1
|
Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Valeriani F, Mandarano M, Ria F, Di Liddo R, Rende M, Romano Spica V. The Multifaceted S100B Protein: A Role in Obesity and Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:776. [PMID: 38255850 PMCID: PMC10815019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The S100B protein is abundant in the nervous system, mainly in astrocytes, and is also present in other districts. Among these, the adipose tissue is a site of concentration for the protein. In the light of consistent research showing some associations between S100B and adipose tissue in the context of obesity, metabolic disorders, and diabetes, this review tunes the possible role of S100B in the pathogenic processes of these disorders, which are known to involve the adipose tissue. The reported data suggest a role for adipose S100B in obesity/diabetes processes, thus putatively re-proposing the role played by astrocytic S100B in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Genes, Via Venti Settembre 118, 00187 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (V.R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adamczyk B, Morawiec N, Mamak G, Boczek S, Brzęk D, Trędota N, Walocha P, Czuba ZP, Błachut M, Bartman W, Adamczyk-Sowa M. The Comparison of the Selected Parameters of Brain Injury and Interleukins in the CSF in Patients Diagnosed De Novo with RRMS Compared to the Control Group. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3436. [PMID: 37998571 PMCID: PMC10670079 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the different phenotypes of the disease and non-specific symptoms of MS, there is a great need for a validated panel of biomarkers to facilitate the diagnosis, predict disease progression, and evaluate treatment outcomes. METHODS We determined the levels of the parameters of brain injury (NF-H, GPAF, S100B, and UCHL1) and the selected cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 101 patients diagnosed de novo with RRMS and 75 healthy controls. All determinations were made using the Bio-Plex method. RESULTS We found higher levels of NF-H and GFAP in the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) group compared to the controls. The concentrations of both molecules were significantly increased in patients with Gd+ lesions on brain MRI. The level of S100B did not differ significantly between the groups. UCHL1 concentrations were higher in the control group. We found some correlations between the selected cytokines, the levels of the parameters of brain injury, and the time from the first symptoms to the diagnosis of MS. CONCLUSIONS The role of the above molecules in MS is promising. However, further research is warranted to define their precise functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Natalia Morawiec
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Gabriela Mamak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Sylwia Boczek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Dominika Brzęk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Natalia Trędota
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Patryk Walocha
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Michał Błachut
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Bartman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ceccariglia S, Sibilia D, Parolini O, Michetti F, Di Sante G. Altered Expression of Autophagy Biomarkers in Hippocampal Neurons in a Multiple Sclerosis Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13225. [PMID: 37686031 PMCID: PMC10488228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation, demyelination, synaptic alteration, and neuronal loss are hallmarks detectable in MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model widely used to study pathogenic aspects of MS. Autophagy is a process that maintains cell homeostasis by removing abnormal organelles and damaged proteins and is involved both in protective and detrimental effects that have been seen in a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. This study is aimed at investigating the autophagy signaling pathway through the analysis of the main autophagic proteins including Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3, autophagosome marker), and p62 also called sequestosome1 (SQSTM1, substrate of autophagy-mediated degradation) in the hippocampus of EAE-affected mice. The expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3, and p62 and the Akt/mTOR pathway were examined by Western blot experiments. In EAE mice, compared to control animals, significant reductions of expression levels were detectable for Beclin-1 and LC3 II (indicating the reduction of autophagosomes), and p62 (suggesting that autophagic flux increased). In parallel, molecular analysis detected the deregulation of the Akt/mTOR signaling. Immunofluorescence double-labeling images showed co-localization of NeuN (neuronal nuclear marker) and Beclin-1, LC3, and p62 throughout the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields. Taken together, these data demonstrate that activation of autophagy occurs in the neurons of the hippocampus in this experimental model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ceccariglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Diego Sibilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (O.