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Bogale DE. The roles of FGFR3 and c-MYC in urothelial bladder cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:295. [PMID: 39031286 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. At diagnosis, 75% of urothelial bladder cancer cases have non-muscle invasive bladder cancer while 25% have muscle invasive or metastatic disease. Aberrantly activated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Activating mutations of FGFR3 are observed in around 70% of NMIBC cases and ~ 15% of MIBCs. Activated FGFR3 leads to ligand-independent receptor dimerization and activation of downstream signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival. FGFR3 is an important therapeutic target in bladder cancer, and clinical studies have shown the benefit of FGFR inhibitors in a subset of bladder cancer patients. c-MYC is a well-known major driver of carcinogenesis and is one of the most commonly deregulated oncogenes identified in human cancers. Studies have shown that the antitumor effects of FGFR inhibition in FGFR3 dependent bladder cancer cells and other FGFR dependent cancers may be mediated through c-MYC, a key downstream effector of activated FGFR that is involved tumorigenesis. This review will summarize the current general understanding of FGFR signaling and MYC alterations in cancer, and the role of FGFR3 and MYC dysregulation in the pathogenesis of urothelial bladder cancer with the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje E Bogale
- School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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2
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Pan H, Xu R, Zhang Y. Role of SPRY4 in health and disease. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1376873. [PMID: 38686189 PMCID: PMC11056578 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1376873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SPRY4 is a protein encoding gene that belongs to the Spry family. It inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and plays a role in various biological functions under normal and pathological conditions. The SPRY4 protein has a specific structure and interacts with other molecules to regulate cellular behavior. It serves as a negative feedback inhibitor of the receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTK) signaling pathway and interferes with cell proliferation and migration. SPRY4 also influences inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. In different types of tumors, SPRY4 can act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. Its dysregulation is associated with the development and progression of various cancers, including colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. SPRY4 is also involved in organ development and is associated with ischemic diseases. Further research is ongoing to understand the expression and function of SPRY4 in specific tumor microenvironments and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Stuckel AJ, Zeng S, Lyu Z, Zhang W, Zhang X, Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Khare T, Zhang Q, Joshi T, Bissonnette M, Khare S. Sprouty4 is epigenetically upregulated in human colorectal cancer. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2145068. [PMID: 36384366 PMCID: PMC9980603 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2145068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty4 (SPRY4) has been frequently reported as a tumor suppressor and is therefore downregulated in various cancers. For the first time, we report that SPRY4 is epigenetically upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we explored DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels of SPRY4 in CRC cells and patient samples and correlated these findings with mRNA and protein expression levels. Three loci within the promoter region of SPRY4 were evaluated for 5mC levels in CRC using the combined bisulfite restriction analysis. In addition, hydroxymethylation levels within SPRY4 were measured in CRC patients. Lastly, DNA methylation and mRNA expression data were extracted from CRC patients in multiple high-throughput data repositories like Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Combined in vitro and in silico analysis of promoter methylation levels of SPRY4 clearly demonstrates that the distal promoter region undergoes hypomethylation in CRC patients and is associated with increased expression. Moreover, a decrease in gene body hydroxymethylation and an increase in gene body methylation within the coding region of SPRY4 were found in CRC patients and correlated with increased expression. SPRY4 is epigenetically upregulated in CRC by promoter hypomethylation and hypermethylation within the gene body that warrants future investigation of atypical roles of this established tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei J. Stuckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Shuai Zeng
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA
| | - Zhen Lyu
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
| | - Urszula Dougherty
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Tripti Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA,Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA,Department of Health Management and Informatics; School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA,CONTACT Sharad Khare Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
