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Leburu E, Qiao Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Liang S, Yu W, Yuan S, Duan H, Huang L, Hu J, Hou H. Flexible electronics for heavy metal ion detection in water: a comprehensive review. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:30. [PMID: 38913209 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics offer a versatile, rapid, cost-effective and portable solution to monitor water contamination, which poses serious threat to the environment and human health. This review paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the versatile platforms of flexible electronics in the context of heavy metal ion detection in water systems. The review overviews of the fundamental principles of heavy metal ion detection, surveys the state-of-the-art materials and fabrication techniques for flexible sensors, analyses key performance metrics and limitations, and discusses future opportunities and challenges. By highlighting recent advances in nanomaterials, polymers, wireless integration, and sustainability, this review aims to serve as an essential resource for researchers, engineers, and policy makers seeking to address the critical challenge of heavy metal contamination in water resources. The versatile promise of flexible electronics is thoroughly elucidated to inspire continued innovation in this emerging technology arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Leburu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuting Qiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanshen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science of and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shushan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science of and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Liu J, Qian J, Adil M, Bi Y, Wu H, Hu X, Wang Z, Zhang W. Bioinspired integrated triboelectric electronic tongue. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:57. [PMID: 38725435 PMCID: PMC11079038 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
An electronic tongue (E-tongue) comprises a series of sensors that simulate human perception of taste and embedded artificial intelligence (AI) for data analysis and recognition. Traditional E-tongues based on electrochemical methods suffer from a bulky size and require larger sample volumes and extra power sources, limiting their applications in in vivo medical diagnosis and analytical chemistry. Inspired by the mechanics of the human tongue, triboelectric components have been incorporated into E-tongue platforms to overcome these limitations. In this study, an integrated multichannel triboelectric bioinspired E-tongue (TBIET) device was developed on a single glass slide chip to improve the device's taste classification accuracy by utilizing numerous sensory signals. The detection capability of the TBIET was further validated using various test samples, including representative human body, environmental, and beverage samples. The TBIET achieved a remarkably high classification accuracy. For instance, chemical solutions showed 100% identification accuracy, environmental samples reached 98.3% accuracy, and four typical teas demonstrated 97.0% accuracy. Additionally, the classification accuracy of NaCl solutions with five different concentrations reached 96.9%. The innovative TBIET exhibits a remarkable capacity to detect and analyze droplets with ultrahigh sensitivity to their electrical properties. Moreover, it offers a high degree of reliability in accurately detecting and analyzing various liquid samples within a short timeframe. The development of a self-powered portable triboelectric E-tongue prototype is a notable advancement in the field and is one that can greatly enhance the feasibility of rapid on-site detection of liquid samples in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instruments, School of Instrumental Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Jingui Qian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instruments, School of Instrumental Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Murtazt Adil
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yali Bi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instruments, School of Instrumental Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Haoyi Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instruments, School of Instrumental Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnical University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Singh R, Gupta R, Bansal D, Bhateria R, Sharma M. A Review on Recent Trends and Future Developments in Electrochemical Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7336-7356. [PMID: 38405479 PMCID: PMC10882602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods and devices have ignited prodigious interest for sensing and monitoring. The greatest challenge for science is far from meeting the expectations of consumers. Electrodes made of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, metal-organic frameworks, MXene, and transition metal dichalcogenides as well as alternative electrochemical sensing methods offer potential to improve selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, and response time. Moreover, these advancements have accelerated the development of wearable and point-of-care electrochemical sensors, opening new possibilities and pathways for their applications. This Review presents a critical discussion of the recent developments and trends in electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimmy Singh
- Department of Applied Science & Humanities, DPG Institute of Technology and Management, Gurugram 122004, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Rachna Bhateria
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Mona Sharma
- Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
