinforcing the pivotal role of HPV infection in the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Matos do Canto
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Jenilson Mota da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (P.V.C.-B.); (I.M.d.S.)
| | - Patrícia Valèria Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (P.V.C.-B.); (I.M.d.S.)
| | - Ingrid Monteiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (P.V.C.-B.); (I.M.d.S.)
| | | | | | - André Khayat
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil;
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Silma Regina Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (P.V.C.-B.); (I.M.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-98-32728543
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Li F, Peng X, Zhou J, Chen Q, Chen Y. Aberrant MEK5 signalling promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma development via mTOR activation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:3257-3266. [PMID: 35713705 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the role and expression of MEK5 signalling in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and to determine the relevance of MEK5 and mTOR signalling in ccRCC. METHODS The expression of MEK5 was compared between ccRCC and normal tissues using the ONCOMINE and TCGA databases. MEK5 expression was evaluated in 14 human ccRCC samples. CCK8, wound-healing, and clone formation assays were performed to examine the cell proliferation, migration, and clone formation abilities of ccRCC cells treated with MEK5 and the inhibitor BIX02189. Furthermore, Western blotting was performed to verify the regulation and influence of MEK5 on the mTOR signalling pathway. Finally, a murine subcutaneous tumour model was constructed, and the effect and safety of BIX02189 were evaluated in vivo. RESULTS The ONCOMINE and TCGA databases indicated that MEK5 expression in ccRCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues, which was further confirmed in clinical specimens. MEK5 knockdown markedly inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration, whereas MEK5 overexpression resulted in the opposite results. Western blotting revealed that overexpression of MEK5 could further activate the mTOR signalling pathway. Moreover, the MEK5 inhibitor BIX02189 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, induced apoptosis, and effectively inhibited cell migration and clone formation. BIX02189 also showed an excellent antitumor effect and a favourable safety profile in murine models. CONCLUSIONS MEK5 expression was aberrantly increased in ccRCC, which activated the mTOR signalling pathway and regulated cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and clone formation in ccRCC. Targeted inhibition of MEK5 represents a promising new strategy in patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xufeng Peng
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Raj S, Kesari KK, Kumar A, Rathi B, Sharma A, Gupta PK, Jha SK, Jha NK, Slama P, Roychoudhury S, Kumar D. Molecular mechanism(s) of regulation(s) of c-MET/HGF signaling in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:31. [PMID: 35081970 PMCID: PMC8790852 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHead and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer across the globe. This is generally associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption. Cancer in the pharynx majorly arises through human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, thus classifying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) into HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs. Aberrant, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) signal transduction favors HNSCC progression by stimulating proliferation, motility, invasiveness, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. c-MET upregulation can be found in the majority of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. c-MET pathway acts on several downstream effectors including phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), cellular Src kinase (c-Src), phosphotidylinsitol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathways. c-MET also establishes a crosstalk pathway with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and contributes towards chemoresistance in HNSCC. In recent years, the signaling communications of c-MET/HGF in metabolic dysregulation, tumor-microenvironment and immune modulation in HNSCC have emerged. Several clinical trials have been established against c-MET/ hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling network to bring up targeted and effective therapeutic strategies against HNSCC. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism(s) and current understanding of c-MET/HGF signaling and its effect on HNSCC.
Graphical abstract
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19
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Evert K, Kocher T, Schindler A, Müller M, Müller K, Pink C, Holtfreter B, Schmidt A, Dombrowski F, Schubert A, von Woedtke T, Rupf S, Calvisi DF, Bekeschus S, Jablonowski L. Repeated exposure of the oral mucosa over 12 months with cold plasma is not carcinogenic in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20672. [PMID: 34667240 PMCID: PMC8526716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis may result in the loss of dental implants. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) was suggested to promote re-osseointegration, decrease antimicrobial burden, and support wound healing. However, the long-term risk assessment of CAP treatment in the oral cavity has not been addressed. Treatment with two different CAP devices was compared against UV radiation, carcinogen administration, and untreated conditions over 12 months. Histological analysis of 406 animals revealed that repeated CAP exposure did not foster non-invasive lesions or squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs). Carcinogen administration promoted non-invasive lesions and SCCs. Molecular analysis by a qPCR screening of 144 transcripts revealed distinct inflammatory profiles associated with each treatment regimen. Interestingly, CAP treatment of carcinogen-challenged mucosa did not promote but instead left unchanged or reduced the proportion of non-invasive lesions and SCC formation. In conclusion, repeated CAP exposure of murine oral mucosa was well tolerated, and carcinogenic effects did not occur, motivating CAP applications in patients for dental and implant treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - T Kocher