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MicroRNA and mRNA Expression Changes in Glioblastoma Cells Cultivated under Conditions of Neurosphere Formation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5294-5311. [PMID: 36354672 PMCID: PMC9688839 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most highly metastatic cancers. The study of the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as the development of targeted oncolytic drugs, require the use of actual cell models, in particular, the use of 3D cultures or neurospheres (NS). During the formation of NS, the adaptive molecular landscape of the transcriptome, which includes various regulatory RNAs, changes. The aim of this study was to reveal changes in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target mRNAs in GBM cells under conditions of NS formation. Neurospheres were obtained from both immortalized U87 MG and patient-derived BR3 GBM cell cultures. Next generation sequencing analysis of small and long RNAs of adherent and NS cultures of GBM cells was carried out. It was found that the formation of NS proceeds with an increase in the level of seven and a decrease in the level of 11 miRNAs common to U87 MG and BR3, as well as an increase in the level of 38 and a decrease in the level of 12 mRNA/lncRNA. Upregulation of miRNAs hsa-miR: -139-5p; -148a-3p; -192-5p; -218-5p; -34a-5p; and -381-3p are accompanied by decreased levels of their target mRNAs: RTN4, FLNA, SH3BP4, DNPEP, ETS2, MICALL1, and GREM1. Downregulation of hsa-miR: -130b-5p, -25-5p, -335-3p and -339-5p occurs with increased levels of mRNA-targets BDKRB2, SPRY4, ERRFI1 and TGM2. The involvement of SPRY4, ERRFI1, and MICALL1 mRNAs in the regulation of EGFR/FGFR signaling highlights the role of hsa-miR: -130b-5p, -25-5p, -335-3p, and -34a-5p not only in the formation of NS, but also in the regulation of malignant growth and invasion of GBM. Our data provide the basis for the development of new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of GBM.
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Vasileva NS, Kuligina EV, Dymova MA, Savinovskaya YI, Zinchenko ND, Ageenko AB, Mishinov SV, Dome AS, Stepanov GA, Richter VA, Semenov DV. Transcriptome Changes in Glioma Cells Cultivated under Conditions of Neurosphere Formation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193106. [PMID: 36231068 PMCID: PMC9563256 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and heterogeneous primary brain tumor. The development of a new relevant preclinical models is necessary. As research moves from cultures of adherent gliomas to a more relevant model, neurospheres, it is necessary to understand the changes that cells undergo at the transcriptome level. In the present work, we used three patient-derived gliomas and two immortalized glioblastomas, while their cultivation was carried out under adherent culture and neurosphere (NS) conditions. When comparing the transcriptomes of monolayer (ML) and NS cell cultures, we used Enrichr genes sets enrichment analysis to describe transcription factors (TFs) and the pathways involved in the formation of glioma NS. It was observed that NS formation is accompanied by the activation of five common gliomas of TFs, SOX2, UBTF, NFE2L2, TCF3 and STAT3. The sets of transcripts controlled by TFs MYC and MAX were suppressed in NS. Upregulated genes are involved in the processes of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, invasion and migration of glioma cells. However, MYC/MAX-dependent downregulated genes are involved in translation, focal adhesion and apical junction. Furthermore, we found three EGFR and FGFR signaling feedback regulators common to all analyzed gliomas-SPRY4, ERRFI1, and RAB31-which can be used for creating new therapeutic strategies of suppressing the invasion and progression of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Vasileva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kuligina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maya A. Dymova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yulya I. Savinovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita D. Zinchenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alisa B. Ageenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Mishinov
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Department of Neurosurgery, Frunze Street 17, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Anton S. Dome
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Grigory A. Stepanov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Richter
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Semenov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Avenue 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +73-833635189
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Kamptner AZM, Mayer CE, Sutterlüty H. Sprouty3, but Not Sprouty1, Expression Is Beneficial for the Malignant Potential of Osteosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111944. [PMID: 34769378 PMCID: PMC8585105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are widely accepted modulators of receptor tyrosine kinase-associated pathways and fulfill diversified roles in cancerogenesis dependent on the originating cells. In this study we detected a high expression of Sprouty3 in osteosarcoma-derived cells and addressed the question of whether Sprouty3 and Sprouty1 influence the malignant phenotype of this bone tumor entity. By using adenoviruses, the Sprouty proteins were expressed in two different cell lines and their influence on cellular behavior was assessed. Growth curve analyses and Scratch assays revealed that Sprouty3 accelerates cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, more colonies were grown in Soft agar if the cells express Sprouty3. In parallel, Sprouty1 had no significant effect on the measured endpoints of the study in osteosarcoma-derived cells. The promotion of the tumorigenic capacities in the presence of Sprouty3 coincided with an increased activation of signaling as measured by evaluating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Ectopic expression of a mutated Sprouty3 protein, in which the tyrosine necessary for its activation was substituted, resulted in inhibited migration of the treated cells. Our findings identify Sprouty3 as a candidate for a tumor promoter in osteosarcoma.
