MicrobioLink: An Integrated Computational Pipeline to Infer Functional Effects of Microbiome-Host Interactions

Machine learning for the advancement of genome-scale metabolic modeling

Constraint-based modeling (CBM) has evolved as the core systems biology tool to map the interrelations between genotype, phenotype, and external environment. The recent advancement of high-throughput experimental approaches and multi-omics strategies has generated a plethora of new and precise information from wide-ranging biological domains. On the other hand, the continuously growing field of machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch of deep learning (DL) provide essential computational architectures for decoding complex and heterogeneous biological data. In recent years, both multi-omics and ML have assisted in the escalation of CBM. Condition-specific omics data, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, helped contextualize the model prediction while analyzing a particular phenotypic signature. At the same time, the advanced ML tools have eased the model reconstruction and analysis to increase the accuracy and prediction power. However, the development of these multi-disciplinary methodological frameworks mainly occurs independently, which limits the concatenation of biological knowledge from different domains. Hence, we have reviewed the potential of integrating multi-disciplinary tools and strategies from various fields, such as synthetic biology, CBM, omics, and ML, to explore the biochemical phenomenon beyond the conventional biological dogma. How the integrative knowledge of these intersected domains has improved bioengineering and biomedical applications has also been highlighted. We categorically explained the conventional genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) reconstruction tools and their improvement strategies through ML paradigms. Further, the crucial role of ML and DL in omics data restructuring for GEM development has also been briefly discussed. Finally, the case-study-based assessment of the state-of-the-art method for improving biomedical and metabolic engineering strategies has been elaborated. Therefore, this review demonstrates how integrating experimental and in silico strategies can help map the ever-expanding knowledge of biological systems driven by condition-specific cellular information. This multiview approach will elevate the application of ML-based CBM in the biomedical and bioengineering fields for the betterment of society and the environment.

Multidimensional outlook on the pathophysiology of cervical cancer invasion and metastasis

Cervical cancer being one of the primary causes of high mortality rates among women is an area of concern, especially with ineffective treatment strategies. Extensive studies are carried out to understand various aspects of cervical cancer initiation, development and progression; however, invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma has poor outcomes. Moreover, the advanced stages of cervical cancer may involve lymphatic circulation with a high risk of tumor recurrence at distant metastatic sites. Dysregulation of the cervical microbiome by human papillomavirus (HPV) together with immune response modulation and the occurrence of novel mutations that trigger genomic instability causes malignant transformation at the cervix. In this review, we focus on the major risk factors as well as the functionally altered signaling pathways promoting the transformation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We further elucidate genetic and epigenetic variations to highlight the complexity of causal factors of cervical cancer as well as the metastatic potential due to the changes in immune response, epigenetic regulation, DNA repair capacity, and cell cycle progression. Our bioinformatics analysis on metastatic and non-metastatic cervical cancer datasets identified various significantly and differentially expressed genes as well as the downregulation of potential tumor suppressor microRNA miR-28-5p. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the genomic landscape in invasive and metastatic cervical cancer will help in stratifying the patient groups and designing potential therapeutic strategies.

Unlocking the microbial studies through computational approaches: how far have we reached?

The metagenomics approach accelerated the study of genetic information from uncultured microbes and complex microbial communities. In silico research also facilitated an understanding of protein-DNA interactions, protein-protein interactions, docking between proteins and phyto/biochemicals for drug design, and modeling of the 3D structure of proteins. These in silico approaches provided insight into analyzing pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains that helped in the identification of probable genes for vaccines and antimicrobial agents and comparing whole-genome sequences to microbial evolution. Artificial intelligence, more precisely machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has proven to be a promising approach in the field of microbiology to handle, analyze, and utilize large data that are generated through nucleic acid sequencing and proteomics. This enabled the understanding of the functional and taxonomic diversity of microorganisms. ML and DL have been used in the prediction and forecasting of diseases and applied to trace environmental contaminants and environmental quality. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the recent application of silico approaches in microbial genomics, proteomics, functional diversity, vaccine development, and drug design.

Mise au point de l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle dans la prise en charge des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin

Complexity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) lies on their management and their biology. Clinics, blood and fecal samples tests, endoscopy and histology are the main tools guiding IBD treatment, but they generate a large amount of data, difficult to analyze by clinicians. Because of its capacity to analyze large number of data, artificial intelligence is currently generating enthusiasm in medicine, and this technology could be used to improve IBD management. In this review, after a short summary on IBD management and artificial intelligence, we will report pragmatic examples of artificial intelligence utilisation in IBD. Lastly, we will discuss the limitations of this technology.