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Konopkina EA, Pozdeev AS, Kalle P, Kirsanov DO, Smol'yanov NA, Kirsanova AA, Kalmykov SN, Petrov VG, Borisova NE, Matveev PI. Sensing and extraction of hazardous metals by di-phosphonates of heterocycles: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12934-12947. [PMID: 37646311 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyridine and phenanthroline diphosphonate ligands were investigated for the first time from the context of solvent extraction and potentiometric sensing of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) cations. The extraction efficiency under the same conditions for phenanthroline-diphosphonates is considerably higher than that for pyridine ligands. At the same time, the pyridine-diphosphonates show pronounced selectivity towards lead in this metal series. The extraction systems with phenanthroline diphosphonates provided the most efficient extraction of Cd(II) and Pb(II) cations (D > 90). The newly developed pyridine and phenanthroline diphosphonate ligands have proven to be highly effective components in plasticized polymeric membranes. These ligands can be utilized to construct potentiometric ion sensors that exhibit a notable response specifically towards Pb(II) cations. Among the previously reported tetradentate ligands, the phenanthroline diphosphonate ligand, when incorporated into plasticized polymeric membranes, demonstrated the highest sensitivity towards d-metals and Pb(II). The structure of the single crystal complex of Pb(II) and Cd(II) with pyridine-diphosphonates was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The geometry of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) complexes and the energy effect of the complex formation, including pseudo-oligomerization reactions, were determined by DFT calculations. The high sensing and extraction efficiency of diphosphonates with respect to Pb(II) is consistent with the minimum values of complex formation energies. The variation in sensory and extraction properties observed among the studied diphosphonate ligands is influenced by the ability to form polynuclear complexes with Pb(II) cations, whereas such properties are absent in the case of Cd(II) cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Konopkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anton S Pozdeev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Paulina Kalle
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry O Kirsanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
- ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anna A Kirsanova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Stepan N Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir G Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Nataliya E Borisova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Petr I Matveev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Hu H, Hu Y, Xie B, Zhu J. High Sensitivity Electrochemical As (III) Sensor Based on Fe 3O 4/MoS 2 Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2288. [PMID: 37630874 PMCID: PMC10459275 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently, heavy metal ion pollution in water is becoming more and more common, especially As (III), which is a serious threat to human health. In this experiment, a glassy carbon electrode modified with Fe3O4/MoS2 nanocomposites was used to select the square wave voltammetry (SWV) electrochemical detection method for the detection of trace As (III) in water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly attached to the surface of MoS2 and were not easily agglomerated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that Fe3O4/MoS2 has higher sensitivity and conductivity. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the Fe3O4/MoS2-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited high sensitivity (3.67 μA/ppb) and a low detection limit (0.70 ppb), as well as excellent interference resistance and stability for As (III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Hu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Y.H.); (B.X.)
| | - Yunhu Hu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Y.H.); (B.X.)
| | - Baozhu Xie
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Y.H.); (B.X.)
| | - Jianxiong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Engineering Research Center of New Light Sources Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 211189, China
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Wu X, Toko K. Taste sensor with multiarray lipid/polymer membranes. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blandon-Naranjo L, Alaniz RD, Zon MA, Fernández H, Marcelo Granero A, Robledo SN, Pierini GD. Development of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the simultaneous determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible olive oils. Talanta 2022; 261:124123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ortegón S, Peñaranda PA, Rodríguez CF, Noguera MJ, Florez SL, Cruz JC, Rivas RE, Osma JF. Magnetic Torus Microreactor as a Novel Device for Sample Treatment via Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A Route for Arsenic Pre-Concentration. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196198. [PMID: 36234749 PMCID: PMC9572641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the feasibility of using a novel microreactor based on torus geometry to carry out a sample pretreatment before its analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption. The miniaturized retention of total arsenic was performed on the surface of a magnetic sorbent material consisting of 6 mg of magnetite (Fe3O4) confined in a very small space inside (20.1 µL) a polyacrylate device filling an internal lumen (inside space). Using this geometric design, a simulation theoretical study demonstrated a notable improvement in the analyte adsorption process on the solid extractant surface. Compared to single-layer geometries, the torus microreactor geometry brought on flow turbulence within the liquid along the curvatures inside the device channels, improving the efficiency of analyte–extractant contact and therefore leading to a high preconcentration factor. According to this design, the magnetic solid phase was held internally as a surface bed with the use of an 8 mm-diameter cylindric neodymium magnet, allowing the pass of a fixed volume of an arsenic aqueous standard solution. A preconcentration factor of up to 60 was found to reduce the typical “characteristic mass” (as sensitivity parameter) determined by direct measurement from 53.66 pg to 0.88 pg, showing an essential improvement in the arsenic signal sensitivity by absorption atomic spectrometry. This methodology emulates a miniaturized micro-solid-phase extraction system for flow-through water pretreatment samples in chemical analysis before coupling to techniques that employ reduced sample volumes, such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ortegón
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Peñaranda
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Cristian F. Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Mabel Juliana Noguera
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Sergio Leonardo Florez
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Ricardo E. Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence: (R.E.R.); (J.F.O.); Tel.: +57-1-339-4949 (J.F.O.)
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence: (R.E.R.); (J.F.O.); Tel.: +57-1-339-4949 (J.F.O.)