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Doan P, Nguyen P, Murugesan A, Subramanian K, Konda Mani S, Kalimuthu V, Abraham BG, Stringer BW, Balamuthu K, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Targeting Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 with T0 Ligand Impairs Glioblastoma Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153773. [PMID: 34359676 PMCID: PMC8345100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or glioblastoma chemotherapy, has one of the poorest improvements across all types of cancers. Despite the different rationales explored in targeted therapy for taming the GBM aggressiveness, its phenotypic plasticity, drug toxicity, and adaptive resistance mechanisms pose many challenges in finding an effective cure. Our manuscript reports the expression and prognostic role of orphan receptor GPR17 in glioma, the molecular mechanism of action of the novel ligand of GPR17, and provides evidence how the T0 agonist promotes glioblastoma cell death through modulation of the MAPK/ERK, PI3K–Akt, STAT, and NF-κB pathways. The highlights are as follows: GPR17 expression is associated with greater survival for both low-grade glioma (LGG) and GBM; GA-T0, a potent GPR17 receptor agonist, causes significant GBM cell death and apoptosis; GPR17 signaling promotes cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in GBM cells; key genes are modulated in the signaling pathways that inhibit GBM cell proliferation; and GA-T0 crosses the blood–brain barrier and reduces tumor volume. Abstract Glioblastoma, an invasive high-grade brain cancer, exhibits numerous treatment challenges. Amongst the current therapies, targeting functional receptors and active signaling pathways were found to be a potential approach for treating GBM. We exploited the role of endogenous expression of GPR17, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), with agonist GA-T0 in the survival and treatment of GBM. RNA sequencing was performed to understand the association of GPR17 expression with LGG and GBM. RT-PCR and immunoblotting were performed to confirm the endogenous expression of GPR17 mRNA and its encoded protein. Biological functions of GPR17 in the GBM cells was assessed by in vitro analysis. HPLC and histopathology in wild mice and an acute-toxicity analysis in a patient-derived xenograft model were performed to understand the clinical implication of GA-T0 targeting GPR17. We observed the upregulation of GPR17 in association with improved survival of LGG and GBM, confirming it as a predictive biomarker. GA-T0-stimulated GPR17 leads to the inhibition of cyclic AMP and calcium flux. GPR17 signaling activation enhances cytotoxicity against GBM cells and, in patient tissue-derived mesenchymal subtype GBM cells, induces apoptosis and prevents proliferation by stoppage of the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Modulation of the key genes involved in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and in several signaling pathways, including MAPK/ERK, PI3K–Akt, STAT, and NF-κB, prevents tumor regression. In vivo activation of GPR17 by GA-T0 reduces the tumor volume, uncovering the potential of GA-T0–GPR17 as a targeted therapy for GBM treatment. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that GA-T0 targeting the GPR17 receptor presents a novel therapy for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Phung Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Vignesh Kalimuthu
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (V.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Bobin George Abraham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Brett W. Stringer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Rd., Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Kadalmani Balamuthu
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (V.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-504721724
