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Mavila N, Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah M, Kennedy J. Ductular Reactions in Liver Injury, Regeneration, and Disease Progression-An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:579. [PMID: 38607018 PMCID: PMC11011399 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is a complex cellular response that occurs in the liver during chronic injuries. DR mainly consists of hyper-proliferative or reactive cholangiocytes and, to a lesser extent, de-differentiated hepatocytes and liver progenitors presenting a close spatial interaction with periportal mesenchyme and immune cells. The underlying pathology of DRs leads to extensive tissue remodeling in chronic liver diseases. DR initiates as a tissue-regeneration mechanism in the liver; however, its close association with progressive fibrosis and inflammation in many chronic liver diseases makes it a more complicated pathological response than a simple regenerative process. An in-depth understanding of the cellular physiology of DRs and their contribution to tissue repair, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis can help scientists develop cell-type specific targeted therapies to manage liver fibrosis and chronic liver diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
- Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaquelene Kennedy
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
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Fabris L, Campello E, Cadamuro M, Simioni P. The evil relationship between liver fibrosis and cardiovascular disease in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): Looking for the culprit. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166763. [PMID: 37951510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome caused by insulin resistance, is a major public health problem, affecting about the 25 % of the general population in Western countries. Morbidity and mortality of MAFLD patients is increased primarily due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Liver fibrosis, the byproduct of hepatic repair, is the main determinant of MAFLD progression and the strongest predictor for overall mortality. Since the mechanistic relationship between MAFLD, fibrosis, insulin resistance and the cardiometabolic risk is far to be clear, deciphering the functional link of hepatic fibrogenesis with genetic factors and hypercoagulability in MAFLD-associated CVD may hold translational potential for risk profiling and innovative therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fabris
- General Internal Medicine Unit, and Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Disease Unit and Haemophilia Center, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Digestive Disease Section, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - E Campello
- General Internal Medicine Unit, and Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Disease Unit and Haemophilia Center, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Cadamuro
- General Internal Medicine Unit, and Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Disease Unit and Haemophilia Center, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - P Simioni
- General Internal Medicine Unit, and Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Disease Unit and Haemophilia Center, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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3
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Jiang W, Jin Q, Li C, Xun Y. A Plasma Exosomal Metabolic Profiling of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients Complicated with Impaired Fasting Glucose. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 35:125-135. [PMID: 38454244 PMCID: PMC10895878 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2024.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Detection of circulating exosomes together with metabolomic analysis of their cargo would provide early signals for metabolic derangements and complications associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, this study profiled exosomal metabolome of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and impaired fasting glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma exosomes were extracted from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with or without impaired fasting glucose through differential ultracentrifugation. Their metabolite profiles were examined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chrom atography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Pathway analysis was carried out on platform MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-alone group (n = 26) and age-and gender-comparable nonalcoholic fatty liver disease plus impaired fasting glucose group (n = 13). Although less than and different from their plasma counterparts, a total of 10 significantly differential exosomal metabolites were identified. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease plus impaired fasting glucose group had higher concentrations of linoleic acid, palmitamide, stearamide, and oleamide, as well as a lower concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine [20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)]. Pathway analysis showed an obviously changed metabolism of linoleic acid. CONCLUSION Metabolomic analysis of plasma exosomes revealed a distinct change in fatty acids and related pathways in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with impaired fasting glucose. These preliminary results provide a metabolomic snapshot and basis for further investigation of exosome biology for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Jiang
- Department of Liver Disease, Hangzhou Sixth People’s Hospital/Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Afflicted to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaofei Jin
- Department of Liver Disease, Hangzhou Sixth People’s Hospital/Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Afflicted to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunqing Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Hangzhou Sixth People’s Hospital/Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Afflicted to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunhao Xun
- Department of Liver Disease, Hangzhou Sixth People’s Hospital/Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Afflicted to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Cai Z, Feng J, Dong N, Zhou P, Huang Y, Zhang H. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in platelet transfusion therapy. Platelets 2023; 34:2242708. [PMID: 37578045 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2242708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain the characteristics of their cell of origin and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) not only have procoagulant activity but also contain platelet-derived inflammatory factors (CD40L and mtDNA) that mediate inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that platelets are activated during storage to produce large amounts of PEVs, which may have implications for platelet transfusion therapy. Compared to platelets, PEVs have a longer storage time and greater procoagulant activity, making them an ideal alternative to platelets. This review describes the reasons and mechanisms by which PEVs may have a role in blood transfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cai
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Feng