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Schindler
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM Leipzig), Leipzig, Germany.,Consultants PILOTO, Ion Beam & Plasma Surface Technologies, Grimma, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Pink
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Holtfreter
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Schmidt
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Schubert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - T von Woedtke
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Rupf
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - D F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Bekeschus
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Jablonowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Hsieh YT, Tu HF, Yang MH, Chen YF, Lan XY, Huang CL, Chen HM, Li WC. Mitochondrial genome and its regulator TFAM modulates head and neck tumourigenesis through intracellular metabolic reprogramming and activation of oncogenic effectors. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:961. [PMID: 34663785 PMCID: PMC8523524 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) acts as a key regulatory to control mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); the impact of TFAM and mtDNA in modulating carcinogenesis is controversial. Current study aims to define TFAM mediated regulations in head and neck cancer (HNC). Multifaceted analyses in HNC cells genetically manipulated for TFAM were performed. Clinical associations of TFAM and mtDNA encoded Electron Transport Chain (ETC) genes in regulating HNC tumourigenesis were also examined in HNC specimens. At cellular level, TFAM silencing led to an enhanced cell growth, motility and chemoresistance whereas enforced TFAM expression significantly reversed these phenotypic changes. These TFAM mediated cellular changes resulted from (1) metabolic reprogramming by directing metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis, based on the detection of less respiratory capacity in accompany with greater lactate production; and/or (2) enhanced ERK1/2-Akt-mTORC-S6 signalling activity in response to TFAM induced mtDNA perturbance. Clinical impacts of TFAM and mtDNA were further defined in carcinogen-induced mouse tongue cancer and clinical human HNC tissues; as the results showed that TFAM and mtDNA expression were significantly dropped in tumour compared with their normal counterparts and negatively correlated with disease progression. Collectively, our data uncovered a tumour-suppressing role of TFAM and mtDNA in determining HNC oncogenicity and potentially paved the way for development of TFAM/mtDNA based scheme for HNC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ta Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Feng Tu
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fen Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Yun Lan
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics (HTI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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The Balance between Differentiation and Terminal Differentiation Maintains Oral Epithelial Homeostasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205123. [PMID: 34680271 PMCID: PMC8534139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral cancer affecting the oral cavity represents the most common cancer of the head and neck region. Oral cancer develops in a multistep process in which normal cells gradually accumulate genetic and epigenetic modifications to evolve into a malignant disease. Mortality for oral cancer patients is high and morbidity has a significant long-term impact on the health and wellbeing of affected individuals, typically resulting in facial disfigurement and a loss of the ability to speak, chew, taste, and swallow. The limited scope to which current treatments are able to control oral cancer underlines the need for novel therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the molecular differences between oral cell proliferation, differentiation and terminal differentiation, defines terminal differentiation as an important tumour suppressive mechanism and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired therapies that may improve outcomes in oral cancer. Abstract The oral epithelium is one of the fastest repairing and continuously renewing tissues. Stem cell activation within the basal layer of the oral epithelium fuels the rapid proliferation of multipotent progenitors. Stem cells first undergo asymmetric cell division that requires tightly controlled and orchestrated differentiation networks to maintain the pool of stem cells while producing progenitors fated for differentiation. Rapidly expanding progenitors subsequently commit to advanced differentiation programs towards terminal differentiation, a process that regulates the structural integrity and homeostasis of the oral epithelium. Therefore, the balance between differentiation and terminal differentiation of stem cells and their progeny ensures progenitors commitment to terminal differentiation and prevents epithelial transformation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A recent comprehensive molecular characterization of OSCC revealed that a disruption of terminal differentiation factors is indeed a common OSCC event and is superior to oncogenic activation. Here, we discuss the role of differentiation and terminal differentiation in maintaining oral epithelial homeostasis and define terminal differentiation as a critical tumour suppressive mechanism. We further highlight factors with crucial terminal differentiation functions and detail the underlying consequences of their loss. Switching on terminal differentiation in differentiated progenitors is likely to represent an extremely promising novel avenue that may improve therapeutic interventions against OSCC.