An emerging field: Post-translational modification in microbiome

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an essential role in most biological processes. PTMs on human proteins have been extensively studied. Studies on bacterial PTMs are emerging, which demonstrate that bacterial PTMs are different from human PTMs in their types, mechanisms and functions. Few PTM studies have been done on the microbiome. Here, we reviewed several studied PTMs in bacteria including phosphorylation, acetylation, succinylation, glycosylation, and proteases. We discussed the enzymes responsible for each PTM and their functions. We also summarized the current methods used to study microbiome PTMs and the observations demonstrating the roles of PTM in the microbe-microbe interactions within the microbiome and their interactions with the environment or host. Although new methods and tools for PTM studies are still needed, the existing technologies have made great progress enabling a deeper understanding of the functional regulation of the microbiome. Large-scale application of these microbiome-wide PTM studies will provide a better understanding of the microbiome and its roles in the development of human diseases.

HMI-PRED 2.0: a biologist-oriented web application for prediction of host-microbe protein-protein interaction by interface mimicry

SUMMARY

HMI-PRED 2.0 is a publicly available web service for the prediction of host-microbe protein-protein interaction by interface mimicry that is intended to be used without extensive computational experience. A microbial protein structure is screened against a database covering the entire available structural space of complexes of known human proteins.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

HMI-PRED 2.0 provides user-friendly graphic interfaces for predicting, visualizing and analyzing host-microbe interactions. HMI-PRED 2.0 is available at https://hmipred.org/.

A Framework for the Systematic Selection of Biosensor Chassis for Environmental Synthetic Biology

Microbial biosensors sense and report exposures to stimuli, thereby facilitating our understanding of environmental processes. Successful design and deployment of biosensors hinge on the persistence of the microbial host of the genetic circuit, termed the chassis. However, model chassis organisms may persist poorly in environmental conditions. In contrast, non-model organisms persist better in environmental conditions but are limited by other challenges, such as genetic intractability and part unavailability. Here we identify ecological, metabolic, and genetic constraints for chassis development and propose a conceptual framework for the systematic selection of environmental biosensor chassis. We identify key challenges with using current model chassis and delineate major points of conflict in choosing the most suitable organisms as chassis for environmental biosensing. This framework provides a way forward in the selection of biosensor chassis for environmental synthetic biology.

Multilayered Networks of SalmoNet2 Enable Strain Comparisons of the Salmonella Genus on a Molecular Level

Serovars of the genus Salmonella primarily evolved as gastrointestinal pathogens in a wide range of hosts. Some serotypes later evolved further, adopting a more invasive lifestyle in a narrower host range associated with systemic infections. A system-level knowledge of these pathogens could identify the complex adaptations associated with the evolution of serovars with distinct pathogenicity, host range, and risk to human health. This promises to aid the design of interventions and serve as a knowledge base in the Salmonella research community. Here, we present SalmoNet2, a major update to SalmoNet1, the first multilayered interaction resource for Salmonella strains, containing protein-protein, transcriptional regulatory, and enzyme-enzyme interactions. The new version extends the number of Salmonella networks from 11 to 20. We now include a strain from the second species in the Salmonella genus, a strain from the Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae and additional strains of importance from the subspecies enterica, including S. Typhimurium strain D23580, an epidemic multidrug-resistant strain associated with invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS). The database now uses strain specific metabolic models instead of a generalized model to highlight differences between strains. The update has increased the coverage of high-quality protein-protein interactions, and enhanced interoperability with other computational resources by adopting standardized formats. The resource website has been updated with tutorials to help researchers analyze their Salmonella data using molecular interaction networks from SalmoNet2. SalmoNet2 is accessible at http://salmonet.org/. IMPORTANCE Multilayered network databases collate interaction information from multiple sources, and are powerful both as a knowledge base and subject of analysis. Here, we present SalmoNet2, an integrated network resource containing protein-protein, transcriptional regulatory, and metabolic interactions for 20 Salmonella strains. Key improvements to the update include expanding the number of strains, strain-specific metabolic networks, an increase in high-quality protein-protein interactions, community standard computational formats to help interoperability, and online tutorials to help users analyze their data using SalmoNet2.