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Xanthoulea S, Konings GFJ, Saarinen N, Delvoux B, Kooreman LFS, Koskimies P, Häkkinen MR, Auriola S, D'Avanzo E, Walid Y, Verhaegen F, Lieuwes NG, Caiment F, Kruitwagen R, Romano A. Pharmacological inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase impairs human endometrial cancer growth in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Cancer Lett 2021; 508:18-29. [PMID: 33762202 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecological tumor in developed countries and its incidence is increasing. Approximately 80% of newly diagnosed EC cases are estrogen-dependent. Type 1 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD-1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in estrogen biosynthesis by reducing the weak estrogen estrone (E1) to the potent estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), and previous studies showed that this enzyme is implicated in the intratumoral E2 generation in EC. In the present study we employed a recently developed orthotopic and estrogen-dependent xenograft mouse model of EC to show that pharmacological inhibition of the 17β-HSD-1 enzyme inhibits disease development. Tumors were induced in one uterine horn of athymic nude mice by intrauterine injection of the well-differentiated human endometrial adenocarcinoma Ishikawa cell line, modified to express human 17β-HSD-1 in levels comparable to EC, and the luciferase and green fluorescent protein reporter genes. Controlled estrogen exposure in ovariectomized mice was achieved using subcutaneous MedRod implants that released either the low active estrone (E1) precursor or vehicle. A subgroup of E1 supplemented mice received daily oral gavage of FP4643, a well-characterized 17β-HSD-1 inhibitor. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to measure tumor growth non-invasively. At sacrifice, mice receiving E1 and treated with the FP4643 inhibitor showed a significant reduction in tumor growth by approximately 65% compared to mice receiving E1. Tumors exhibited metastatic spread to the peritoneum, to the lymphovascular space (LVI), and to the thoracic cavity. Metastatic spread and LVI invasion were both significantly reduced in the inhibitor-treated group. Transcriptional profiling of tumors indicated that FP4643 treatment reduced the oncogenic potential at the mRNA level. In conclusion, we show that 17β-HSD-1 inhibition represents a promising novel endocrine treatment for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Xanthoulea
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
| | - Gonda F J Konings
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Forendo Pharma Ltd., Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM), University of Turku, Finland
| | - Bert Delvoux
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Loes F S Kooreman
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisabetta D'Avanzo
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Youssef Walid
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Verhaegen
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja G Lieuwes
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; MAASTRO Lab, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Caiment
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Roy Kruitwagen
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Romano
- GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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A Sprouty4 Mutation Identified in Kallmann Syndrome Increases the Inhibitory Potency of the Protein towards FGF and Connected Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042145. [PMID: 33670044 PMCID: PMC7926442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome is the result of innate genetic defects in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulated signaling network causing diminished signal transduction. One of the rare mutations associated with the syndrome alters the Sprouty (Spry)4 protein by converting the serine at position 241 into a tyrosine. In this study, we characterize the tyrosine Spry4 mutant protein in the primary human embryonic lung fibroblasts WI-38 and osteosarcoma-derived cell line U2OS. As demonstrated in a cell signaling assay, Spry4 gains the capability of inhibiting FGF, but not epithelial growth factor (EGF)-induced signaling as a consequence of the tyrosine substitution. Additionally, migration of normal embryonic lung fibroblasts and osteosarcoma-derived cells is potently inhibited by the tyrosine Spry4 variant, while an effect of the wildtype Spry4 protein is hardly measureable. Concerning cell proliferation, the unaltered Spry4 protein is ineffective to influence the WI-38 cells, while the mutated Spry4 protein decelerates the cell doubling. In summary, these data emphasize that like the other mutations associated with Kallmann syndrome the described Spry4 mutation creates a hyperactive version of a selective inhibitory molecule and can thereby contribute to a weakened FGF signaling. Additionally, the study pinpoints a Spry4 variation expanding the applicability of Spry4 in a potential cancer therapy.