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22
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Zhang P, Li S, Zhang T, Cui F, Shi JH, Zhao F, Sheng X. Characterization of Molecular Subtypes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Distinct Prognosis and Treatment Responsiveness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711348. [PMID: 34595167 PMCID: PMC8476885 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with complex phenotypic, etiological, biological, and clinical heterogeneities. Previous studies have proposed different clinically relevant subtypes of HNSCC, but little is known about its corresponding prognosis or suitable treatment strategy. Here, we identified 101 core genes from three prognostic pathways, including mTORC1 signaling, unfold protein response, and UV response UP, in 124 pairs of tumor and matched normal tissues of HNSCC. Moreover, we identified three robust subtypes associated with distinct molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes using consensus clustering based on the gene expression profiles of 944 HNSCC patients from four independent datasets. We then integrated the genomic information of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC cohort to comprehensively evaluate the molecular features of different subtypes and screen for potentially effective therapeutic agents. Cluster 1 had more arrested oncogenic signaling, the highest immune cell infiltration, the highest immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic responsiveness, and the best prognosis. By contrast, Cluster 3 showed more activated oncogenic signaling, the lowest immune cell infiltration, the lowest immunotherapy and chemotherapy responsiveness, and the worst prognosis. Our findings corroborate the molecular diversity of HNSCC tumors and provide a novel classification strategy that may guide for prognosis and treatment allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The functional GRHL3-filaggrin axis maintains a tumor differentiation potential and influences drug sensitivity. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2571-2582. [PMID: 33775911 PMCID: PMC8353142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for treating heterogeneous cancers such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are non-selective and are administered independent of response biomarkers. Therapy resistance subsequently emerges, resulting in increased cellular proliferation that is associated with loss of differentiation. Whether a cancer cell differentiation potential can dictate therapy responsiveness is still currently unknown. A multi-omic approach integrating whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing with drug sensitivity was employed in a HNSCC mouse model, primary patients’ data, and human cell lines to assess the potential of functional differentiation in predicting therapy response. Interestingly, a subset of HNSCC with effective GRHL3-dependent differentiation was the most sensitive to inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR, c-Myc, and STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, we identified the GRHL3-differentiation target gene Filaggrin (FLG) as a response biomarker and more importantly, stratified HNSCC subsets as treatment resistant based on their FLG mutational profile. The loss of FLG in sensitive HNSCC resulted in a dramatic resistance to targeted therapies while the GRHL3-FLG signature predicted a favorable patient prognosis. This study provides evidence for a functional GRHL3-FLG tumor-specific differentiation axis that regulates targeted therapy response in HNSCC and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired targeted therapy in heterogeneous cancers.
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24
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Chen C, Gao H, Su X. Autophagy-related signaling pathways are involved in cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:710. [PMID: 34007319 PMCID: PMC8120650 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-digestion process in cells that can maintain energy homeostasis under normal circumstances. However, misfolded proteins, damaged mitochondria and other unwanted components in cells can be decomposed and reused via autophagy in some specific cases (including hypoxic stress, low energy states or nutrient deprivation). Therefore, autophagy serves a positive role in cell survival and growth. However, excessive autophagy may lead to apoptosis. Furthermore, abnormal autophagy may lead to carcinogenesis and promote tumorigenesis in normal cells. In tumor cells, autophagy may provide the energy required for excessive proliferation, promote the growth of cancer cells, and evade apoptosis caused by certain treatments, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, resulting in increased treatment resistance and drug resistance. On the other hand, autophagy leads to an insufficient nutrient supply in cancer cells and the destruction of energy homeostasis, thereby inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the double-edged sword of autophagy is crucial for the treatment of cancer. The present review summarizes the signaling pathways and key factors involved in autophagy and cancer to provide possible strategies for treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Chen
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
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Pesi R, Allegrini S, Garcia-Gil M, Piazza L, Moschini R, Jordheim LP, Camici M, Tozzi MG. Cytosolic 5'-Nucleotidase II Silencing in Lung Tumor Cells Regulates Metabolism through Activation of the p53/AMPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137004. [PMID: 34209768 PMCID: PMC8268954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II (cN-II) is an allosteric catabolic enzyme that hydrolyzes IMP, GMP, and AMP. The enzyme can assume at least two different structures, being the more active conformation stabilized by ATP and the less active by inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the variation in ATP concentration can control both structure and activity of cN-II. In this paper, using a capillary electrophoresis technique, we demonstrated that a partial silencing of cN-II in a pulmonary carcinoma cell line (NCI-H292) is accompanied by a decrease in adenylate pool, without affecting the energy charge. We also found that cN-II silencing decreased proliferation and increased oxidative metabolism, as indicated by the decreased production of lactate. These effects, as demonstrated by Western blotting, appear to be mediated by both p53 and AMP-activated protein kinase, as most of them are prevented by pifithrin-α, a known p53 inhibitor. These results are in line with our previous observations of a shift towards a more oxidative and less proliferative phenotype of tumoral cells with a low expression of cN-II, thus supporting the search for specific inhibitors of this enzyme as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-1459
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Piazza
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.G.T.)