- Class 2018 Medical Inspection Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Nian Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gulin People's Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Díaz LA, Arab JP, Louvet A, Bataller R, Arrese M. The intersection between alcohol-related liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:764-783. [PMID: 37582985 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) are the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD and ALD share pathophysiological, histological and genetic features and both alcohol and metabolic dysfunction coexist as aetiological factors in many patients with hepatic steatosis. A diagnosis of NAFLD requires the exclusion of significant alcohol consumption and other causes of liver disease. However, data suggest that significant alcohol consumption is often under-reported in patients classified as having NAFLD and that alcohol and metabolic factors interact to exacerbate the progression of liver disease. In this Review, we analyse existing data on the interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome as well as the overlapping features and differences in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD. We also discuss the clinical implications of the coexistence of alcohol consumption, of any degree, in patients with evidence of metabolic derangement as well as the use of alcohol biomarkers to detect alcohol intake. Finally, we summarize the evolving nomenclature of fatty liver disease and describe a recent proposal to classify patients at the intersection of NAFLD and ALD. We propose that, regardless of the presumed aetiology, patients with fatty liver disease should be evaluated for both metabolic syndrome and alcohol consumption to enable better prognostication and a personalized medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Díaz
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University & London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille Cedex, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Unité INSERM INFINITE 1286, Lille, France
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Yang S, Zeng Z, Yuan Q, Chen Q, Wang Z, Xie H, Liu J. Vascular calcification: from the perspective of crosstalk. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:35. [PMID: 37851172 PMCID: PMC10584806 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, but anti-VC treatment remains an area to be tackled due to the ill-defined molecular mechanisms. Regardless of the type of VC, it does not depend on a single cell but involves multi-cells/organs to form a complex cellular communication network through the vascular microenvironment to participate in the occurrence and development of VC. Therefore, focusing only on the direct effect of pathological factors on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) tends to overlook the combined effect of other cells and VSMCs, including VSMCs-VSMCs, ECs-VMSCs, Macrophages-VSMCs, etc. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a collective term for tiny vesicles with a membrane structure that are actively secreted by cells, and almost all cells secrete EVs. EVs docked on the surface of receptor cells can directly mediate signal transduction or transfer their contents into the cell to elicit a functional response from the receptor cells. They have been proven to participate in the VC process and have also shown attractive therapeutic prospects. Based on the advantages of EVs and the ability to be detected in body fluids, they may become a novel therapeutic agent, drug delivery vehicle, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and potential therapeutic target in the future. This review focuses on the new insight into VC molecular mechanisms from the perspective of crosstalk, summarizes how multi-cells/organs interactions communicate via EVs to regulate VC and the emerging potential of EVs as therapeutic methods in VC. We also summarize preclinical experiments on crosstalk-based and the current state of clinical studies on VC-related measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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7
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Deng J, Song Z, Li X, Shi H, Huang S, Tang L. Role of lncRNAs in acute pancreatitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1257552. [PMID: 37842644 PMCID: PMC10569178 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1257552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases characterized by an injury and inflammatory disorder of the pancreas with complicated pathological mechanisms. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes in humans, and they have emerged as potential biomarkers of diagnosis and therapeutic targets in various diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has shown significant alterations in the expression of lncRNAs, which are involved in the pathogenesis of AP, such as premature trypsinogen activation, impaired autophagy, inflammatory response, and acinar cell death. Moreover, lncRNAs can be the direct target of AP treatment and show potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis. Thus, in this review, we focus on the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of AP and emphasize the future directions to study lncRNAs in AP, providing new insight into understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AP and seeking novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapeutic targets to improve clinical management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziying Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiqing Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangqing Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Chen C, Guo M, Zhao X, Zhao J, Chen L, He Z, Xu L, Zha Y. MicroRNA-7: A New Intervention Target for Inflammation and Related Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1185. [PMID: 37627250 PMCID: PMC10452300 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA that can regulate physiological and pathological processes through post-transcriptional regulatory gene expression. As an important member of the miRNAs family, microRNA-7 (miR-7) was first discovered in 2001 to play an important regulatory role in tissue and organ development. Studies have shown that miR-7 participates in various tissue and organ development processes, tumorigenesis, aging, and other processes by regulating different target molecules. Notably, a series of recent studies have determined that miR-7 plays a key regulatory role in the occurrence of inflammation and related diseases. In particular, miR-7 can affect the immune response of the body by influencing T cell activation, macrophage function, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, inflammatory body activation, and other mechanisms, which has important potential application value in the intervention of related diseases. This article reviews the current regulatory role of miR-7 in inflammation and related diseases, including viral infection, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and encephalitis. It expounds on the molecular mechanism by which miR-7 regulates the occurrence of inflammatory diseases. Finally, the existing problems and future development directions of miR-7-based intervention on inflammation and related diseases are discussed to provide new references and help strengthen the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammation and related diseases, as well as the development of new strategies for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Specifc Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Specifc Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Specifc Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Specifc Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Specifc Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan Zha