Computational prediction and experimental validation of Salmonella Typhimurium SopE-mediated fine-tuning of autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells

Macroautophagy is a ubiquitous homeostasis and health-promoting recycling process of eukaryotic cells, targeting misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and intracellular infectious agents. Some intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium hijack this process during pathogenesis. Here we investigate potential protein-protein interactions between host transcription factors and secreted effector proteins of Salmonella and their effect on host gene transcription. A systems-level analysis identified Salmonella effector proteins that had the potential to affect core autophagy gene regulation. The effect of a SPI-1 effector protein, SopE, that was predicted to interact with regulatory proteins of the autophagy process, was investigated to validate our approach. We then confirmed experimentally that SopE can directly bind to SP1, a host transcription factor, which modulates the expression of the autophagy gene MAP1LC3B. We also revealed that SopE might have a double role in the modulation of autophagy: Following initial increase of MAP1LC3B transcription triggered by Salmonella infection, subsequent decrease in MAP1LC3B transcription at 6h post-infection was SopE-dependent. SopE also played a role in modulation of the autophagy flux machinery, in particular MAP1LC3B and p62 autophagy proteins, depending on the level of autophagy already taking place. Upon typical infection of epithelial cells, the autophagic flux is increased. However, when autophagy was chemically induced prior to infection, SopE dampened the autophagic flux. The same was also observed when most of the intracellular Salmonella cells were not associated with the SCV (strain lacking sifA) regardless of the autophagy induction status before infection. We demonstrated how regulatory network analysis can be used to better characterise the impact of pathogenic effector proteins, in this case, Salmonella. This study complements previous work in which we had demonstrated that specific pathogen effectors can affect the autophagy process through direct interaction with autophagy proteins. Here we show that effector proteins can also influence the upstream regulation of the process. Such interdisciplinary studies can increase our understanding of the infection process and point out targets important in intestinal epithelial cell defense.

Artificial Intelligence for Disease Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: How Will it Change Our Practice?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has arrived and it will directly impact how we assess, monitor, and manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Advances in the machine learning methodologies that power AI have produced astounding results for replicating expert judgment and predicting clinical outcomes, particularly in the analysis of imaging. This review will cover general concepts for AI in IBD, with descriptions of common machine learning methods, including decision trees and neural networks. Applications of AI in IBD will cover recent achievements in endoscopic image interpretation and scoring, new capabilities for cross-sectional image analysis, natural language processing for automated understanding of clinical text, and progress in AI-powered clinical decision support tools. In addition to detailing current evidence supporting the capabilities of AI for replicating expert clinical judgment, speculative commentary on how AI may advance concepts of disease activity assessment, care pathways, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of IBD will be addressed.

Investigation of fiber utilization in the rumen of dairy cows based on metagenome-assembled genomes and single-cell RNA sequencing

BACKGROUND

Dairy cows utilize human-inedible, low-value plant biomass to produce milk, a low-cost product with rich nutrients and high proteins. This process largely relies on rumen microbes that ferment lignocellulose and cellulose to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The VFAs are absorbed and partly metabolized by the stratified squamous rumen epithelium, which is mediated by diverse cell types. Here, we applied a metagenomic binning approach to explore the individual microbes involved in fiber digestion and performed single-cell RNA sequencing on rumen epithelial cells to investigate the cell subtypes contributing to VFA absorption and metabolism.

RESULTS

The 52 mid-lactating dairy cows in our study (parity = 2.62 ± 0.91) had milk yield of 33.10 ± 6.72 kg. We determined the fiber digestion and fermentation capacities of 186 bacterial genomes using metagenomic binning and identified specific bacterial genomes with strong cellulose/xylan/pectin degradation capabilities that were highly associated with the biosynthesis of VFAs. Furthermore, we constructed a rumen epithelial single-cell map consisting of 18 rumen epithelial cell subtypes based on the transcriptome of 20,728 individual epithelial cells. A systematic survey of the expression profiles of genes encoding candidates for VFA transporters revealed that IGFBP5+ cg-like spinous cells uniquely highly expressed SLC16A1 and SLC4A9, suggesting that this cell type may play important roles in VFA absorption. Potential cross-talk between the microbiome and host cells and their roles in modulating the expression of key genes in the key rumen epithelial cell subtypes were also identified.

CONCLUSIONS

We discovered the key individual microbial genomes and epithelial cell subtypes involved in fiber digestion, VFA uptake and metabolism, respectively, in the rumen. The integration of these data enables us to link microbial genomes and epithelial single cells to the trophic system. Video abstract.