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Pardeshi S, Dhodapkar R. Advances in fabrication of molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors for detection of contaminants and toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113359. [PMID: 35525288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide growing concerns about water contamination and pollution have increased significant interest in trace level sensing of variety of contaminants. Thus, there is demand for fabrication of low cost, miniaturized sensing device for in-situ detection of contaminants from the complex environmental matrices capable of providing selective and sensitive detection. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has portrayed a substantial potential for selective recognition of various toxicants from a variety of environmental matrices, thus widely used as artificial recognition element in the electrochemical sensors (ECS) owing to their chemical stability, easy and low cost synthesis. The combination of nanomaterials modifiers with MIPs has endowed MIP-ECS with significantly improved sensing performance in the recent years, as the nanomaterial provide properties such as increased surface area, increased conductivity and electrocatalytic activity with enhanced electron transport phenomena, whereas MIPs provide selective recognition effect. In the present review, we have summarized the advances of MIP-ECS electrochemical sensors reported in last six years (2017-2022) for sensing of variety of contaminates including drugs, metal ions, hormones and emerging contaminates. Scope of computational modelling in design of sensitive and selective MIP-ECS is reviewed. We have focused particularly on the synthetic protocols for MIPs preparation including bulk, precipitation, electropolymerization, sol-gel and magnetic MIPs. Moreover, use of various nanomaterial as modifiers and sensitizers and their effects on the sensing performance of resulting MIP-ECS is described. Finally, the potential challenges and future prospects in the research area of MIP-ECS have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pardeshi
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Rita Dhodapkar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
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10
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Garg N, Deep A, Sharma AL. Recent Trends and Advances in Porous Metal-Organic Framework Nanostructures for the Electrochemical and Optical Sensing of Heavy Metals in Water. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-25. [PMID: 35968634 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the expansion and advancement in agricultural and chemical industries, various toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, copper, arsenic etc. are continuously released into the environment. Intake of sources contaminated with such toxic metals leads to various health issues. Keeping the serious effects of these toxic metal ions in view, various organic-inorganic nanomaterials based sensors have been exploited for their detection via optical, electrochemical and colorimetric approaches. Since a chemical sensor works on the principle of interaction between the sensing layer and the analytes, a sensor material with large surface area is required to enable the largest possible interaction with the target molecules and hence the sensitivity of the chemical sensor. However, commonly employed materials such as metal oxides and conducting polymers tend to feature relatively low surface areas, and hence resulting in low sensitivity of the sensor. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) nanostructures are another category of organic-inorganic materials endowed with large surface area, ultra-high and tunable porosity, post-synthesis modification features, readily available active sites, catalytic activity, and chemical/thermal stability. These properties provide high sensitivity to the MOF based sensors due to the adsorption of large number of target analytes. The current review article focuses on MOFs based optical and electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naini Garg
- CSIO Analytical Facility (CAF) Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA) Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Amit L Sharma
- CSIO Analytical Facility (CAF) Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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11
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Nayak S, Goveas LC, Kumar PS, Selvaraj R, Vinayagam R. Plant-mediated gold and silver nanoparticles as detectors of heavy metal contamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113271. [PMID: 35792219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are dumped into the environment as a result of human activities, posing a serious threat to ecology and human health. Surface water, potable drinking water, potable groundwater, and majority of wastewater include their traces, due to which, their detection by nanoparticles has received a lot of attention in recent years. Although microorganisms are utilised for green nanoparticle production, plant materials have recently been explored because they are more environmentally friendly, easier to scale up, and require fewer specific growth conditions. The production and attributes of nanoparticles synthesized by plant mediation could be enhanced through design of experiments approach, extending their feasibility in the detection of heavy metals in polluted environmental samples. A concise review on green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles utilizing plant phytochemicals, its mechanism of synthesis along with significance of design of experiments for enhancement, and their use as heavy metal contamination detectors is presented in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology-Affiliated to NITTE (Deemed to be University), Nitte, Karnataka 574110, India.