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26
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Brennan S, Baird AM, O’Regan E, Sheils O. The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Dictating Outcomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:677900. [PMID: 34250016 PMCID: PMC8262095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.677900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus which is associated with the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), predominantly within the oropharynx. Approximately 25% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) cases worldwide are attributable to HPV infection, with an estimated 65% in the United States. Transmission is via exposure during sexual contact, with distinctive anatomical features of the tonsils providing this organ with a predilection for infection by HPV. No premalignant lesion is identifiable on clinical examination, thus no comparative histological features to denote the stages of carcinogenesis for HPV driven HNSCC are identifiable. This is in contrast to HPV-driven cervical carcinoma, making screening a challenge for the head and neck region. However, HPV proffers a favorable prognosis in the head and neck region, with better overall survival rates in contrast to its HPV negative counterparts. This has resulted in extensive research into de-intensifying therapies aiming to minimize the morbidity induced by standard concurrent chemo-radiotherapy without compromising efficacy. Despite the favorable prognosis, cases of recurrence and/or metastasis of HPV positive HNSCC do occur, and are linked with poor outcomes. HPV 16 is the most frequent genotype identified in HNSCC, yet there is limited research to date studying the impact of other HPV genotype with respect to overall survival. A similar situation pertains to genetic aberrations associated in those with HPV positive HNSCC who recur, with only four published studies to date. Somatic mutations in TSC2, BRIP1, NBN, TACC3, NFE2l2, STK11, HRAS, PIK3R1, TP63, and FAT1 have been identified in recurrent HPV positive OPSCC. Finding alternative therapeutic strategies for this young cohort may depend on upfront identification of HPV genotypes and mutations which are linked with worse outcomes, thus ensuring appropriate stratification of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Brennan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esther O’Regan
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Zaryouh H, De Pauw I, Baysal H, Peeters M, Vermorken JB, Lardon F, Wouters A. Recent insights in the PI3K/Akt pathway as a promising therapeutic target in combination with EGFR-targeting agents to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:112-155. [PMID: 33928670 DOI: 10.1002/med.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab, remains a major roadblock in the search for effective therapeutic strategies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Due to its close interaction with the EGFR pathway, redundant or compensatory activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been proposed as a major driver of resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Understanding the role of each of the main proteins involved in this pathway is utterly important to develop rational combination strategies able to circumvent resistance. Therefore, the current work reviewed the role of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins, including Ras, PI3K, tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensing homolog, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin in resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in HNSCC. In addition, we summarize PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors that are currently under (pre)clinical investigation with focus on overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors. In conclusion, genomic alterations in and/or overexpression of one or more of these proteins are common in both human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC tumors. Therefore, downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt pathway serve as promising drug targets in the search for novel therapeutic strategies that are able to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatment. Co-targeting EGFR and the PI3K/Akt pathway can lead to synergistic drug interactions, possibly restoring sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and hereby improving clinical efficacy. Better understanding of the predictive value of PI3K/Akt pathway alterations is needed to allow the identification of patient populations that might benefit most from these combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zaryouh
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ines De Pauw
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hasan Baysal
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Baptist Vermorken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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28
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Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Treated with Definitive Radiotherapy in Association with Chemotherapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041277. [PMID: 33924581 PMCID: PMC8070136 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) is a parameter of nutritional and inflammation status related to toxicity in cancer treatment. Since data for head and neck cancer are scanty, this study aims to investigate the association between PNI and acute and late toxicity for this malignancy. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 179 head and neck cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy with induction/concurrent chemotherapy was followed-up (median follow-up: 38 months) for toxicity and vital status between 2010 and 2017. PNI was calculated according to Onodera formula and low/high PNI levels were defined according to median value. Odds ratio (OR) for acute toxicity were calculated through logistic regression model; hazard ratios (HR) for late toxicity and survival were calculated through the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: median PNI was 50.0 (interquartile range: 45.5–53.5). Low PNI was associated with higher risk of weight loss > 10% during treatment (OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 1.73–13.53 for PNI < 50 versus PNI ≥ 50), which was in turn significantly associated with worse overall survival, and higher risk of late mucositis (HR = 1.84; 95% CI:1.09–3.12). PNI predicts acute weight loss >10% and late mucositis. Conclusions: PNI could help clinicians to identify patients undergoing radiotherapy who are at high risk of acute and late toxicity.