Extracellular vesicles produced by the human commensal gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron affect host immune pathways in a cell-type specific manner that are altered in inflammatory bowel disease

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbours a complex microbial community, which contributes to its homeostasis. A disrupted microbiome can cause GI-related diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), therefore identifying host-microbe interactions is crucial for better understanding gut health. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), released into the gut lumen, can cross the mucus layer and access underlying immune cells. To study BEV-host interactions, we examined the influence of BEVs generated by the gut commensal bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, on host immune cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing data and host-microbe protein-protein interaction networks were used to predict the effect of BEVs on dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes focusing on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. We identified biological processes affected in each immune cell type and cell-type specific processes including myeloid cell differentiation. TLR pathway analysis highlighted that BEV targets differ among cells and between the same cells in healthy versus disease (ulcerative colitis) conditions. The in silico findings were validated in BEV-monocyte co-cultures demonstrating the requirement for TLR4 and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) in BEV-elicited NF-kB activation. This study demonstrates that both cell-type and health status influence BEV-host communication. The results and the pipeline could facilitate BEV-based therapies for the treatment of IBD.

Advances in Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling toward Microbial Community Analysis of the Human Microbiome

A genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) represents metabolic pathways of an organism in a mathematical form and can be built using biochemistry and genome annotation data. GEMs are invaluable for understanding organisms since they analyze the metabolic capabilities and behaviors quantitatively and can predict phenotypes. The development of high-throughput data collection techniques led to an immense increase in omics data such as metagenomics, which expand our knowledge on the human microbiome, but this also created a need for systematic analysis of these data. In recent years, GEMs have also been reconstructed for microbial species, including human gut microbiota, and methods for the analysis of microbial communities have been developed to examine the interaction between the organisms or the host. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide for the applications of GEMs in microbial community analysis. Starting with GEM repositories, automatic GEM reconstruction tools, and quality control of models, this review will give insights into microbe-microbe and microbe-host interaction predictions and optimization of microbial community models. Recent studies that utilize microbial GEMs and personalized models to infer the influence of microbiota on human diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or Parkinson's disease are exemplified. Being powerful system biology tools for both species-level and community-level analysis of microbes, GEMs integrated with omics data and machine learning techniques will be indispensable for studying the microbiome and their effects on human physiology as well as for deciphering the mechanisms behind human diseases.

Forest and Trees: Exploring Bacterial Virulence with Genome-wide Association Studies and Machine Learning

The advent of inexpensive and rapid sequencing technologies has allowed bacterial whole-genome sequences to be generated at an unprecedented pace. This wealth of information has revealed an unanticipated degree of strain-to-strain genetic diversity within many bacterial species. Awareness of this genetic heterogeneity has corresponded with a greater appreciation of intraspecies variation in virulence. A number of comparative genomic strategies have been developed to link these genotypic and pathogenic differences with the aim of discovering novel virulence factors. Here, we review recent advances in comparative genomic approaches to identify bacterial virulence determinants, with a focus on genome-wide association studies and machine learning.

Plant-Microbiome Crosstalk: Dawning from Composition and Assembly of Microbial Community to Improvement of Disease Resilience in Plants

Plants host diverse but taxonomically structured communities of microorganisms, called microbiome, which colonize various parts of host plants. Plant-associated microbial communities have been shown to confer multiple beneficial advantages to their host plants, such as nutrient acquisition, growth promotion, pathogen resistance, and environmental stress tolerance. Systematic studies have provided new insights into the economically and ecologically important microbial communities as hubs of core microbiota and revealed their beneficial impacts on the host plants. Microbiome engineering, which can improve the functional capabilities of native microbial species under challenging agricultural ambiance, is an emerging biotechnological strategy to improve crop yield and resilience against variety of environmental constraints of both biotic and abiotic nature. This review highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities in improving plant health under pathogen-induced stress. Moreover, the potential solutions leading towards commercialization of proficient bioformulations for sustainable and improved crop production are also described.