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di LUM, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aisa MC, Cappuccini B, Favilli A, Datti A, Nardicchi V, Coata G, Gerli S. Biochemical and Anthropometric Parameters for the Early Recognition of the Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Preterm Neonates at Risk of Impaired Neurodevelopment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11549. [PMID: 37511307 PMCID: PMC10380875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B and Tau are implicated with both brain growth and injury. Their urinary levels in 30-to-40-day-old full-term, preterm, IUGR, and preterm-IUGR subjects were measured to investigate their possible relationship with future delayed neurodevelopment. METHODS Values were related to the neuro-behavioral outcome at two years of age, as well as to brain volumes and urinary NGF assessed at the same postnatal time point. RESULTS Using the Griffiths III test, cognitive and motor performances were determined to establish subgroups characterized by either normal or impaired neuro-behavior. The latter included preterm, IUGR, and preterm-IUGR individuals who exhibited significantly higher and lower S100B and Tau levels, respectively, along with markedly reduced cerebral volumes and urinary NGF, as previously demonstrated. Contrary to NGF, however, Tau and S100B displayed a weak correlation with brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS Delayed cognitive and motor performances observed in two-year-old preterm and IUGR-born individuals were also found to be associated with anomalous urinary levels of S100B and Tau, assessed at 30-40 days of the postnatal period, and their changes did not correlate with brain growth. Thus, our data suggests that, in addition to cerebral volumes and NGF, urinary S100B and Tau can also be considered as valuable parameters for the early detection of future neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Aisa
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- GeBiSa, Research Foundation, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Favilli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- GeBiSa, Research Foundation, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Coata
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandro Gerli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- GeBiSa, Research Foundation, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michetti F, Clementi ME, Di Liddo R, Valeriani F, Ria F, Rende M, Di Sante G, Romano Spica V. The S100B Protein: A Multifaceted Pathogenic Factor More Than a Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119605. [PMID: 37298554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly concentrated in astrocytes in the nervous system. Its levels in biological fluids are recognized as a reliable biomarker of active neural distress, and more recently, mounting evidence points to S100B as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern molecule, which, at high concentration, triggers tissue reactions to damage. S100B levels and/or distribution in the nervous tissue of patients and/or experimental models of different neural disorders, for which the protein is used as a biomarker, are directly related to the progress of the disease. In addition, in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic and vascular acute neural injury, epilepsy, and inflammatory bowel disease, alteration of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters. In general, overexpression/administration of S100B worsens the clinical presentation, whereas deletion/inactivation of the protein contributes to the amelioration of the symptoms. Thus, the S100B protein may be proposed as a common pathogenic factor in different disorders, sharing different symptoms and etiologies but appearing to share some common pathogenic processes reasonably attributable to neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Genes, Via Venti Settembre 118, 00187 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Di Sante G, Ria F, Di Liddo R, Romano Spica V, Michetti F. S100B Expression Plays a Crucial Role in Cytotoxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Induced by Amyloid β-Protein in an Astrocytoma Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065213. [PMID: 36982288 PMCID: PMC10049549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is an astrocytic cytokine that has been shown to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. We used an astrocytoma cell line (U373 MG) silenced for S100B, and stimulated it with amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) as a known paradigm factor for astrocyte activation, and showed that the ability of the cell (including the gene machinery) to express S100B is a prerequisite for inducing reactive astrocytic features, such as ROS generation, NOS activation and cytotoxicity. Our results showed that control astrocytoma cell line exhibited overexpression of S100B after Aβ treatment, and subsequently cytotoxicity, increased ROS generation and NOS activation. In contrast, cells silenced with S100B were essentially protected, consistently reducing cell death, significantly decreasing oxygen radical generation and nitric oxide synthase activity. The conclusive aim of the present study was to show a causative linkage between the cell expression of S100B and induction of astrocyte activation processes, such as cytotoxicity, ROS and NOS activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC-CNR), 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.E.C.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-30154215 (M.E.C.); +39-06-301558489 (F.M.)