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Amaya Arbeláez MI, de Paula E Silva ACA, Navegante G, Valente V, Barbugli PA, Vergani CE. Proto-Oncogenes and Cell Cycle Gene Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Oral Epithelial Cells Stimulated With Soluble Factors From Single and Dual Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:627043. [PMID: 33718274 PMCID: PMC7947338 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.627043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at analyzing proto-oncogenic signaling pathway activation in normal oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and neoplastic cell lines (SCC 25 and Detroit 562) stimulated with metabolites (soluble factors) from single and dual biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Soluble factors (SF) from early (16-h) and mature (36-h) biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus were collected and incubated with cell cultures, which were subsequently evaluated using gene expression via RT-qPCR, cell viability via AlamarBlueTM, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. In general, exposure to the SF of early and mature biofilms from C. albicans and dual species caused a major reduction in NOK-si cell viability and enhanced the sub G0 phase. This led to a decrease in gene expression. However, in this cell line, SF of S. aureus biofilms upregulated the CDKN1A gene followed by the maintenance of cell viability and a significant increase in the G2/M population. For tumor cells, SCC 25 and Detroit 562, the stimuli of SF biofilms upregulated oncogenes such as hRAS and mTOR, as well as Bcl-2 and CDKN1A. SCC 25 and Detroit 562 cells could survive even after 24 h of stimuli from both SF (early and mature). This occurred without significant changes taking place in the cell cycle progression for SCC 25, and with a significant tendency to increase the G2/M phase for Detroit 562. These results point to the fact that metabolites from prevalent clinical fungal and bacterial biofilms, C. albicans and S. aureus, can disrupt the homeostasis of normal and neoplastic oral epithelial cells. This changes proto-oncogenes’ expression, specifically PI3KCA, hRAS, mTOR, BRAF, and cell cycle genes CDKN1A and Bcl-2, thus causing a disturbance in cell viability, survival, and the cell cycle profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Amaya Arbeláez
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Geovana Navegante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
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Raptor and rictor expression in patients with human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:87. [PMID: 33482765 PMCID: PMC7821513 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite reports of a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation, the role of the mTOR pathway, especially raptor and rictor, in HPV-related head and neck cancer is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the mTOR pathway in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods The present study involved two strategies. The first was to investigate the activity of mTOR and mTOR-related complexes in high-risk HPV-positive (UM-SCC47 and CaSki) and HPV-negative (SCC-4 and SAS) cancer cell lines. The second was to elucidate mTOR complex expression in 80 oropharyngeal cancer tissues and to examine the relationship between mTOR complex expression and survival in patients with OPSCC. Results The UM-SCC47 and CaSki cell lines showed high gene and protein expression of raptor. They also exhibited G1/S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest following 24 h incubation with 6 μM temsirolimus, a rapamycin analog, and temsirolimus administration inhibited their growth. HPV-related OPSCC samples showed high gene and protein expression of raptor and rictor compared with HPV-unrelated OPSCC. In addition, HPV-related OPSCC patients with high raptor and rictor expression tended to have a worse prognosis than those with low or medium expression. Conclusions These results suggest that raptor and rictor have important roles in HPV-related OPSCC and that temsirolimus is a potential therapeutic agent for patients with HPV-related OPSCC. This is the first report to reveal the overexpression of raptor and rictor in HPV-related OPSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9.
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31
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Feng Y, Chen X, Cassady K, Zou Z, Yang S, Wang Z, Zhang X. The Role of mTOR Inhibitors in Hematologic Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Front Oncol 2021; 10:611690. [PMID: 33489922 PMCID: PMC7821787 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.611690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR pathway plays a central role in many cellular processes, such as cellular growth, protein synthesis, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Aberrant regulation of mTOR is a hallmark of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. mTOR inhibitors, such as Rapamycin and Rapamycin analogs (Rapalogs), have become a promising class of agents to treat malignant blood diseases-either alone or in combination with other treatment regimens. This review highlights experimental evidence underlying the molecular mechanisms of mTOR inhibitors and summarizes their evolving role in the treatment of hematologic disease, including leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, immune hemocytopenia, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Based on data presented in this review, we believe that mTOR inhibitors are becoming a trusted therapeutic in the clinical hematologist's toolbelt and should be considered more routinely in combination therapy for the management of hematologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Feng
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaniel Cassady
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Chongqing, China
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Ruibin J, Bo J, Danying W, Jianguo F, Linhui G. Cardamonin induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of NF-κB and mTOR pathways in ovarian cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25730-25743. [PMID: 33234722 PMCID: PMC7803546 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardamonin, a natural chalcone, is reported to induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of cardamonin remain to be established. Here, we have focused on cardamonin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of cardamonin on cell cycle patterns and apoptotic responses of cells were assessed in this study. Western blot was employed to determine the effects of cardamonin on expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins. Our results indicate that cardamonin suppresses cancer cell growth by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis through targeted inhibition of NF-κB and mTOR pathways. The collective findings provide novel insights into the pathways responsible for the anticancer effects of cardamonin and support its potential utility as a clinical therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ruibin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Bo
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan Danying
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Jianguo
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gu Linhui
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
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Khan K, Quispe C, Javed Z, Iqbal MJ, Sadia H, Raza S, Irshad A, Salehi B, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Resveratrol, curcumin, paclitaxel and miRNAs mediated regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: go four better to treat bladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:560. [PMID: 33292283 PMCID: PMC7685642 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among urothelial malignancies that more commonly affect male population. Poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy are the two most important characteristics of this disease. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered pivotal in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Deregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling has been found in 40% of bladder cancers. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to interact with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with a different possible role in proliferation and apoptosis in bladder cancer. Thus, miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for BC. Natural compounds have been in the spotlight for the past decade due to their effective anti-proliferative capabilities. However, little is known of its possible effects in bladder cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the interplay between PI3K/Akt/mTOR, miRNAs, and natural compounds and emphasize the importance of miRNAs as biomarkers and resveratrol, curcumin and paclitaxel as a possible therapeutic approach against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, 1110939, Iquique, Chile