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Jiang W, Xu Y, Chen JC, Lee YH, Hu Y, Liu CH, Chen E, Tang H, Zhang H, Wu D. Role of extracellular vesicles in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1196831. [PMID: 37534206 PMCID: PMC10392952 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1196831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease that affects approximately one-quarter of the global population and is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. The lack of current noninvasive tools and efficient treatment is recognized as a significant barrier to the clinical management of these conditions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles released by various cells and deliver bioactive molecules to target cells, thereby mediating various processes, including the development of NAFLD. Scope of review There is still a long way to actualize the application of EVs in NAFLD diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we summarize the roles of EVs in NAFLD and highlight their prospects for clinical application as a novel noninvasive diagnostic tool as well as a promising therapy for NAFLD, owing to their unique physiochemical characteristics. We summarize the literatures on the mechanisms by which EVs act as mediators of intercellular communication by regulating metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, immune response, intestinal microecology, and fibrosis in NAFLD. We also discuss future challenges that must be resolved to improve the therapeutic potential of EVs. Major conclusions The levels and contents of EVs change dynamically at different stages of diseases and this phenomenon may be exploited for establishing sensitive stage-specific markers. EVs also have high application potential as drug delivery systems with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility and can be easily engineered. Research on the mechanisms and clinical applications of EVs in NAFLD is in its initial phase and the applicability of EVs in NAFLD diagnosis and treatment is expected to grow with technological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhui Xu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jou-Chen Chen
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Hung Lee
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushin Hu
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Hai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zahmatkesh E, Khoshdel Rad N, Hossein-Khannazer N, Mohamadnejad M, Gramignoli R, Najimi M, Malekzadeh R, Hassan M, Vosough M. Cell and cell-derivative-based therapy for liver diseases: current approaches and future promises. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:237-249. [PMID: 36692130 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2172398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the recent updates from World Health Organization, liver diseases are the 12th most common cause of mortality. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective and the only treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Owing to several shortcomings like finite numbers of healthy organ donors, lifelong immunosuppression, and complexity of the procedure, cell and cell-derivatives therapies have emerged as a potential therapeutic alternative for liver diseases. Various cell types and therapies have been proposed and their therapeutic effects evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies, including hepatocytes, hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from stem cells, human liver stem cells (HLSCs), combination therapies with various types of cells, organoids, and implantable cell-biomaterial constructs with synthetic and natural polymers or even decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM). AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlighted the current status of cell and cell-derivative-based therapies for liver diseases. Furthermore, we discussed future prospects of using HLCs, liver organoids, and their combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Promising application of stem cell-based techniques including iPSC technology has been integrated into novel techniques such as gene editing, directed differentiation, and organoid technology. iPSCs offer promising prospects to represent novel therapeutic strategies and modeling liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel Rad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohamadnejad
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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De Nunzio V, Carrieri L, Scavo MP, Lippolis T, Cofano M, Caponio GR, Tutino V, Rizzi F, Depalo N, Osella AR, Notarnicola M. Plasma-Derived Exosomes from NAFLD Patients Modulate the Cannabinoid Receptors' Expression in Cultured HepaRG Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021739. [PMID: 36675254 PMCID: PMC9862025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes produced by hepatocytes upon lipotoxic insult play a relevant role in pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting an inflammatory response by the activation of monocytes and macrophages and accelerating the disease progression. In the pathogenesis of NAFLD and liver fibrosis, the endogenous cannabinoids and their major receptors CB1 and CB2 appear to be highly involved. This study aimed at evaluating the expression of cannabinoids receptors (CB1R and CB2R) in plasma-derived exosomes extracted from patients with NAFLD, as well as investigating the in vitro effects of the circulating exosomes in cultured human HepaRG cells following their introduction into the culture medium. The results demonstrated that plasma-derived exosomes from NAFLD patients are vehicles for the transport of CB1R and are able to modulate CB receptors' expression in HepaRG cells. In particular, circulating exosomes from NAFLD patients are inflammatory drivers for HepaRG cells, acting through CB1R activation and the downregulation of CB2R. Moreover, CB1R upregulation was associated with increased expression levels of PPAR-γ, a well-known mediator of liver tissue injury. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for CB1R transport by exosomes and suggests that the in vitro effects of circulating exosomes from NAFLD patients are mediated by the expression of cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Nunzio
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Livianna Carrieri
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Tamara Lippolis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Miriam Cofano
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Giusy Rita Caponio
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF), Council National Research (CNR) Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF), Council National Research (CNR) Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Ruben Osella
- Laboratory of Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-4994342
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12
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Liu G, Yin XM. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Pathogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1358-1367. [PMID: 35752228 PMCID: PMC9552020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells in the form of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They can be taken up by neighboring cells, and their contents can have functional impact on the cells that engulf them. As the mediators of intercellular communication, EVs can play important roles in both physiological and pathologic contexts. In addition, early detection of EVs in different body fluids may offer a sensitive diagnostic tool for certain diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, targeting specific EVs may also become a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the latest findings of EVs in the field of liver research, with a focus on the different contents of the EVs and their impact on liver function and on the development of inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor in the liver. The goal of this review is to provide a succinct account of the various molecules that can mediate the function of EVs so the readers may apply this knowledge to their own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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13