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC-CNR), 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Scences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.E.C.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-30154215 (M.E.C.); +39-06-301558489 (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
S100B Affects Gut Microbiota Biodiversity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032248. [PMID: 36768570 PMCID: PMC9916897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vivo study in mice addresses the relationship between the biodiversity of the microbiota and the levels of S100B, a protein present in enteroglial cells, but also in foods such as milk. A positive significant correlation was observed between S100B levels and Shannon values, which was reduced after treatment with Pentamidine, an inhibitor of S100B function, indicating that the correlation was influenced by the modulation of S100B activity. Using the bootstrap average method based on the distribution of the S100B concentration, three groups were identified, exhibiting a significant difference between the microbial profiles. Operational taxonomic units, when analyzed by SIMPER analysis, showed that genera regarded to be eubiotic were mainly concentrated in the intermediate group, while genera potentially harboring pathobionts often appeared to be more concentrated in groups where the S100B amounts were very low or high. Finally, in a pilot experiment, S100B was administered orally, and the microbial profiles appeared to be modified accordingly. These data may open novel perspectives involving the possibility of S100B-mediated regulation in the intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
|
8
|
Adinolfi A, Di Sante G, Rivignani Vaccari L, Tredicine M, Ria F, Bonvissuto D, Corvino V, Sette C, Geloso MC. Regionally restricted modulation of Sam68 expression and Arhgef9 alternative splicing in the hippocampus of a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1073627. [PMID: 36710925 PMCID: PMC9878567 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical models are characterized by marked changes in neuroplasticity, including excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and synaptic dysfunction that are believed to underlie the progressive cognitive impairment (CI), which represents a significant clinical hallmark of the disease. In this study, we investigated several parameters of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) SJL/J mouse model, characterized by rostral inflammatory and demyelinating lesions similar to Relapsing-Remitting MS. By combining morphological and molecular analyses, we found that the hippocampus undergoes extensive inflammation in EAE-mice, more pronounced in the CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subfields than in the CA1, associated with changes in GABAergic circuitry, as indicated by the increased expression of the interneuron marker Parvalbumin selectively in CA3. By laser-microdissection, we investigated the impact of EAE on the alternative splicing of Arhgef9, a gene encoding a post-synaptic protein playing an essential role in GABAergic synapses and whose mutations have been related to CI and epilepsy. Our results indicate that EAE induces a specific increase in inclusion of the alternative exon 11a only in the CA3 and DG subfields, in line with the higher local levels of inflammation. Consistently, we found a region-specific downregulation of Sam68, a splicing-factor that represses this splicing event. Collectively, our findings confirm a regionalized distribution of inflammation in the hippocampus of EAE-mice. Moreover, since neuronal circuit rearrangement and dynamic remodeling of structural components of the synapse are key processes that contribute to neuroplasticity, our study suggests potential new molecular players involved in EAE-induced hippocampal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Adinolfi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Section of Human, Clinic and Forensic Anatomy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Rivignani Vaccari
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Bonvissuto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy,GSTEP-Organoids Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Claudio Sette, ✉
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy,Maria Concetta Geloso, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tredicine M, Ria F, Poerio N, Lucchini M, Bianco A, De Santis F, Valentini M, De Arcangelis V, Rende M, Stabile AM, Pistilli A, Camponeschi C, Nociti V, Mirabella M, Fraziano M, Di Sante G. Liposome-based nanoparticles impact on regulatory and effector phenotypes of macrophages and T cells in multiple Sclerosis patients. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121930. [PMID: 36493716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current available treatments of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reduce neuroinflammation acting on different targets on the immune system, but potentially lead to severe side effects and have a limited efficacy in slowing the progression of the disease. Here, we evaluated in vitro the immunomodulatory potential of a new class of nanoparticles - liposomes, constituted by a double-layer of phosphatidylserine (PSCho/PS), and double-faced, with an outer layer of phosphatidylserine and an inner layer of phosphatidic acid (PSCho/PA), either alone or in the presence of the myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide (residues 85-99) (PSCho/PS-MBP and PSCho/PA-MBP). Results showed that PSCho/PS are equally and efficiently internalized by pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (M1 and M2 respectively), while PSCho/PA were internalized better by M2 than M1. PSCho/PS liposomes were able to inhibit the secretion of innate pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. PSCho/PS liposomes expanded Tregs, reducing Th1 and Th17 cells, while PSCho/PA liposomes were unable to dampen pro-inflammatory T cells and to promote immune-regulatory phenotype (Treg). The ability of PSCho/PS liposomes to up-regulate Treg cells was more pronounced in MS patients with high basal expression of M2 markers. PSCho/PS liposomes were more effective in decreasing Th1 (but not Th17) cells in MS patients with a disease duration >3 months. On the other hand, down-modulation of Th17 cells was evident in MS patients with active, Gadolinium enhancing lesions at MRI and in MS patients with a high basal expression of M1-associated markers in the monocytes. The same findings were observed for the modulation of MBP-driven Th1/Th17/Treg responses. These observations suggest that early MS associate to a hard-wired pro-Th1 phenotype of M1 that is lost later during disease course. On the other hand, acute inflammatory events reflect a temporary decrease of M2 phenotype that however is amenable to restauration upon treatment with PSCho/PS liposomes. Thus, together these data indicate that monocytes/macrophages may play an important regulatory function during MS course and suggest a role for PSCho/PS and PSCho/PS-MBP as new therapeutic tools to dampen the pro-inflammatory immune responses and to promote its regulatory branch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tredicine