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Treatments of Squamous Cell Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113229. [PMID: 33147719 PMCID: PMC7692091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Bi J, Liu Q, Sun Y, Hu X, He X, Xu C. CXCL14 inhibits the growth and promotes apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via suppressing Akt/mTOR pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:593-603. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1837870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Bi
- Cangzhou Clinical Medical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Quanle Liu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchuan Sun
- Cangzhou Clinical Medical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xiuru Hu
- Cangzhou Clinical Medical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xinying He
- Cangzhou Clinical Medical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Chengzhen Xu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Qingdao No. 6 People’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Development of a five-protein signature for predicting the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19740-19755. [PMID: 33049713 PMCID: PMC7732293 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently no reliable indicators are available for predicting the clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aimed to develop a protein-based model to improve the prognosis prediction of HNSCC. The proteome data of HNSCC cohort was downloaded from The Cancer Proteome Atlas (TCPA) portal. The TCPA HNSCC cohort was randomly divided into the discovery and validation cohort. A protein-based risk signature was developed with the discovery cohort, and then verified with the validation cohort. The prognostic value of HER3_pY1289 was further determined. We have constructed a five-protein risk signature which was strongly associated with the overall survival (OS) in the discovery cohort. Similar findings were observed in the validation cohort. The protein-based risk signature was identified as an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC. A nomogram model built on the protein-based risk signature exhibited good performance for predicting OS. Our immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis showed that higher HER3_pY1289 staining intensity was closely associated with unfavorable prognosis of HNSCC. HER3 suppression inhibited the proliferation and invasion capacity of HNSCC cells. Collectively, we have developed a protein-based risk signature for accurately predicting the prognosis of HNSCC, which might provide valuable information for optimal individualized treatment regimens.
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Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this special issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting the mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.
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Kim S, Lee JW, Park YS. The Application of Next-Generation Sequencing to Define Factors Related to Oral Cancer and Discover Novel Biomarkers. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E228. [PMID: 33023080 PMCID: PMC7599837 DOI: 10.3390/life10100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of next-generation sequencing in the realm of DNA sequencing technology, it is not often used in the investigation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral cancer is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies in some parts of the world and has a high mortality rate. Patients with this malignancy are likely to have a poor prognosis and may suffer from severe facial deformity or mastication problems even after successful treatment. Therefore, a thorough understanding of this malignancy is essential to prevent and treat it. This review sought to highlight the contributions of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in unveiling the genetic alterations and differential expressions of miRNAs involved in OSCC progression. By applying an appropriate eligibility criterion, we selected relevant studies for review. Frequently identified mutations in genes such as TP53, NOTCH1, and PIK3CA are discussed. The findings of existing miRNAs (e.g., miR-21) as well as novel discoveries pertaining to OSCC are also covered. Lastly, we briefly mention the latest findings in targeted gene therapy and the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers. Our goal is to encourage researchers to further adopt NGS in their studies and give an overview of the latest findings of OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03968, Korea; (S.K.); (J.W.L.)
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Wu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Liu Y, Sun X. Suppression of sirtuin 1 alleviates airway inflammation through mTOR‑mediated autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2219-2226. [PMID: 32705226 PMCID: PMC7411491 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. This study aimed to investigate whether EX-527, a specific SIRT1 inhibitor, exerted suppressive effects on allergic airway inflammation in mice submitted to ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation. In addition, this study assessed whether such a protective role was mediated by autophagy suppression though mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to OVA and EX-527 (10 mg/kg) was administered prior to OVA challenge. The study found that EX-527 reversed OVA-induced airway inflammation, and reduced OVA-induced increases in inflammatory cytokine expression, and total cell and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, EX-527 enhanced mTOR activation, thereby suppressing autophagy in allergic mice. To assess whether EX-527 inhibited airway inflammation in asthma through the mTOR-mediated autophagy pathway, rapamycin was administered to mice treated with EX-527 after OVA sensitization. All effects induced by EX-527, including increased phosphorylated-mTOR and decreased autophagy, were abrogated by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, the present findings indicated that EX-527 may inhibit allergic airway inflammation by suppressing autophagy, an effect mediated by mTOR activation in allergic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Harsha C, Banik K, Ang HL, Girisa S, Vikkurthi R, Parama D, Rana V, Shabnam B, Khatoon E, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting AKT/mTOR in Oral Cancer: Mechanisms and Advances in Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093285. [PMID: 32384682 PMCID: PMC7246494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is a devastating disease that takes the lives of lots of people globally every year. The current spectrum of treatment modalities does not meet the needs of the patients. The disease heterogeneity demands personalized medicine or targeted therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify potential targets for the treatment of OC. Abundant evidence has suggested that the components of the protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway are intrinsic factors for carcinogenesis. The AKT protein is central to the proliferation and survival of normal and cancer cells, and its downstream protein, mTOR, also plays an indispensable role in the cellular processes. The wide involvement of the AKT/mTOR pathway has been noted in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This axis significantly regulates the various hallmarks of cancer, like proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activated AKT/mTOR signaling is also associated with circadian signaling, chemoresistance and radio-resistance in OC cells. Several miRNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs also modulate this pathway. The association of this axis with the process of tumorigenesis has culminated in the identification of its specific inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of OC. In this review, we discussed the significance of AKT/mTOR signaling in OC and its potential as a therapeutic target for the management of OC. This article also provided an update on several AKT/mTOR inhibitors that emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic interventions against OC/head and neck cancer (HNC) in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Rajesh Vikkurthi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Varsha Rana
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Bano Shabnam
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Elina Khatoon
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +65-6516-5456 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2249 (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +65-6516-5456 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2249 (A.B.K.)