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Kołakowski A, Dziemitko S, Chmielecka A, Żywno H, Bzdęga W, Charytoniuk T, Chabowski A, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K. Molecular Advances in MAFLD—A Link between Sphingolipids and Extracellular Matrix in Development and Progression to Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911380. [PMID: 36232681 PMCID: PMC9569877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a major cause of liver diseases globally and its prevalence is expected to grow in the coming decades. The main cause of MAFLD development is changed in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased production of matrix molecules and inflammatory processes lead to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately liver failure. In addition, increased accumulation of sphingolipids accompanied by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ECM is closely related to lipogenesis, MAFLD development, and its progression to fibrosis. In our work, we will summarize all information regarding the role of sphingolipids e.g., ceramide and S1P in MAFLD development. These sphingolipids seem to have the most significant effect on macrophages and, consequently, HSCs which trigger the entire cascade of overproduction matrix molecules, especially type I and III collagen, proteoglycans, elastin, and also tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which as a result cause the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kołakowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Dziemitko
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Hubert Żywno
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bzdęga
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Charytoniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Hepatocyte-Derived lncRNA MALAT1 Aggravates Pancreatic Cell Inflammation via the Inhibition of Autophagy by Upregulating YAP. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:2930960. [PMID: 36093484 PMCID: PMC9452936 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2930960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, which causes death with a high mortality rate of about 30%. The study aims to identify whether the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-derived lncRNA MALAT1 participates in the inflammation of pancreatic cell and its potential mechanism. Methods The NAFLD cell model was constructed by treating HepG2 cells with FFA. The in vitro model of acute pancreatitis (AP) was established by the administration of caerulein on AR42J cells. MALAT1 and si-MALAT1 were transfected into pancreatic cells, and then exosomes were collected from the NAFLD cell model and then were cocultured with AR42J cells. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of exosomes. Oil Red O staining was applied to reveal the lipid deposition. The triglyceride, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were detected using ELISA. The MALAT1 level in exosomes was detected by qRT-PCR. The CD9, CD63, CD81, and CYP2E1, LC3II, and LC3I levels were detected by western blot. Results MALAT1 was upregulated in NAFLD-derived exosomes and increased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in pancreatic cells. NAFLD-derived exosomes inhibited YAP phosphorylation, decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and reduced the ratio of LC3II/LC3I protein in pancreatic cells. Silencing MALAT1 significantly returned the inhibitory effect of NAFLD on hippo-YAP pathway. YAP1 signal transduction inhibitor CA3 reversed the decrease of LC3II/LC3I expression and the increase of IL-6 and TNF-α levels induced by MALAT1 in the AP cell model. Conclusions NAFLD-derived MALAT1 exacerbates pancreatic cell inflammation via inhibiting autophagy by upregulating YAP.
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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16
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Mitsala A, Tsalikidis C, Romanidis K, Pitiakoudis M. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Extrahepatic Cancers: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? Curr Oncol 2022; 29:4478-4510. [PMID: 35877216 PMCID: PMC9325209 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the main driver and leading cause of chronic liver disease globally. The umbrella term NAFLD describes a range of liver conditions closely related to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. At the same time, several malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer, are considered to be common causes of death among patients with NAFLD. At first, our review herein aims to investigate the role of NAFLD in developing colorectal neoplasms and adenomatous polyps based on the current literature. We will also explore the connection and the missing links between NAFLD and extrahepatic cancers. Interestingly, any relationship between NAFLD and extrahepatic malignancies could be attributable to several shared metabolic risk factors. Overall, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and related disorders may increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis of NAFLD is essential for preventing the progression of the disease and avoiding its severe complications. In addition, cancer screening and early detection in these patients may improve survival and reduce any delays in treatment.
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Newman LA, Muller K, Rowland A. Circulating cell-specific extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:232. [PMID: 35397694 PMCID: PMC8995281 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChronic liver diseases represent a burgeoning health problem affecting billions of people worldwide. The insufficient performance of current minimally invasive tools is recognised as a significant barrier to the clinical management of these conditions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a rich source of circulating biomarkers closely linked to pathological processes in originating tissues. Here, we summarise the contribution of EVs to normal liver function and to chronic liver pathologies; and explore the use of circulating EV biomarkers, with a particular focus on techniques to isolate and analyse cell- or tissue-specific EVs. Such approaches present a novel strategy to inform disease status and monitor changes in response to treatment in a minimally invasive manner. Emerging technologies that support the selective isolation and analysis of circulating EVs derived only from hepatic cells, have driven recent advancements in EV-based biomarker platforms for chronic liver diseases and show promise to bring these techniques to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Newman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kate Muller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Scavo MP, Depalo N, Rizzi F, Carrieri L, Serino G, Franco I, Bonfiglio C, Pesole PL, Cozzolongo R, Gianuzzi V, Curri ML, Osella AR, Giannelli G. Exosomal FZD-7 Expression Is Modulated by Different Lifestyle Interventions in Patients with NAFLD. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061133. [PMID: 35334792 PMCID: PMC8950750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial condition characterized from hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic fat accumulation, in the absence of alcohol intake. NAFLD starts as steatosis (NAFL), and the continued injury relative to the toxic fat induces inflammation, steatohepatitis (NASH), and HCC. One of the factors determining liver degeneration during the evolution of NAFLD is a modification of Wnt/Frizzled (FZD) signaling. In particular, an inhibition of Wnt signaling and an overexpression of a specific FZD receptor protein, namely, the FZD7, have been observed in NAFLD. Actually, the prognosis and the follow-up of NAFLD is not easy, and the liver biopsy is the gold standard for an accurate detection of liver fibrosis. In this study, the modulation of the FZD7 expression levels in plasma-derived exosomes of NAFLD-affected patients, before and after specific lifestyle interventions, were experimentally evaluated by Western blotting analysis. The experimental data were analyzed by an accurate statistical study that indicated, in the exosomes derived from plasma of NAFLD patients with moderate or severe steatosis, an average expression level of FZD7 that was significantly higher than healthy subjects at baseline; conversely, the values were normalized after 90 days of specific lifestyle interventions. The overall results suggested that the FZD7 delivered by exosomes represents a good candidate as a new and effective biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.S.); (N.D.); Tel.: +39-080-4994697 (M.P.S.)
