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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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Fan Y, Li J, Amin K, Yu H, Yang H, Guo Z, Liu J. Advances in aptamers, and application of mycotoxins detection: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113022. [PMID: 37316026 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in food products can easily cause serious health hazards and economic losses to human beings. How to accurately detect and effectively control mycotoxin contamination has become a global concern. Mycotoxins conventional detection techniques e.g; ELISA, HPLC, have limitations like, low sensitivity, high cost and time-consuming. Aptamer-based biosensing technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, wide linear range, high feasibility, and non-destructiveness, which overcomes the shortcomings of conventional analysis techniques. This review summarizes the sequences of mycotoxin aptamers that have been reported so far. Based on the application of four classic POST-SELEX strategies, it also discusses the bioinformatics-assisted POST-SELEX technology in obtaining optimal aptamers. Furthermore, trends in the study of aptamer sequences and their binding mechanisms to targets is also discussed. The latest examples of aptasensor detection of mycotoxins are classified and summarized in detail. Newly developed dual-signal detection, dual-channel detection, multi-target detection and some types of single-signal detection combined with unique strategies or novel materials in recent years are focused. Finally, the challenges and prospects of aptamer sensors in the detection of mycotoxins are discussed. The development of aptamer biosensing technology provides a new approach with multiple advantages for on-site detection of mycotoxins. Although aptamer biosensing shows great development potential, still some challenges and difficulties are there in practical applications. Future research need high focus on the practical applications of aptasensors and the development of convenient and highly automated aptamers. This may lead to the transition of aptamer biosensing technology from laboratory to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Khalid Amin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China; College of Life Science Chang Chun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China.
| | - Zhijun Guo
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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Kastner S, Dietel AK, Seier F, Ghosh S, Weiß D, Makarewicz O, Csáki A, Fritzsche W. LSPR-Based Biosensing Enables the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207953. [PMID: 37093195 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, simple, and accurate bioassays for the detection of nucleic acids has received increasing demand in recent years. Here, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy for the detection of an antimicrobial resistance gene, sulfhydryl variable β-lactamase (blaSHV), which confers resistance against a broad spectrum of β-lactam antibiotics is used. By performing limit of detection experiments, a 23 nucleotide (nt) long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence down to 25 nm was detected, whereby the signal intensity is inversely correlated with sequence length (23, 43, 63, and 100 nt). In addition to endpoint measurements of hybridization events, the setup also allowed to monitor the hybridization events in real-time, and consequently enabled to extract kinetic parameters of the studied binding reaction. Performing LSPR measurements using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of blaSHV revealed that these sequences can be distinguished from the fully complementary sequence. The possibility to distinguish such sequences is of utmost importance in clinical environments, as it allows to identify mutations essential for enzyme function and thus, is crucial for the correct treatment with antibiotics. Taken together, this system provides a robust, label-free, and cost-efficient analytical tool for the detection of nucleic acids and will enable the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kastner
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Dietel
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Seier
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shaunak Ghosh
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Weiß
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Csáki
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Kaur M, Gaba J, Singh K, Bhatia Y, Singh A, Singh N. Recent Advances in Recognition Receptors for Electrochemical Biosensing of Mycotoxins-A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:391. [PMID: 36979603 PMCID: PMC10046307 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi in cereals and foodstuffs during the stages of cultivation and storage. Electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a rapid, efficient, and economical approach for the detection and quantification of mycotoxins in different sample media. An electrochemical biosensor consists of two main units, a recognition receptor and a signal transducer. Natural or artificial antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), peptides, and DNAzymes have been extensively employed as selective recognition receptors for the electrochemical biosensing of mycotoxins. This article affords a detailed discussion of the recent advances and future prospects of various types of recognition receptors exploited in the electrochemical biosensing of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Jyoti Gaba
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Komal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Yashika Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar 140001, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar 140001, India