| | - Louella Concepta Goveas
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology-Affiliated to NITTE (Deemed to be University), Nitte, Karnataka 574110, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
| | - Raja Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ramesh Vinayagam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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12
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Tamizhselvi R, Arumugam Napoleon A. A simple sulfonohydrazide Schiff base molecular probe for colorimetrically selective recognition of Cu2+ ion in Semi-Aqueous medium. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Do MH, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Pandey A, Sharma P, Varjani S, Nguyen TAH, Hoang NB. A dual chamber microbial fuel cell based biosensor for monitoring copper and arsenic in municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152261. [PMID: 34902426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell-based biosensor (DC-MFC-B) for monitoring copper and arsenic in municipal wastewater. Operational conditions, including pH, flow rate, a load of organic substrate and external resistance load, were optimized to improve the biosensor's sensitivity. The DC-MFC-B's toxicity response was established under the electroactive bacteria inhibition rate function to a specific heavy metal level as well as the recovery of the DC-MFC-B. Results show that the DC-MFC-B was optimized at the operating conditions of 1000 Ω external resistance, COD 300 mg L-1 and 50 mM K3Fe(CN)6 as a catholyte solution. The voltage output of the DC-MFC-B decreased with increasing in the copper and arsenic concentrations. A significant linear relationship between the maximum voltage of the biosensor and the heavy metal concentration was obtained with a coefficient of R2 = 0.989 and 0.982 for copper and arsenic, respectively. The study could detect copper (1-10 mg L-1) and arsenic (0.5-5 mg L-1) over wider range compared to other studies. The inhibition ratio for both copper and arsenic was proportional to the concentrations, indicating the electricity changes are mainly dependent on the activity of the electrogenic bacteria on the anode surface. Moreover, the DC-MFC-B was also recovered in few hours after being cleaned with a fresh medium. It was found that the concentration of the toxicant effected on the recovery time and the recovery time was varied between 4 and 12 h. In short, this work provided new avenues for the practical application of microbial fuel cells as a heavy metal biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hang Do
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology 12Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Thi An Hang Nguyen
- Vietnam National University, Vietnam - Japan University, Nam Tu Liem Dist., Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Bich Hoang
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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14
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WU C, WANG S, TAO O, ZHAN X. Characterization of main components in Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid by UPLC-MS and their taste evaluation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.82521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying WU
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shuyu WANG
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ou TAO
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xueyan ZHAN
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
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15
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Shi H, Jiang S, Liu B, Liu Z, Reis NM. Modern microfluidic approaches for determination of ions. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Falina S, Syamsul M, Rhaffor NA, Sal Hamid S, Mohamed Zain KA, Abd Manaf A, Kawarada H. Ten Years Progress of Electrical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions (HMIs) Using Various Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Nanosensors: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:478. [PMID: 34940235 PMCID: PMC8699440 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution remains a major concern for the public today, in line with the growing population and global industrialization. Heavy metal ion (HMI) is a threat to human and environmental safety, even at low concentrations, thus rapid and continuous HMI monitoring is essential. Among the sensors available for HMI detection, the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor demonstrates promising potential for fast and real-time detection. The aim of this review is to provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade. A brief introduction of the FET sensor along with its construction and configuration is presented in the first part of this review. Subsequently, the FET sensor deployment issue and FET intrinsic limitation screening effect are also discussed, and the solutions to overcome these shortcomings are summarized. Later, we summarize the strategies for HMIs' electrical detection, mechanisms, and sensing performance on nanomaterial semiconductor FET transducers, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, AlGaN/GaN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), black phosphorus, organic and inorganic semiconductor. Finally, concerns and suggestions regarding detection in the real samples using FET sensors are highlighted in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nuha Abd Rhaffor
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Sofiyah Sal Hamid
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Khairu Anuar Mohamed Zain
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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17
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A High-Response Electrochemical As(III) Sensor Using Fe3O4–rGO Nanocomposite Materials. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, heavy metal ion pollution in water is becoming more and more common, especially arsenic, which seriously threatens human health. In this work, we used Fe3O4–rGO nanocomposites to modify a glassy carbon electrode and selected square wave voltametric electrochemical detection methods to detect trace amounts of arsenic in water. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the rGO sheet, with a particle size of about 20 nm. Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that rGO provides higher sensitivity and conductive substrates. Under optimized experimental conditions, Fe3O4–rGO-modified glassy carbon electrodes showed a higher sensitivity (2.15 µA/ppb) and lower limit of detection (1.19 ppb) for arsenic. They also showed good selectivity, stability, and repeatability.
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Neto MP, Soares AC, Oliveira ON, Paulovich FV. Machine Learning Used to Create a Multidimensional Calibration Space for Sensing and Biosensing Data. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Popolin Neto
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), 14804-296 Araraquara, Brazil
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernando V. Paulovich
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
- Faculty of Computer Science (FCS), Dalhousie University (DAL), B3H 4R2 Nova Scotia, Canada
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Palisoc ST, Vitto RIM, Noel MG, Palisoc KT, Natividad MT. Highly sensitive determination of heavy metals in water prior to and after remediation using Citrofortunella Microcarpa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1394. [PMID: 33446740 PMCID: PMC7809489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive bismuth/silver nanoparticles/Nafion-modified screen-printed graphene electrode was fabricated and was utilized for the detection of trace lead (Pb) concentrations in river water samples prior to and after remediation using calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) rinds in different forms viz., ground sun-dried, dry-ashed, food-grade pectin, fractionated pectin, and alcohol insoluble solids-extracted pectin. All these forms of pectin remediated Pb in the water samples. Hence, this novel method of using calamansi rinds in different forms is an effective method for the removal of lead in water. The electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry which confirmed the presence of the modifiers on the electrode surface. The limit of detection of 267.6 ppt and the strong linear relationship between the Pb concentration and the anodic current response (R2 = 0.999) were obtained under optimized experimental conditions and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley T Palisoc
- Condensed Matter Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines
| | - Remuel Isaac M Vitto
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marissa G Noel
- Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines
| | - Katja T Palisoc
- Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines
| | - Michelle T Natividad
- Condensed Matter Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines.