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (M.L.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.S.); (N.D.); Tel.: +39-080-4994697 (M.P.S.)
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (M.L.C.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Livianna Carrieri
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Serino
- Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Isabella Franco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (I.F.); (C.B.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Caterina Bonfiglio
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (I.F.); (C.B.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Pasqua Letizia Pesole
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Vito Gianuzzi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (M.L.C.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Ruben Osella
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (I.F.); (C.B.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
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Zuo R, Ye LF, Huang Y, Song ZQ, Wang L, Zhi H, Zhang MY, Li JY, Zhu L, Xiao WJ, Shang HC, Zhang Y, He RR, Chen Y. Hepatic small extracellular vesicles promote microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability during NAFLD via novel-miRNA-7. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:396. [PMID: 34838052 PMCID: PMC8626954 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study has reported that patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more susceptible to coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), which may predict major adverse cardiac events. However, little is known regarding the causes of CMD during NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of hepatic small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in regulating the endothelial dysfunction of coronary microvessels during NAFLD. RESULTS We established two murine NAFLD models by feeding mice a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. We found that the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-dependent endothelial hyperpermeability occurred in coronary microvessels during both MCD diet and HFD-induced NAFLD. The in vivo and in vitro experiments proved that novel-microRNA(miR)-7-abundant hepatic sEVs were responsible for NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent endothelial barrier dysfunction. Mechanistically, novel-miR-7 directly targeted lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and promotes lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP), which in turn induced Cathepsin B-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation and microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability. Conversely, a specific novel-miR-7 inhibitor markedly improved endothelial barrier integrity. Finally, we proved that steatotic hepatocyte was a significant source of novel-miR-7-contained hepatic sEVs, and steatotic hepatocyte-derived sEVs were able to promote NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability through novel-miR-7. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic sEVs contribute to endothelial hyperpermeability in coronary microvessels by delivering novel-miR-7 and targeting the LAMP1/Cathepsin B/NLRP3 inflammasome axis during NAFLD. Our study brings new insights into the liver-to-microvessel cross-talk and may provide a new diagnostic biomarker and treatment target for microvascular complications of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Li-Feng Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, The School of Dental Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qing Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Min-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jie-Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hong-Cai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 5 Hai Yun Cang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-5037, USA.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine and Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, 601, West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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20
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Li W, Liu J, Cai J, Zhang XJ, Zhang P, She ZG, Chen S, Li H. NAFLD as a continuous driver in the whole spectrum of vascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:118-132. [PMID: 34737121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disease is the prime determinant to cardiovascular morbidities and mortalities, which comprises the early vascular damage and subsequent cardiovascular events. Non-alcohol Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a systemic metabolic disorder that drives the progression of vascular disease through complex interactions. Although a causal relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been established, a growing number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated an independent association between NAFLD and early vascular disease and subsequent cardiovascular events. In addition, mechanistic studies suggest that NAFLD initiates and accelerates vascular injury by increasing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, impairing insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, and modulating epigenetics, the intestinal flora and hepatic autonomic nervous system; thus, NAFLD is a putative driving force for CVD progression. In this review, we summarize the clinical evidence supporting the association of NAFLD with subclinical vascular disease and cardiovascular events and discuss the potential mechanisms by which NAFLD promotes the progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shaoze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China; Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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21
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Isaac R, Reis FCG, Ying W, Olefsky JM. Exosomes as mediators of intercellular crosstalk in metabolism. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1744-1762. [PMID: 34496230 PMCID: PMC8428804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoparticles secreted by all cell types and are a large component of the broader class of nanoparticles termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Once secreted, exosomes gain access to the interstitial space and ultimately the circulation, where they exert local paracrine or distal systemic effects. Because of this, exosomes are important components of an intercellular and intraorgan communication system capable of carrying biologic signals from one cell type or tissue to another. The exosomal cargo consists of proteins, lipids, miRNAs, and other RNA species, and many of the biologic effects of exosomes have been attributed to miRNAs. Exosomal miRNAs have also been used as disease biomarkers. The field of exosome biology and metabolism is rapidly expanding, with new discoveries and reports appearing on a regular basis, and it is possible that potential therapeutic approaches for the use of exosomes or miRNAs in metabolic diseases will be initiated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Isaac
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Castellani Gomes Reis
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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22
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Wu D, Zhu H, Wang H. Extracellular Vesicles in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:707429. [PMID: 34335310 PMCID: PMC8316622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.707429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest vital solid organ in the body, liver is consisting of multiple types of cells including hepatocytes, Kupffer cell, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and other immune cells. The communication between these cells is critical in maintaining liver function homeostasis, and dysregulation of such communication contributes to the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and ectosomes, act as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can be produced and uptaken by a wide range of cells including all types of cells in the liver. Growing evidences show that EVs are involved in the development of liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this review, we will summarize recent advance in how EVs production are altered in NAFLD and ALD and how the changes of EVs quantity and cargos influence the progression of these diseases. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in NAFLD and ALD will be also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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23