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department Laboratory and Infectious diseases Sciences, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "TorVergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00173, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC of Neurology, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Centro di Ricerca Sclerosi Multipla (CERSM), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Assunta Bianco
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC of Neurology, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Centro di Ricerca Sclerosi Multipla (CERSM), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica De Santis
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "TorVergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00173, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Woman, Child and Public Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria De Arcangelis
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC of Neurology, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Centro di Ricerca Sclerosi Multipla (CERSM), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Institute of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Institute of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Institute of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Camponeschi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies ''Giulio Natta'' (SCITEC)-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Nociti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC of Neurology, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Centro di Ricerca Sclerosi Multipla (CERSM), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Mirabella
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC of Neurology, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Centro di Ricerca Sclerosi Multipla (CERSM), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "TorVergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00173, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery and Medicine, Institute of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moliterni C, Tredicine M, Pistilli A, Falcicchia R, Bartolini D, Stabile AM, Rende M, Ria F, Di Sante G. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methodologies for T-Cell Trafficking Through Blood-Brain Barrier After TLR Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:199-219. [PMID: 37603183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes ex vivo isolation of human T cells and of naïve splenocytes respectively collected from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-affected mice. After the magnetic sorting of naïve and activated T helper lymphocytes, we provide details about the cell cultures to measure the interaction with extracellular matrix proteins using standard cell invasion or hand-made in vitro assays, upon different stimuli, through Toll-like receptor(s) ligands, T-cell activators, and cell adhesion molecules modulators. Finally, we describe the methods to harvest and recover T cells to evaluate the properties associated with their trafficking ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moliterni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Falcicchia
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clarkson TC, Iguchi N, Xie AX, Malykhina AP. Differential transcriptomic changes in the central nervous system and urinary bladders of mice infected with a coronavirus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278918. [PMID: 36490282 PMCID: PMC9733897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) often leads to the development of neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We previously characterized neurogenic bladder dysfunction in a mouse model of MS induced by a coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). The aim of the study was to identify genes and pathways linking neuroinflammation in the central nervous system with urinary bladder (UB) dysfunction to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying LUTS in demyelinating diseases. Adult C57BL/6 male mice (N = 12) received either an intracranial injection of MHV (coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis, CIE group), or sterile saline (control group). Spinal cord (SC) and urinary bladders (UB) were collected from CIE mice at 1 wk and 4 wks, followed by RNA isolation and NanoString nCounter Neuroinflammation assay. Transcriptome analysis of SC identified a significantly changed expression of >150 genes in CIE mice known to regulate astrocyte, microglia and oligodendrocyte functions, neuroinflammation and immune responses. Two genes were significantly upregulated (Ttr and Ms4a4a), and two were downregulated (Asb2 and Myct1) only in the UB of CIE mice. Siglec1 and Zbp1 were the only genes significantly upregulated in both tissues, suggesting a common transcriptomic link between neuroinflammation in the CNS and neurogenic changes in the UB of CIE mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Clarkson
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nao Iguchi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alison Xiaoqiao Xie
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anna P. Malykhina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barros C, Barateiro A, Neto A, Soromenho B, Bastos AP, Mateus JM, Xapelli S, Sebastião AM, Brites D, Graça L, Fernandes A. S100B inhibition protects from chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac076. [PMID: 35620168 PMCID: PMC9128388 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Studies have correlated excessive S100B, a small inflammatory molecule, with demyelination and associated inflammatory processes occurring in multiple sclerosis. The relevance of S100B in multiple sclerosis pathology brought an emerging curiosity highlighting its use as a potential therapeutic target to reduce damage during the multiple sclerosis course, namely during inflammatory relapses. We examined the relevance of S100B and further investigated the potential of S100B-neutralizing small molecule pentamidine in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. S100B depletion had beneficial pathological outcomes and, based on promising results of a variety of S100B-blockade strategies in an ex vivo demyelinating model we choose pentamidine to assay its role in the in vivo experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We report that pentamidine prevents more aggressive clinical symptoms and improves recovery of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blockade of S100B by pentamidine protects against oligodendrogenesis impairment and neuroinflammation by reducing astrocyte reactivity and microglia pro-inflammatory phenotype. Pentamidine also increased regulatory T cell density in the spinal cord suggesting an additional immunomodulatory action. These results showed the relevance of S100B as a main driver of neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and identified an uncharacterized mode of action of pentamidine, strengthening the possibility to use this drug as an anti-inflammatory and remyelinating therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Barros
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Neto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Soromenho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Bastos