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Santolla MF, Maggiolini M. The FGF/FGFR System in Breast Cancer: Oncogenic Features and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3029. [PMID: 33081025 PMCID: PMC7603197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the treatment of breast cancer is the heterogeneous nature of the disease. With multiple subtypes of breast cancer identified, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of therapies particularly for the less tractable subtypes. Several transduction mechanisms are involved in the progression of breast cancer, therefore making the assessment of the molecular landscape that characterizes each patient intricate. Over the last decade, numerous studies have focused on the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target the main pathways dysregulated in breast cancer, however their effectiveness is often limited either by resistance to treatments or the appearance of adverse effects. In this context, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) system represents an emerging transduction pathway and therapeutic target to be fully investigated among the diverse anti-cancer settings in breast cancer. Here, we have recapitulated previous studies dealing with FGFR molecular aberrations, such as the gene amplification, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations that occur in breast cancer. Furthermore, alterations in the FGF/FGFR signaling across the different subtypes of breast cancer have been described. Next, we discussed the functional interplay between the FGF/FGFR axis and important components of the breast tumor microenvironment. Lastly, we pointed out the therapeutic usefulness of FGF/FGFR inhibitors, as revealed by preclinical and clinical models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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Pan Y, Fang Y, Xie M, Liu Y, Yu T, Wu X, Xu T, Ma P, Shu Y. LINC00675 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Migration via Downregulating the H3K4me2 Level at the SPRY4 Promoter in Gastric Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:766-778. [PMID: 33230474 PMCID: PMC7595884 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in diverse tumors and take a pivotal role in modulating biological processes. In our study, a decreased expression level of LINC00675 in gastric cancer (GC) was first determined by data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and was identified using specimens from GC patients. Then, in vitro and in vivo functional experiments elaborated that LINC00675 could suppress cell proliferation and migration in GC. Multiple differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LINC00675-overexpressing cells were identified through RNA sequencing analysis. An RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was conducted to reveal that LINC00675 competitively bound with lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). A coimmunoprecipitation (coIP) assay indicated that LINC00675 overexpression may strengthen the binding of LSD1 and H3K4me2, whereas the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay results verified lower expression of H3K4me2 at the sprouty homolog 4 (SPRY4) promoter region. Together, our research identified that LINC00675 was remarkably downregulated in GC tissues and cells relative to nontumor tissues and cells. LINC00675 could repress GC tumorigenesis and metastasis via competitively binding with LSD1 and intensifying the binding of LSD1 and its target H3K4me2. Importantly, this contributed to attenuated binding of H3K4me2 at the promoter region of oncogene SPRY4 and suppressed SPRY4 transcription, thus suppressing GC cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Pan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyan Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of the Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
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12
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Liu Q, Garcia M, Wang S, Chen CW. Therapeutic Target Discovery Using High-Throughput Genetic Screens in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081888. [PMID: 32806592 PMCID: PMC7465943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput gene manipulating tools such as short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and CRISPR/Cas9 libraries has enabled robust characterization of novel functional genes contributing to the pathological states of the diseases. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), these genetic screen approaches have been used to identify effector genes with previously unknown roles in AML. These AML-related genes centralize alongside the cellular pathways mediating epigenetics, signaling transduction, transcriptional regulation, and energy metabolism. The shRNA/CRISPR genetic screens also realized an array of candidate genes amenable to pharmaceutical targeting. This review aims to summarize genes, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic strategies found via high-throughput genetic screens in AML. We also discuss the potential of these findings to instruct novel AML therapies for combating drug resistance in this genetically heterogeneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Michelle Garcia