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Lee YT, Tran BV, Wang JJ, Liang IY, You S, Zhu Y, Agopian VG, Tseng HR, Yang JD. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Disease Progression and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3076. [PMID: 34203086 PMCID: PMC8233859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the improvements in surveillance and treatment, the prognosis of HCC remains poor. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of phospholipid bilayer-enclosed particles circulating in the bloodstream and mediating intercellular communication. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play a crucial role in regulating the proliferation, immune escape, and metastasis of HCC. In addition, because EVs are present in the circulation at relatively early stages of disease, they are getting attention as an attractive biomarker for HCC detection. Over the past decade, dedicated efforts have been made to isolate EVs more efficiently and make them useful tools in different clinical settings. In this review article, we provide an overview of the EVs isolation methods and highlight the role of EVs as mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications of EVs in early-stage HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Te Lee
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Benjamin V. Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine J. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Icy Y. Liang
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
| | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Vatche G. Agopian
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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24
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Gonzalez E, Azkargorta M, Garcia-Vallicrosa C, Prieto-Elordui J, Elortza F, Blanco-Sampascual S, Falcon-Perez JM. Could protein content of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles be useful to detect Cirrhosis in Alcoholic Liver Disease? Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1864-1877. [PMID: 34131392 PMCID: PMC8193259 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse has a high impact on the mortality and morbidity related to a great number of diseases and is responsible for the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It remains challenging to detect and evaluate its severity, which is crucial for prognosis. In this work, we studied if urinary EVs (uEVs) could serve in diagnose and evaluate cirrhosis in ALD. To this purpose, uEVs characterization by cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Western blotting (WB) was performed in a cohort of 21 controls and 21 cirrhotic patients. Then, proteomics of uEVs was carried out in a second cohort of 6 controls and 8 patients in order to identify new putative biomarkers for cirrhosis in ALD. Interestingly, uEVs concentration, size and protein composition were altered in cirrhotic patients. From a total of 1304 proteins identified in uEVs, 90 of them were found to be altered in cirrhotic patients. The results suggest that uEVs could be considered as a tool and a supplier of new biomarkers for cirrhosis in ALD, whose application would be especially relevant in chronic patients. Yet, further research is necessary to obtain more relevant result in clinical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Clara Garcia-Vallicrosa
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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25
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Fang Z, Dou G, Wang L. MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1851-1863. [PMID: 33994867 PMCID: PMC8120467 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or, more accurately, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, accounts for a large proportion of chronic liver disorders worldwide and is closely associated with other conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, also hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity and mortality associated with NAFLD are increasing rapidly year on year. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of NAFLD and identify effective therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), important epigenetic factors, have recently been proposed to participate in NAFLD pathogenesis. Here, we review the roles of miRNAs in lipid metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, key factors that contribute to the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. Additionally, we summarize the role of miRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in NAFLD. These miRNAs may comprise suitable therapeutic targets for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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26
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Xiao K, Dong Z, Wang D, Liu M, Ding J, Chen W, Shang Z, Yue C, Zhang Y. Clinical value of lncRNA CCAT1 in serum extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:447. [PMID: 33868485 PMCID: PMC8045156 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be novel non-invasive biomarkers for gastric cancer (GC). lncRNA colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) is aberrantly expressed in certain types of cancer. However, the role of EV lncRNA CCAT1 in patients with GC remains unclear. The current study aimed to assess the expression levels of lncRNA CCAT1 in the serum EVs of patients with GC and evaluate its potential clinical value. EVs were isolated from serum using a commercial kit and ultracentrifugation, and were identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blotting. Serum EV lncRNA CCAT1 levels in patients with GC, chronic gastritis or atypical hyperplasia and healthy control subjects were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Additionally, lncRNA CCAT1 was detected in GC and adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples. Serum EVs were successfully isolated and identified in all patients. The results revealed that serum EV lncRNA CCAT1 levels in patients with GC were significantly higher compared with those in healthy controls, patients with chronic gastritis or atypical hyperplasia (all P<0.05). Additionally, EV lncRNA CCAT1 expression levels were significantly different among various groups based on the depth of invasion, distant metastasis and the Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. The area under the curve (AUC) value of EV lncRNA CCAT1 was 0.890 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.826–0.937] with 79.6% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. The combination of EV lncRNA CCAT1 and carcinoembryonic antibody produced an AUC value of 0.910 (95% CI, 0.849–0.951) with the sensitivity and specificity of 80.5 and 92.6%, respectively. In addition, lncRNA CCAT1 was determined to be stable in serum EVs. The expression levels of lncRNA CCAT1 in GC tissue were positively correlated with those in serum EVs, and high levels of lncRNA CCAT1 were associated with a low disease-free survival rate in patients with GC. The results of the present study demonstrated that serum EV lncRNA CCAT1 levels were upregulated in patients with GC compared with those healthy subjects and patients with other illnesses, and may therefore be used as a novel biomarker for this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wendan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Congbo Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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27
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Hu W, Xu Z, Zhu S, Sun W, Wang X, Tan C, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Tang J. Small extracellular vesicle-mediated Hsp70 intercellular delivery enhances breast cancer adriamycin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:85-95. [PMID: 33418113 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR) resistance poses a significant challenge for successfully treating breast cancer (BCa). The mechanism underlying intrinsically acquisition of the resistance remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we describe that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediated Hsp70 transfer is implicated in ADR resistance. The resistant cells derived sEVs were incubated with sensitive cells, thereby transmitting the resistant phenotype to the recipient cells. The internalization of the sEVs in the recipient cells and sEV-mediated Hsp70 transfer into mitochondria were examined by confocal microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) incorporated with extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was quantified by Seahorse XF Analyzer. Mechanistically, sEVs transported Hsp70, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired mitochondria in the recipient cells, thereby inhibiting respiration but promoting glycolysis. The sEVs effect on the metabolism of the recipient cells was alleviated by silencing Hsp70 in sEVs donor cells. The aspect of sEV-Hsp70 on drug-resistant transmission was further validated by tumor zebrafish xenografts. The finding from this work suggests that sEV-mediated Hsp70 intercellular delivery enhances ADR resistance mainly through reprogramming the recipient cell energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizi Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China; Jingzhou Center Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 60 Jingzhon Middle Rd., Jingzhon, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Chunli Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangqin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, PR China.