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIISA – Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Graça
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Camponeschi C, De Carluccio M, Amadio S, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Volonté C, Tredicine M, Romano Spica V, Di Liddo R, Ria F, Michetti F, Di Sante G. S100B Protein as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis: The S100B Inhibitor Arundic Acid Protects from Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413558. [PMID: 34948360 PMCID: PMC8708367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B is an astrocytic protein behaving at high concentration as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule. A direct correlation between the increased amount of S100B and inflammatory processes has been demonstrated, and in particular, the inhibitor of S100B activity pentamidine has been shown to ameliorate clinical scores and neuropathologic-biomolecular parameters in the relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis. This study investigates the effect of arundic acid (AA), a known inhibitor of astrocytic S100B synthesis, in the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is another mouse model of multiple sclerosis usually studied. By the daily evaluation of clinical scores and neuropathologic-molecular analysis performed in the spinal cord, we observed that the AA-treated group showed lower severity compared to the vehicle-treated mice, particularly in the early phase of disease onset. We also observed a significant reduction of astrocytosis, demyelination, immune infiltrates, proinflammatory cytokines expression and enzymatic oxidative reactivity in the AA-treated group. Overall, our results reinforce the involvement of S100B in the development of animal models of multiple sclerosis and propose AA targeting the S100B protein as a focused potential drug to be considered for multiple sclerosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Camponeschi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.C.); (M.T.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Maria De Carluccio
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.C.); (M.T.); (G.D.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Amadio
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.V.)
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.E.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.E.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.V.)
- National Research Council, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.C.); (M.T.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ria
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.C.); (M.T.); (G.D.S.)
- Department Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1–8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4914 (F.R.); +39-06-3015-5848 (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettin 60, 20121 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4914 (F.R.); +39-06-3015-5848 (F.M.)
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.C.); (M.T.); (G.D.S.)
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Institute of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Fraga LS, Tassinari ID, Jantsch J, Guedes RP, Bambini-Junior V. 'A picture is worth a thousand words': The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:325-345. [PMID: 34596237 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Costa DVS, Moura-Neto V, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Fawad JA, Shin JH, Medeiros PHQS, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Martins CS, Venkataraman V, Warren CA, Brito GAC. S100B Inhibition Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Diarrhea Severity During Clostridioides difficile Infection by Modulating Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:739874. [PMID: 34568098 PMCID: PMC8461106 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.739874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the enteric nervous system, which is a source of S100B, in Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is poorly understood although intestinal motility dysfunctions are known to occur following infection. Here, we investigated the role of S100B in CDI and examined the S100B signaling pathways activated in C. difficile toxin A (TcdA)- and B (TcdB)-induced enteric glial cell (EGC) inflammatory response. The expression of S100B was measured in colon tissues and fecal samples of patients with and without CDI, as well as in colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. To investigate the role of S100B signaling in IL-6 expression induced by TcdA and TcdB, rat EGCs were used. Increased S100B was found in colonic biopsies from patients with CDI and colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. Patients with CDI-promoted diarrhea exhibited higher levels of fecal S100B compared to non-CDI cases. Inhibition of S100B by pentamidine reduced the synthesis of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, GMCSF, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-2 and downregulated a variety of NFκB-related genes, increased the transcription (SOCS2 and Bcl-2) of protective mediators, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and ameliorated intestinal damage and diarrhea severity in mice. In EGCs, TcdA and TcdB upregulated S100B-mediated IL-6 expression via activation of RAGE/PI3K/NFκB. Thus, CDI appears to upregulate colonic S100B signaling in EGCs, which in turn augment inflammatory response. Inhibition of S100B activity attenuates the intestinal injury and diarrhea caused by C. difficile toxins. Our findings provide new insight into the role of S100B in CDI pathogenesis and opens novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jibraan A Fawad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jae H Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Pedro H Q S Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Solanka E Ledwaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Venkat Venkataraman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chiappalupi S, Salvadori L, Donato R, Riuzzi F, Sorci G. Hyperactivated RAGE in Comorbidities as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19-The Role of RAGE-RAS Crosstalk. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060876. [PMID: 34204735 PMCID: PMC8231494 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation-end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor with a role in inflammatory and pulmonary pathologies. Hyperactivation of RAGE by its ligands has been reported to sustain inflammation and oxidative stress in common comorbidities of severe COVID-19. RAGE is essential to the deleterious effects of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which participates in infection and multiorgan injury in COVID-19 patients. Thus, RAGE might be a major player in severe COVID-19, and appears to be a useful therapeutic molecular target in infections by SARS-CoV-2. The role of RAGE gene polymorphisms in predisposing patients to severe COVID-19 is discussed. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chiappalupi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Laura Salvadori
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (G.S.); Tel.: +39-075-585-8258 (G.S.)