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War AR, Dang K, Jiang S, Xiao Z, Miao Z, Yang T, Li Y, Qian A. Role of cancer stem cells in the development of giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:135. [PMID: 32351329 PMCID: PMC7183664 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary bone tumor is usually observed in adolescence age group which has been shown to be part of nearly 20% of the sarcomas known today. Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) can be benign as well as malignant tumor which exhibits localized dynamism and is usually associated with the end point of a long bone. Giant cell tumor (GCT) involves mononuclear stromal cells which proliferate at a high rate, multinucleated giant cells and stromal cells are equally present in this type of tumor. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been confirmed to play a potential role in the development of GCT. Cancer stem cell-based microRNAs have been shown to contribute to a greater extent in giant cell tumor of bone. CSCs and microRNAs present in the tumors specifically are a great concern today which need in-depth knowledge as well as advanced techniques to treat the bone cancer effectively. In this review, we attempted to summarize the role played by cancer stem cells involving certain important molecules/factors such as; Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), miRNAs and signaling mechanism such as; mTOR/PI3K-AKT, towards the formation of giant cell tumor of bone, in order to get an insight regarding various effective strategies and research advancements to obtain adequate knowledge related to CSCs which may help to focus on highly effective treatment procedures for bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rouf War
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Kai Dang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Shanfen Jiang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhongwei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Miao
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Tuanmin Yang
- Honghui Hospital, Xi’an, Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
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Patel J, Nguyen SA, Ogretmen B, Gutkind JS, Nathan C, Day T. mTOR inhibitor use in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis on survival, tumor response, and toxicity. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:243-255. [PMID: 32337356 PMCID: PMC7178455 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been rising in incidence primarily related to HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Novel molecular therapeutics are evolving with the mTOR pathway as a new target. Previous studies have shown variable outcomes with relatively low toxicity. This study reports the tumor response, survivability, and toxicity of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) in HNSCC. Despite expanding research on this pathway, there remains controversy around mTORi use for treatment of HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were included if: (a) Used mTORi alone or in combination with other treatment modalities in HNSCC. (b) Site of cancer included were one of the following: nasopharyngeal, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx. (c) All stages of cancer and treatment stage (neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative) were included. The rate of adverse events (AEs), tumor response, progression free survival, and overall survival were meta-analyzed. RESULTS From 1299 publications only 11 studies met inclusion criteria with a combined 232 total patients treated. Two studies used mTORi neoadjuvantly, five adjuvantly, and four in palliative/unresectable/metastatic setting. Monotherapeutic mTORi resulted in stabilization of disease (52.5%), but partial response was the most common response when mTORi were combined with chemotherapy and/or radiation (CRT) (48.1%). Survival rate was the highest in the mTORi combined with CRT. Hyperglycemia of any grade was the most commonly reported toxicity while grade 3 or less AEs were the most common grade of toxicity. CONCLUSION The use of mTORi as monotherapy in HNSCC has thus far not yielded significant tumor response, however, in combination with other agents, an improved partial tumor response is evident that may or may not be associated with the addition of mTORi. Although adverse events were common, grade 4/5 AEs were uncommon. Further prospective, randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm the direct roles of these agents in HNSCC tumor response. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimin Patel
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shaun A. Nguyen
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jorge S. Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cherie‐Ann Nathan
- Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Feist‐Weiller Cancer Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryLousiana State University Health CenterShreveportLouisianaUSA
| | - Terry Day
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Wang SW, Lee CH, Lin MS, Chi CW, Chen YJ, Wang GS, Liao KW, Chiu LP, Wu SH, Huang DM, Chen L, Shen YS. ZnO Nanoparticles Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and p70S6K Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051612. [PMID: 32111101 PMCID: PMC7084801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are increasingly used in sunscreens, food additives, pigments, rubber manufacture, and electronic materials. Several studies have shown that ZnO-NPs inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis by the production of oxidative stress in a variety of human cancer cells. However, the anti-cancer property and molecular mechanism of ZnO-NPs in human gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) are not fully understood. In this study, we found that ZnO-NPs induced growth inhibition of GSCC (Ca9-22 and OECM-1 cells), but no damage in human normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 cells). ZnO-NPs caused apoptotic cell death of GSCC in a concentration-dependent manner by the quantitative assessment of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression revealed that sub-G1 phase accumulation was dramatically induced by ZnO-NPs. In addition, ZnO-NPs increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species and specifically superoxide levels, and also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. ZnO-NPs further activated apoptotic cell death via the caspase cascades. Importantly, anti-oxidant and caspase inhibitor clearly prevented ZnO-NP-induced cell death, indicating the fact that superoxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the ZnO-NP-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis in human GSCC. Moreover, ZnO-NPs significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K kinase). In a corollary in vivo study, our results demonstrated that ZnO-NPs possessed an anti-cancer effect in a zebrafish xenograft model. Collectively, these results suggest that ZnO-NPs induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial oxidative damage and p70S6K signaling pathway in human GSCC. The present study may provide an experimental basis for ZnO-NPs to be considered as a promising novel anti-tumor agent for the treatment of gingival cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Lin