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
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28
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How does hepatic lipid accumulation lead to lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Hepatol Int 2021; 15:21-35. [PMID: 33548031 PMCID: PMC7886759 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-020-10121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized as excess lipid accumulation in the liver which is not due to alcohol use, has emerged as one of the major health problems around the world. The dysregulated lipid metabolism creates a lipotoxic environment which promotes the development of NAFLD, especially the progression from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PURPOSEAND AIM This review focuses on the mechanisms of lipid accumulation in the liver, with an emphasis on the metabolic fate of free fatty acids (FFAs) in NAFLD and presents an update on the relevant cellular processes/mechanisms that are involved in lipotoxicity. The changes in the levels of various lipid species that result from the imbalance between lipolysis/lipid uptake/lipogenesis and lipid oxidation/secretion can cause organellar dysfunction, e.g. ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dysfunction, JNK activation, secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and aggravate (or be exacerbated by) hypoxia which ultimately lead to cell death. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of how abnormal lipid metabolism leads to lipotoxicity and the cellular mechanisms of lipotoxicity in the context of NAFLD.
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29
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Ipsen DH, Tveden-Nyborg P. Extracellular Vesicles as Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Small Particles with Big Impact. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010093. [PMID: 33477873 PMCID: PMC7832840 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading chronic liver disease, negatively affecting the lives of millions of patients worldwide. The complex pathogenesis involves crosstalk between multiple cellular networks, but how the intricate communication between these cells drives disease progression remains to be further elucidated. Furthermore, the disease is not limited to the liver and includes the reprogramming of distant cell populations in different organs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increased attention as mediators of cellular communication. EVs carry specific cargos that can act as disease-specific signals both locally and systemically. Focusing on NAFLD advancing to steatohepatitis (NASH), this review provides an update on current experimental and clinical findings of the potential role of EVs in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the main contributors to progressive NASH. Particular attention is placed on the characteristics of EV cargos and potential specificity to disease stages, with putative value as disease markers and treatment targets for future investigations.
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30
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Berardo C, Di Pasqua LG, Cagna M, Richelmi P, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Current Issues and Future Perspectives in Preclinical and Clinical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249646. [PMID: 33348908 PMCID: PMC7766139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuum of liver abnormalities often starting as simple steatosis and to potentially progress into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is becoming a major public health concern, in parallel with a worldwide increase in the recurrence rate of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It has been estimated that NASH cirrhosis may surpass viral hepatitis C and become the leading indication for liver transplantation in the next decades. The broadening of the knowledge about NASH pathogenesis and progression is of pivotal importance for the discovery of new targeted and more effective therapies; aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive and updated overview on NAFLD and NASH pathogenesis, the most recommended treatments, drugs under development and new drug targets. The most relevant in vitro and in vivo models of NAFLD and NASH will be also reviewed, as well as the main molecular pathways involved in NAFLD and NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Correspondence: (L.G.D.P.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0382-986-451 (L.G.D.P.)
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31
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Dorairaj V, Sulaiman SA, Abu N, Abdul Murad NA. Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Update. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111494. [PMID: 33143043 PMCID: PMC7693409 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum of liver damage disease from a simple fatty liver (steatosis) to more severe liver conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of small membrane vesicles released by various cells in normal or diseased conditions. The EVs carry bioactive components in their cargos and can mediate the metabolic changes in recipient cells. In the context of NAFLD, EVs derived from adipocytes are implicated in the development of whole-body insulin resistance (IR), the hepatic IR, and fatty liver (steatosis). Excessive fatty acid accumulation is toxic to the hepatocytes, and this lipotoxicity can induce the release of EVs (hepatocyte-EVs), which can mediate the progression of fibrosis via the activation of nearby macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this review, we summarized the recent findings of adipocyte- and hepatocyte-EVs on NAFLD disease development and progression. We also discussed previous studies on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) EVs that have garnered attention due to their effects on preventing liver fibrosis and increasing liver regeneration and proliferation.