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca Sulla Genomica Funzionale (CURGeF), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (G.S.); Tel.: +39-075-585-8258 (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Casalbore P, Volonté C, Romano Spica V, Parnigotto PP, Di Liddo R, Amadio S, Ria F. Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:446-458. [PMID: 33971224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, but also localized in other definite neural and extra-neural cell types. While its presence in biological fluids is widely recognized as a reliable biomarker of active injury, growing evidence now indicates that high levels of S100B are suggestive of pathogenic processes in different neural, but also extra-neural, disorders. Indeed, modulation of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, acute neural injury, inflammatory bowel disease, uveal and retinal disorders, obesity, diabetes and cancer, thus directly linking the levels of S100B to pathogenic mechanisms. In general, deletion/inactivation of the protein causes the improvement of the disease, whereas its over-expression/administration induces a worse clinical presentation. This scenario reasonably proposes S100B as a common therapeutic target for several different disorders, also offering new clues to individuate possible unexpected connections among these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Young BD, Yu W, Rodríguez DJV, Varney KM, MacKerell AD, Weber DJ. Specificity of Molecular Fragments Binding to S100B versus S100A1 as Identified by NMR and Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS). Molecules 2021; 26:E381. [PMID: 33450915 PMCID: PMC7828390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B, a biomarker of malignant melanoma, interacts with the p53 protein and diminishes its tumor suppressor function, which makes this S100 family member a promising therapeutic target for treating malignant melanoma. However, it is a challenge to design inhibitors that are specific for S100B in melanoma versus other S100-family members that are important for normal cellular activities. For example, S100A1 is most similar in sequence and structure to S100B, and this S100 protein is important for normal skeletal and cardiac muscle function. Therefore, a combination of NMR and computer aided drug design (CADD) was used to initiate the design of specific S100B inhibitors. Fragment-based screening by NMR, also termed "SAR by NMR," is a well-established method, and was used to examine spectral perturbations in 2D [1H, 15N]-HSQC spectra of Ca2+-bound S100B and Ca2+-bound S100A1, side-by-side, and under identical conditions for comparison. Of the 1000 compounds screened, two were found to be specific for binding Ca2+-bound S100A1 and four were found to be specific for Ca2+-bound S100B, respectively. The NMR spectral perturbations observed in these six data sets were then used to model how each of these small molecule fragments showed specificity for one S100 versus the other using a CADD approach termed Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS). In summary, the combination of NMR and computational approaches provided insight into how S100A1 versus S100B bind small molecules specifically, which will enable improved drug design efforts to inhibit elevated S100B in melanoma. Such a fragment-based approach can be used generally to initiate the design of specific inhibitors for other highly homologous drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna D. Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.D.Y.); (D.J.V.R.); (K.M.V.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
- Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Darex J. Vera Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.D.Y.); (D.J.V.R.); (K.M.V.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
| | - Kristen M. Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.D.Y.); (D.J.V.R.); (K.M.V.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
- Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.D.Y.); (D.J.V.R.); (K.M.V.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (W.Y.); (A.D.M.J.)