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shou Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Li-Pin Chiu
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Division of General Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 103, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
| | - Dong-Ming Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (D.-M.H.); (L.C.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 38105) (D.-M.H.); +886-2-2621-5656 (ext. 2682) (L.C.); +886-2-2636-0303 (ext. 1422) (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Luke Chen
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (D.-M.H.); (L.C.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 38105) (D.-M.H.); +886-2-2621-5656 (ext. 2682) (L.C.); +886-2-2636-0303 (ext. 1422) (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Yung-Shuen Shen
- Institute of Geriatric Welfare Technology and Science, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (D.-M.H.); (L.C.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 38105) (D.-M.H.); +886-2-2621-5656 (ext. 2682) (L.C.); +886-2-2636-0303 (ext. 1422) (Y.-S.S.)
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Kakihara Y, Kiguchi T, Ohazama A, Saeki M. R2TP/PAQosome as a promising chemotherapeutic target in cancer. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2020; 56:38-42. [PMID: 31890057 PMCID: PMC6926247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
R2TP/PAQosome (particle for arrangement of quaternary structure) is a novel multisubunit chaperone specialized in the assembly/maturation of protein complexes that are involved in essential cellular processes such as PIKKs (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinases) signaling, snoRNP (small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein) biogenesis, and RNAP II (RNA polymerase II) complex formation. In this review article, we describe the current understanding of R2TP/PAQosome functions and characteristics as well as how the chaperone complex is involved in oncogenesis, highlighting DNA damage response, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway as well as snoRNP biogenesis. Also, we discuss its possible involvement in HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) including OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma). Finally, we provide an overview of current anti-cancer drug development efforts targeting R2TP/PAQosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kakihara
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kiguchi
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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45
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Extracellular Matrix Alterations in Metastatic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194947. [PMID: 31591367 PMCID: PMC6802000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of extracellular-secreted macromolecules, such as collagen, enzymes and glycoproteins, whose main functions deal with structural scaffolding and biochemical support of cells and tissues. ECM homeostasis is essential for organ development and functioning under physiological conditions, while its sustained modification or dysregulation can result in pathological conditions. During cancer progression, epithelial tumor cells may undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a morphological and functional remodeling, that deeply alters tumor cell features, leading to loss of epithelial markers (i.e., E-cadherin), changes in cell polarity and intercellular junctions and increase of mesenchymal markers (i.e., N-cadherin, fibronectin and vimentin). This process enhances cancer cell detachment from the original tumor mass and invasiveness, which are necessary for metastasis onset, thus allowing cancer cells to enter the bloodstream or lymphatic flow and colonize distant sites. The mechanisms that lead to development of metastases in specific sites are still largely obscure but modifications occurring in target tissue ECM are being intensively studied. Matrix metalloproteases and several adhesion receptors, among which integrins play a key role, are involved in metastasis-linked ECM modifications. In addition, cells involved in the metastatic niche formation, like cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and tumor associated macrophages (TAM), have been found to play crucial roles in ECM alterations aimed at promoting cancer cells adhesion and growth. In this review we focus on molecular mechanisms of ECM modifications occurring during cancer progression and metastatic dissemination to distant sites, with special attention to lung, liver and bone. Moreover, the functional role of cells forming the tumor niche will also be reviewed in light of the most recent findings.
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Kim SH, Lee WH, Seong D, An JH, Je HU, Nam HY, Kim SY, Kim SW, Han MW. The role of CIP2A as a therapeutic target of rapamycin in radioresistant head and neck cancer with TP53 mutation. Head Neck 2019; 41:3362-3371. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Kim
- Department of OtolaryngologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyeok Lee
- Department of OtolaryngologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Seong
- Department of OtolaryngologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee An
- Department of OtolaryngologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Uk Je
- Department of Radiation OncologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Yun Nam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAsan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of OtolaryngologyAsan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAsan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Woul Han
- Department of OtolaryngologyUlsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryLondon Health Sciences Center, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University London Ontario Canada
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