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 922, Manila, Philippines.
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20
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Abstract
This review provides an up-to-date overview on silver nanoparticles-based materials suitable as optical sensors for water pollutants. The topic is really hot considering the implications for human health and environment due to water pollutants. In fact, the pollutants present in the water disturb the spontaneity of life-related mechanisms, such as the synthesis of cellular constituents and the transport of nutrients into cells, and this causes long / short-term diseases. For this reason, research continuously tends to develop always innovative, selective and efficient processes / technologies to remove pollutants from water. In this paper we will report on the silver nanoparticles synthesis, paying attention to the stabilizers and mostly used ligands, to the characterizations, to the properties and applications as colorimetric sensors for water pollutants. As water pollutants our attention will be focused on several heavy metals ions, such as Hg(II), Ni(II),Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Cr(III/V) Co(II) Cd(II), Pb(II), due to their dangerous effects on human health. In addition, several systems based on silver nanoparticles employed as pesticides colorimetric sensors in water will be also discussed. All of this with the aim to provide to readers a guide about recent advanced silver nanomaterials, used as colorimetric sensors in water.
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21
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Abstract
An electronic tongue (e-tongue) is a multisensory system usually applied to complex liquid media that uses computational/statistical tools to group information generated by sensing units into recognition patterns, which allow the identification/distinction of samples. Different types of e-tongues have been previously reported, including microfluidic devices. In this context, the integration of passive mixers inside microchannels is of great interest for the study of suppression/enhancement of sensorial/chemical effects in the pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries. In this study, we present developments using a stereolithography technique to fabricate microfluidic devices using 3D-printed molds for elastomers exploring the staggered herringbone passive mixer geometry. The fabricated devices (microchannels plus mixer) are then integrated into an e-tongue system composed of four sensing units assembled on a single printed circuit board (PCB). Gold-plated electrodes are designed as an integral part of the PCB electronic circuitry for a highly automated platform by enabling faster analysis and increasing the potential for future use in commercial applications. Following previous work, the e-tongue sensing units are built functionalizing gold electrodes with layer-by-layer (LbL) films. Our results show that the system is capable of (i) covering basic tastes below the human gustative perception and (ii) distinguishing different suppression effects coming from the mixture of both strong and weak electrolytes. This setup allows for triplicate measurements in 12 electrodes, which represents four complete sensing units, by automatically switching all electrodes without any physical interaction with the sensor. The result is a fast and reliable data acquisition system, which comprises a suitable solution for monitoring, sequential measurements, and database formation, being less susceptible to human errors.
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22
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3D-Printed Graphene Electrodes Applied in an Impedimetric Electronic Tongue for Soil Analysis. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing world population leads to the growing demand for food production without expanding cultivation areas. In this sense, precision agriculture optimizes the production and input usage by employing sensors to locally monitor plant nutrient within agricultural fields. Here, we have used an electronic tongue sensing device based on impedance spectroscopy to recognize distinct soil samples (sandy and clayey) enriched with macronutrients. The e-tongue setup consisted of an array of four sensing units formed by layer-by-layer (LbL) films deposited onto 3D-printed graphene-based interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). The IDEs were fabricated in 20 min using the fused deposition modeling process and commercial polylactic acid-based graphene filaments. The e-tongue comprised one bare and three IDEs functionalized with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution/copper phthalocyanine-3,4′,4′′,4′′′-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PDDA/CuTsPc), PDDA/montmorillonite clay (MMt-K), and PDDA/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) LbL films. Control samples of sandy and clayey soils were enriched with different concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) macronutrients. Sixteen soil samples were simply diluted in water and measured using electrical impedance spectroscopy, with data analyzed by principal component analysis. All soil samples were easily distinguished without pre-treatment, indicating the suitability of 3D-printed electrodes in e-tongue analysis to distinguish the chemical fertility of soil samples. Our results encourage further investigations into the development of new tools to support precision agriculture.
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