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bozic I, Savic D, Lavrnja I. Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:267-290. [PMID: 33226087 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have numerous integral roles in all CNS functions. They are essential for synaptic transmission and support neurons by providing metabolic substrates, secreting growth factors and regulating extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters. Astrocytes respond to CNS insults through reactive astrogliosis, in which they go through many functional and molecular changes. In neuroinflammatory conditions reactive astrocytes exert both beneficial and detrimental functions, depending on the context and heterogeneity of astrocytic populations. In this review we profile astrocytic diversity in the context of neuroinflammation; with a specific focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-described animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We characterize two main subtypes, protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes and describe the role of intermediate filaments in the physiology and pathology of these cells. Additionally, we outline a variety of markers that are emerging as important in investigating astrocytic biology in both physiological conditions and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alarmins and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling in Neuroinflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112350. [PMID: 33114371 PMCID: PMC7693759 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the progression or secondary injury of multiple brain conditions, including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Alarmins, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns, are released in the presence of neuroinflammation and in the acute phase of ischemia. Defensins, cathelicidin, high-mobility group box protein 1, S100 proteins, heat shock proteins, nucleic acids, histones, nucleosomes, and monosodium urate microcrystals are thought to be alarmins. They are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors. Being principal sterile inflammation triggering agents, alarmins are considered biomarkers and therapeutic targets. They are recognized by host cells and prime the innate immune system toward cell death and distress. In stroke, alarmins act as mediators initiating the inflammatory response after the release from the cellular components of the infarct core and penumbra. Increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation may be involved in the mechanism of stress-induced release of alarmins. Putative crosstalk between the alarmin-associated pathways and JNK signaling seems to be inherently interwoven. This review outlines the role of alarmins/JNK-signaling in cerebral neurovascular inflammation and summarizes the complex response of cells to alarmins. Emerging anti-JNK and anti-alarmin drug treatment strategies are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Marchese E, Valentini M, Di Sante G, Cesari E, Adinolfi A, Corvino V, Ria F, Sette C, Geloso MC. Alternative splicing of neurexins 1-3 is modulated by neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex of a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113497. [PMID: 33058888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to immune-mediated synaptopathy and impaired plasticity as early pathogenic events underlying cognitive decline (CD) in Multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of the disease. However, knowledge of the neurobiology of synaptic dysfunction is still incomplete. Splicing regulation represents a flexible and powerful mechanism involved in dynamic remodeling of the synapse, which allows the expression of synaptic protein variants that dynamically control the specificity of contacts between neurons. The pre-synaptic adhesion molecules neurexins (NRXNs) 1-3 play a relevant role in cognition and are alternatively spliced to yield variants that differentially cluster specific ligands in the postsynaptic compartment and modulate functional properties of the synaptic contact. Notably, mutations in these genes or disruption of their splicing program are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we have investigated how inflammatory changes imposed by EAE impact on alternative splicing of the Nrxn 1-3 mouse genes in the acute phase of disease. Due to its relevance in cognition, we focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of SJL/J mice, in which EAE-induced inflammatory lesions extend to the rostral forebrain. We found that inclusion of the Nrxn 1-3 AS4 exon is significantly increased in the PFC of EAE mice and that splicing changes are correlated with local Il1β-expression levels. This correlation is sustained by the concomitant downregulation of SLM2, the main splicing factor involved in skipping of the AS4 exon, in EAE mice displaying high levels of Il1β- expression. We also observed that Il1β-expression levels correlate with changes in parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneuron connectivity. Moreover, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE), a condition known to stimulate neuronal connectivity and to improve cognitive functions in mice and humans, modified PFC phenotypes of EAE mice with respect to Il1β-, Slm2-expression, Nrxn AS4 splicing and PV-expression, by limiting changes associated with high levels of inflammation. Our results reveal that local inflammation results in early splicing modulation of key synaptic proteins and in remodeling of GABAergic circuitry in the PFC of SJL/J mice. We also suggest EE as a tool to counteract these inflammation-associated events, thus highlighting potential therapeutic targets for limiting the progressive CD occurring in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marchese
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Adinolfi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng Z, Zheng P, Zou X. Peripheral Blood S100B Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:2569-2577. [PMID: 33006697 PMCID: PMC8254719 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The S100 calcium-binding protein beta subunit (S100B) protein, which mostly exists in the central nervous system, is commonly noted as a marker of neuronal damage. We conducted the first systematic review with meta-analysis to compare peripheral blood S100B levels in individuals with ASD with those in healthy controls. A systematic search was carried out for studies published before May 5, 2020. In total, this meta-analysis involved ten studies with 822 participants and 451 cases. The meta-analysis revealed that individuals with ASD had higher peripheral blood S100B levels than healthy controls [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.41–1.53; p < 0.001]. Peripheral blood S100B levels may have potential as a useful biomarker for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobing Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102223. [PMID: 33019647 PMCID: PMC7601640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|