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Shafique H, de Vries J, Strauss J, Khorrami Jahromi A, Siavash Moakhar R, Mahshid S. Advances in the Translation of Electrochemical Hydrogel-Based Sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201501. [PMID: 36300601 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel biomaterials for bio- and chemical sensing applications have gained considerable traction in the diagnostic community with rising trends of using biocompatible and lowly cytotoxic material. Hydrogel-based electrochemical sensors have become a promising candidate for their swellable, nano-/microporous, and aqueous 3D structures capable of immobilizing catalytic enzymes, electroactive species, whole cells, and complex tissue models, while maintaining tunable mechanical properties in wearable and implantable applications. With advances in highly controllable fabrication and processability of these novel biomaterials, the possibility of bio-nanocomposite hydrogel-based electrochemical sensing presents a paradigm shift in the development of biocompatible, "smart," and sensitive health monitoring point-of-care devices. Here, recent advances in electrochemical hydrogels for the detection of biomarkers in vitro, in situ, and in vivo are briefly reviewed to demonstrate their applicability in ideal conditions, in complex cellular environments, and in live animal models, respectively, to provide a comprehensive assessment of whether these biomaterials are ready for point-of-care translation and biointegration. Sensors based on conductive and nonconductive polymers are presented, with highlights of nano-/microstructured electrodes that provide enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in biocompatible matrices. An outlook on current challenges that shall be addressed for the realization of truly continuous real-time sensing platforms is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Shafique
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Justin de Vries
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Julia Strauss
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | | | | | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
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Yang CH, Tsai CH. Aptamer against Aflatoxin B1 Obtained by SELEX and Applied in Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:848. [PMID: 36290985 PMCID: PMC9599246 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are the most prevalent mycotoxins in nature. They contaminate various crops and cause global food and feed safety concerns. Therefore, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific AFB1 detection tool is urgently needed. Aptamers generated by SELEX technology can specifically bind the desired targets with high affinity. The broad range of targets expands the scope of applications for aptamers. We used an AFB1-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle for SELEX to select AFB1-specific aptamers. One aptamer, fl-2CS1, revealed a dissociation constant (Kd = 2.5 μM) with AFB1 determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Furthermore, no interaction was shown with other toxins (AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and FB1). According to structural prediction and analysis, we identified a short version of the AFB1-specific aptamer, fl-2CS1/core, with a minimum length of 39-mer used in the AFB1-aptasensor system by real-time qPCR. The aptasensor showed a broad range of detection from 50 ppt to 50 ppb with an accuracy of 90% in the spiked peanut extract samples. With the application of the AFB1-aptasensor we have constructed, a wide range detection tool with high accuracy might be developed as a point-of-care testing tool in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsuan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Rahmati Z, Roushani M, Hosseini H, Choobin H. Label-free electrochemical aptasensor for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein based on the composite of Cu(OH) 2 nanorods arrays as a high-performance surface substrate. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108106. [PMID: 35339949 PMCID: PMC8940256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced electrode materials and the combination of aptamer with them have improved dramatically the performance of aptasensors. Herein, a new architecture based on copper hydroxide nanorods (Cu(OH)2 NRs) are directly grown on the surface of screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) using a two-step in situ, very simple and fast strategy and was used as a high-performance substrate for immobilization of aptamer strings, as well as an electrochemical probe to development a label-free electrochemical aptasensor for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein measurement. The Cu(OH)2 NRs was characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (FESEM). In the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, a decrease in Cu(OH)2 NRs-associated peak current was observed that can be owing to the target-aptamer complexes formation and thus blocking the electron transfer of Cu(OH)2 NRs on the surface of electrode. This strategy exhibited wide dynamic range in of 0.1 fg mL−1 to 1.2 µg mL−1 and with a high sensitivity of 1974.43 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 0.03 ± 0.01 fg mL−1 of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein deprived of any cross-reactivity in the presence of possible interference species. In addition, the good reproducibility, repeatability, high stability and excellent feasibility in real samples of saliva and viral transport medium (VTM) were found from the provided aptasensor. Also, the aptasensor efficiency was evaluated by real samples of sick and healthy individuals and compared with the standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and acceptable results were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rahmati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, P.O. BOX. 69315-516, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, P.O. BOX. 69315-516, Iran.
| | - Hadi Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, P.O. BOX. 69315-516, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Choobin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Knopp D. Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35202100 PMCID: PMC8874725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universitat München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 München, Germany
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