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Qin S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Tian F, Sun L, He X, Ma X, Zhang J, Liu XR, Zeng W, Lin Y. SPRY4 regulates trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis via regulating IFN-γ-induced STAT1 expression and activation in recurrent miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13234. [PMID: 32196809 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The dysregulation of trophoblast functions is one of the leading causes of recurrent miscarriage (RM), which frustrates 1%-5% of couples of childbearing ages. Sprouty 4 (SPRY4) is considered as a tumour suppressor and exerts a negative role in cell viability. However, its role in regulating trophoblast behaviors at the maternal-fetal interface remains largely unknown. METHOD OF STUDY First-trimester villous samples were collected from RM patients and healthy controls (HCs) to determine the SPRY4 expression in human placenta during early pregnancy. The HTR8/SVneo cell line was introduced to clarify trophoblast cell functions via transfecting with specific short interfering RNA against SPRY4 or SPRY4-overexpressing lentivirus in vitro. In addition, gene expression microarray analysis was performed to explore the downstream molecules and pathways. RESULTS Our results revealed that SPRY4 expression was significantly increased in the first-trimester cytotrophoblasts of RM patients compared with HCs. Furthermore, SPRY4 overexpression inhibited trophoblast proliferation and accelerated apoptosis in vitro, while SPRY4 knockdown reversed these effects. Mechanistically, IFN-γ -induced STAT1 expression and activation were involved in the regulation of trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis by SPRY4, and IFN-γ promoted SPRY4 expression and STAT1 phosphorylation through PI3K/AKT pathway. Additionally, both STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT (p-STAT) levels were also upregulated in trophoblasts from RM patients and positively correlated with SPRY4 expression. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that SPRY4 may act as a negative regulator of trophoblast functions through upregulating IFN-γ/PI3K/AKT-induced STAT1 activation. High levels of SPRY4 and STAT1 may contribute to RM development and progression, and blocking of either target could be a novel therapeutic strategy for RM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuju Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jimenez-Pascual A, Mitchell K, Siebzehnrubl FA, Lathia JD. FGF2: a novel druggable target for glioblastoma? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:311-318. [PMID: 32174197 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1736558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key mitogens in tissue homeostasis and cancer. FGF2 regulates self-renewal of multiple stem-cell types, is widely used in stem cell culture paradigms and has been adopted for cultivating the growth of cancer stem cells ex vivo. Research has shed light on the functions of FGF2 in brain tumors, particularly malignant glioma, and this has demonstrated that FGF2 increases self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells.Areas covered: This review examines the potential targeting of FGF2 signaling as a possible treatment avenue for glioblastoma. The expression of FGF ligands and the FGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases in the normal brain and in glioblastoma is described. Moreover, the paper sheds light on FGF/FGFR signaling, including the function of heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycans in facilitating FGF signaling. We speculate on potential avenues for the therapeutic targeting of the FGF2-FGF receptor signaling axis in glioblastoma and the associated challenges envisioned with these approaches.Expert opinion: Precision targeting of FGF/FGFR signaling could improve prospective glioblastoma therapeutics and moderate adverse effects. Shrewd development of experimental models and FGF2 inhibitors could provide a 'pharmacological toolbox' for targeting diverse ligand/receptor combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jimenez-Pascual
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, UK
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Qiu B, Chen T, Sun R, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Xu Y, Zhang Z. Sprouty4 correlates with favorable prognosis in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by blocking the FGFR-ERK signaling pathway and arresting the cell cycle. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:166-177. [PMID: 31761616 PMCID: PMC6921364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) is the most common subtype of cholangiocarcinoma(CCA). We previously investigated the expression pattern of Sprouty(SPRY) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC), but the expression and clinical significance of SPRY family members in PHCC are still unknown. Methods The expression of SPRY family members(SPRY1-4) was detected in different subtypes of CCA and corresponding adjacent tissues. SPRY4 expression in 142 cases of PHCC was detected by immunohistochemistry, and its clinical significance was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. The functions of SPRY4 in the FGFR-induced proliferation and migration of PHCC cells were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We further investigated the effects and mechanisms of SPRY4 on FGFR-induced ERK phosphorylation and cell cycle distribution in the presence of FGFR and ERK inhibitors. Findings SPRY4 was the only SPRY family member associated with PHCC prognosis, and it was identified as an independent factor predicting favorable prognosis. In PHCC, SPRY4 expression was extensively associated with FGFR2, and its expression can be induced by ectopic FGFR2 activation. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that SPRY4 suppressed FGFR-induced proliferation and migration by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, SPRY4 knockdown was shown to decrease the percentage of cells in the G1 phase and promote the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases by increasing cyclin D1 expression, which also required FGFR-induced ERK phosphorylation. Interpretation High expression of SPRY4 was an independent biomarker of favorable prognosis in PHCC. SPRY4 expression can be induced by ectopic FGFR2 activation in PHCC. SPRY4 arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase and suppressed FGFR-induced proliferation and migration by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation, indicating that SPRY4 may be a potential therapeutic target in PHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Holzmann K, Marian B. Importance of Translational Research for Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101191. [PMID: 31581712 PMCID: PMC6830323 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Holzmann
- Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Division of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Division of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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