Computational Biology and Machine Learning Approaches to Understand Mechanistic Microbiome-Host Interactions

The microbiome, by virtue of its interactions with the host, is implicated in various host functions including its influence on nutrition and homeostasis. Many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by a disruption of microbial communities in at least one biological niche/organ system. Various molecular mechanisms between microbial and host components such as proteins, RNAs, metabolites have recently been identified, thus filling many gaps in our understanding of how the microbiome modulates host processes. Concurrently, high-throughput technologies have enabled the profiling of heterogeneous datasets capturing community level changes in the microbiome as well as the host responses. However, due to limitations in parallel sampling and analytical procedures, big gaps still exist in terms of how the microbiome mechanistically influences host functions at a system and community level. In the past decade, computational biology and machine learning methodologies have been developed with the aim of filling the existing gaps. Due to the agnostic nature of the tools, they have been applied in diverse disease contexts to analyze and infer the interactions between the microbiome and host molecular components. Some of these approaches allow the identification and analysis of affected downstream host processes. Most of the tools statistically or mechanistically integrate different types of -omic and meta -omic datasets followed by functional/biological interpretation. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of computational approaches for investigating mechanistic interactions between individual microbes/microbiome and the host and the opportunities for basic and clinical research. These could include but are not limited to the development of activity- and mechanism-based biomarkers, uncovering mechanisms for therapeutic interventions and generating integrated signatures to stratify patients.

Integrated intra- and intercellular signaling knowledge for multicellular omics analysis

Molecular knowledge of biological processes is a cornerstone in omics data analysis. Applied to single-cell data, such analyses provide mechanistic insights into individual cells and their interactions. However, knowledge of intercellular communication is scarce, scattered across resources, and not linked to intracellular processes. To address this gap, we combined over 100 resources covering interactions and roles of proteins in inter- and intracellular signaling, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. We added protein complex information and annotations on function, localization, and role in diseases for each protein. The resource is available for human, and via homology translation for mouse and rat. The data are accessible via OmniPath's web service (https://omnipathdb.org/), a Cytoscape plug-in, and packages in R/Bioconductor and Python, providing access options for computational and experimental scientists. We created workflows with tutorials to facilitate the analysis of cell-cell interactions and affected downstream intracellular signaling processes. OmniPath provides a single access point to knowledge spanning intra- and intercellular processes for data analysis, as we demonstrate in applications studying SARS-CoV-2 infection and ulcerative colitis.

ViralLink: An integrated workflow to investigate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on intracellular signalling and regulatory pathways

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic of 2020 has mobilised scientists around the globe to research all aspects of the coronavirus virus and its infection. For fruitful and rapid investigation of viral pathomechanisms, a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach is required. Therefore, we have developed ViralLink: a systems biology workflow which reconstructs and analyses networks representing the effect of viruses on intracellular signalling. These networks trace the flow of signal from intracellular viral proteins through their human binding proteins and downstream signalling pathways, ending with transcription factors regulating genes differentially expressed upon viral exposure. In this way, the workflow provides a mechanistic insight from previously identified knowledge of virally infected cells. By default, the workflow is set up to analyse the intracellular effects of SARS-CoV-2, requiring only transcriptomics counts data as input from the user: thus, encouraging and enabling rapid multidisciplinary research. However, the wide-ranging applicability and modularity of the workflow facilitates customisation of viral context, a priori interactions and analysis methods. Through a case study of SARS-CoV-2 infected bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells, we evidence the functionality of the workflow and its ability to identify key pathways and proteins in the cellular response to infection. The application of ViralLink to different viral infections in a context specific manner using different available transcriptomics datasets will uncover key mechanisms in viral pathogenesis.

Transkingdom network analysis provides insight into host-microbiome interactions in Atlantic salmon

BACKGROUND

The Atlantic salmon gut constitutes an intriguing system for studying host-microbiota interactions due to the dramatic environmental change salmon experiences during its life cycle. Yet, little is known about the role of interactions in this system and there is a general deficit in computational methods for integrative analysis of omics data from host-microbiota systems.

METHODS

We developed a pipeline to integrate host RNAseq data and microbial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data using weighted correlation network analysis. Networks are first inferred from each dataset separately, followed by module detections and finally robust identification of interactions via comparisons of representative module profiles. Through the use of module profiles, this network-based dimensionality reduction approach provides a holistic view into the discovery of potential host-microbiota symbionts.

RESULTS

We analyzed host gene expression from the gut epithelial tissue and microbial abundances from the salmon gut in a long-term feeding trial spanning the fresh-/salt-water transition and including two feeds resembling the fatty acid compositions available in salt- and fresh-water environments, respectively. We identified several host modules with significant correlations to both microbiota modules and variables such as feed, growth and sex. Although the strongest associations largely coincided with the fresh-/salt-water transition, there was a second layer of correlations associating smaller host modules to both variables and microbiota modules. Hence, we identify extensive reprogramming of the gut epithelial transcriptome and large scale coordinated changes in gut microbiota composition associated with water type as well as evidence of host-microbiota interactions linked to feed.