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32
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Azparren-Angulo M, Royo F, Gonzalez E, Liebana M, Brotons B, Berganza J, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Manicardi N, Abad-Jordà L, Gracia-Sancho J, Falcon-Perez JM. Extracellular vesicles in hepatology: Physiological role, involvement in pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107683. [PMID: 32961265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first descriptions of hepatocyte-released exosome-like vesicles in 2008, the number of publications describing Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) released by liver cells in the context of hepatic physiology and pathology has grown exponentially. This growing interest highlights both the importance that cell-to-cell communication has in the organization of multicellular organisms from a physiological point of view, as well as the opportunity that these circulating organelles offer in diagnostics and therapeutics. In the present review, we summarize systematically and comprehensively the myriad of works that appeared in the last decade and lighted the discussion about the best opportunities for using EVs in liver disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azparren-Angulo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Marc Liebana
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Bruno Brotons
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Jesús Berganza
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nicoló Manicardi
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Abad-Jordà
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital & University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48015, Spain.
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Idalsoaga F, Kulkarni AV, Mousa OY, Arrese M, Arab JP. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Two Intertwined Entities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:448. [PMID: 32974366 PMCID: PMC7468507 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 25-30%. Since its first description in 1980, NAFLD has been conceived as a different entity from alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ALD), despite that, both diseases have an overlap in the pathophysiology, share genetic-epigenetic factors, and frequently coexist. Both entities are characterized by a broad spectrum of histological features ranging from isolated steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Distinction between NAFLD and ALD is based on the amount of consumed alcohol, which has been arbitrarily established. In this context, a proposal of positive criteria for NAFLD diagnosis not considering exclusion of alcohol consumption as a prerequisite criterion for diagnosis had emerged, recognizing the possibility of a dual etiology of fatty liver in some individuals. The impact of moderate alcohol use on the severity of NAFLD is ill-defined. Some studies suggest protective effects in moderate doses, but current evidence shows that there is no safe threshold for alcohol consumption for NAFLD. In fact, given the synergistic effect between alcohol consumption, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction, it is likely that alcohol use serves as a significant risk factor for the progression of liver disease in NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. This also affects the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the overlapping pathophysiology of NAFLD and ALD, the current data on alcohol consumption in patients with NAFLD, and the effects of metabolic dysfunction and overweight in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Idalsoaga
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anand V Kulkarni
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Omar Y Mousa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN, United States
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lonardo A, Leoni S, Alswat KA, Fouad Y. History of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5888. [PMID: 32824337 PMCID: PMC7460697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the assumption that characterizing the history of a disease will help in improving practice while offering a clue to research, this article aims at reviewing the history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults and children. To this end, we address the history of NAFLD histopathology, which begins in 1980 with Ludwig's seminal studies, although previous studies date back to the 19th century. Moreover, the principal milestones in the definition of genetic NAFLD are summarized. Next, a specific account is given of the evolution, over time, of our understanding of the association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome, spanning from the outdated concept of "NAFLD as a manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome", to the more appropriate consideration that NAFLD has, with metabolic syndrome, a mutual and bi-directional relationship. In addition, we also report on the evolution from first intuitions to more recent studies, supporting NAFLD as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This association probably has deep roots, going back to ancient Middle Eastern cultures, wherein the liver had a significance similar to that which the heart holds in contemporary society. Conversely, the notions that NAFLD is a forerunner of hepatocellular carcinoma and extra-hepatic cancers is definitely more modern. Interestingly, guidelines issued by hepatological societies have lagged behind the identification of NAFLD by decades. A comparative analysis of these documents defines both shared attitudes (e.g., ultrasonography and lifestyle changes as the first approaches) and diverging key points (e.g., the threshold of alcohol consumption, screening methods, optimal non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and drug treatment options). Finally, the principal historical steps in the general, cellular and molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD are reviewed. We conclude that an in-depth understanding of the history of the disease permits us to better comprehend the disease itself, as well as to anticipate the lines of development of future NAFLD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, UOC Medicina Metabolica, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna Generale, d’Urgenza e post Acuzie, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Via Giardini 1135, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Leoni
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Digestive Diseases, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Khalid A. Alswat
- Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11322, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasser Fouad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya 19111, Egypt;
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Extracellular vesicles derived from fat-laden hepatocytes undergoing chemical hypoxia promote a pro-fibrotic phenotype in hepatic stellate cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165857. [PMID: 32512191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a key issue in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Observations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) suggest that hypoxia contributes to progression to NASH and liver fibrosis, and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by injured hepatocytes has been implicated in NAFLD progression. AIM To evaluate the effects of hypoxia on hepatic pro-fibrotic response and EV release in experimental NAFLD and to assess cellular crosstalk between hepatocytes and human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2). METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with fatty acids and subjected to chemically induced hypoxia using the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) stabilizer cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Lipid droplets, oxidative stress, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic-associated genes were assessed. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. LX-2 cells were treated with EVs from hepatocytes. The CDAA-fed mouse model was used to assess the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) in experimental NASH. RESULTS Chemical hypoxia increased steatosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expressions in fat-laden HepG2 cells. Chemical hypoxia also increased the release of EVs from HepG2 cells. Treatment of LX2 cells with EVs from fat-laden HepG2 cells undergoing chemical hypoxia increased expression pro-fibrotic markers. CDAA-fed animals exposed to IH exhibited increased portal inflammation and fibrosis that correlated with an increase in circulating EVs. CONCLUSION Chemical hypoxia promotes hepatocellular damage and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling in steatotic hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. EVs from fat-laden hepatocytes undergoing chemical hypoxia evoke pro-fibrotic responses in LX-2 cells.
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