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Liu X, Tang J, Long W, Zou Y, Tan J. Comparison of physical activity and physical fitness in children and adolescents of Chinese Han and Tibet ethnicity. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1392803. [PMID: 38784594 PMCID: PMC11111887 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) are important markers of health status in children and adolescents in different ethnicities. In this study, we aimed to compare the PA and PF indicators between Tibetan and Han children and adolescents. Methods Children and adolescents of 4-9 grades were recruited in Shigatse (n = 963) and Shanghai (n = 2,525) respectively. The information related to demographic, PA, and PF was collected via a self-reported questionnaire. PA was assessed through the participation of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) and organized sport participation (OSP). PF was estimated using the International Fitness Scale containing components of overall fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, speed and agility, muscular strength and flexibility. Results Han (mean age = 13.45 ± 3.3 years; 49.7% girls) and Tibet (mean age = 13.8 ± 2.5 years; 48.3% girls) children and adolescents from Shanghai and Shigatse completed the questionnaire survey. It was revealed that Tibetan students had higher MVPA, MSE and OSP than children and adolescents of Han ethnicity (p < 0.01, small to medium effect size). A relatively higher percentage of student in Shanghai did not participate in any form of PA. On the other hand, less Tibetan students thought their PF indicators including overall fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, speed and agility, muscular strength and flexibility were poor or very poor than their counterparts of Han ethnicity (p < 0.01, small to medium effect size). Conclusion Tibetan children and adolescents have higher levels of PA and PF in comparison to their Han counterparts. More children and adolescents of Han ethnicity engage in no PA and think their PF indicators were poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiaxing Tang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixuan Long
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwang Tan
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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İnce Parpucu T, Kıyak G, Taş FU, Usta M, Örsçelik A, Ercan S. Adaptation of the International Fitness Scale and Self-Perceived Health-Related Physical Fitness Questionnaire into Turkish. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1546. [PMID: 37761507 PMCID: PMC10528336 DOI: 10.3390/children10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the Turkish validity and reliability of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) and the Self-Perceived Health-Related Physical Fitness Questionnaire for Children (SPHQ-C) aged 10-17. The measurement tools were translated into Turkish by two independent researchers and back-translated. Then, the content validity was established with a group of 13 individuals (Sample 1) who presented to the sports medicine clinic. The pilot application phase was initiated. A sample of 372 individuals (Sample 2) studying in the provincial center was selected for piloting the measurement tools with the ALPHA-FIT Test Battery. The test-retest application of the measurement tools with a 15-day interval was carried out with 207 individuals (Sample 3) not included in Sample 2. The authors calculated that the content validity ratio values for the items in the IFIS ranged from 0.85 to 1.00, with a content validity index of 0.94 for the scale. In the SPHQ-C, these values were found to be between 0.92 and 1.00, with a content validity index of 0.99. According to the Z-score difference analysis for both measurement tools, the construct validity of all items was achieved (p < 0.05). In the Bland-Altman plot test conducted for the IFIS-TR, the mean difference was calculated as 0.11, the standard deviation of the differences was 1.57, and the p-value was determined as 0.31. For the SPHQ-C-TR, the mean difference was -0.15, the standard deviation of the differences was 1.95, and the p-value was determined as 0.26. The Kappa coefficients for the items of the IFIS-TR ranged from 0.45 to 0.52, while for the SPHQ-C-TR, the Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.47 to 0.75. Confirmatory factor analysis conducted on Sample 2 confirmed model fit indices with covariance among some items of the measurement tools (IFIS-TR: e1-e3; SPHQ-C-TR: e1-e2, e1-e3, e2-e3, e3-e4, e6-e7, e8-e9). The IFIS and SPHQ-C measurement tools have been adapted into Turkish, and their validity and reliability have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba İnce Parpucu
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye; (T.İ.P.); (M.U.)
| | - Görkem Kıyak
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye; (G.K.); (F.U.T.)
| | - Fatih Uğur Taş
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye; (G.K.); (F.U.T.)
| | - Mert Usta
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye; (T.İ.P.); (M.U.)
| | - Aydan Örsçelik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06010, Türkiye;
| | - Sabriye Ercan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye; (G.K.); (F.U.T.)
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Shi C, Yan J, Wang L, Shen H. Exploring the self-reported physical fitness and self-rated health, mental health disorders, and body satisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1003231. [PMID: 36186394 PMCID: PMC9521502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) and Physical fitness (PF) have received tremendous attention in the field of physical and mental health. However, limited attention has been given to the associations of self-reported physical fitness with some health-related outcomes. Given the COVID-19 pandemic is still active in many Chinese regions, assessing health-related physical fitness (HRPF) in adolescents using field-based assessment (such as a shuttle run for cardiorespiratory fitness) is unrealistic, therefore, this study was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire.PurposeThe present cross-sectional study was aimed at delving into the relationship between self-reported physical fitness with self-rated health, depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction in adolescents. Three thousand eight hundred and seven study participants from 12 public schools in South-eastern China were recruited and 2,407 of them provided valid data on variables that this study needed for analysis.Materials and methodsStudy participants were asked to self-report their sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, age), independence, and outcomes. Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations of self-reported physical fitness (comprising general physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed and agility, and flexibility) with depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction. A total of 2,407 children and adolescents with a mean age of 13.82 (±2.1) years were included in the final study analysis.ResultsHigher self-reported levels of general physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with better self-rated health, and body satisfaction but with lower risks of depression and anxiety.ConclusionThe current study offered evidence on the roles of self-reported physical fitness and health-related outcomes. To facilitate health in children and adolescents, advocating fitness education, and promotion could be a feasible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejun Shen
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hejun Shen,
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Shi C, Chen S, Wang L, Yan J, Liang K, Hong J, Shen H. Associations of sport participation, muscle-strengthening exercise and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness in school-aged children. Front Public Health 2022; 10:873141. [PMID: 35937209 PMCID: PMC9355271 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.873141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies suggest a positive association between physical activity and physical fitness in schoolchildren. However, little is known about some neglected forms of physical activity and their associations with physical fitness. This study was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in many regions in China. Purpose This study explores the associations between participating in sports, muscle-strengthening exercises, and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness assessed by the International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Methods A total of 3,807 study participants (ages 11–17) from 12 public schools in South-eastern China were recruited, with 2,407 providing valid data on variables for analysis. Study participants were asked to self-report their sociodemographic factors (i.e., sex, grade, age), participation in sports (never, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week, and 3 or more times per week), muscle-strengthening exercise (0–7 days) and active commuting (0–5 days). Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between sports participation, muscle-strengthening exercise, and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness (comprising general physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed and agility, and flexibility). A total of 2,407 children and adolescents with a mean age of 13.82 (±2.1) years were included in the study's final analysis. Results The study found no significant association between active commuting and physical fitness. Regarding participating in sports and muscle-strengthening exercises, positive, significant associations were found, which showed that a higher frequency of participating in sports and more participation in muscle-strengthening exercises are associated with improved physical fitness. Conclusion This study offered evidence on the roles of some aspects of physical activity in physical fitness. To promote health in children and adolescents, they should be encouraged to participate in more sports and engage in muscle-strengthening exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaixin Liang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jintao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Hejun Shen
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hejun Shen
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Sunda M, Gilic B, Sekulic D, Matic R, Drid P, Alexe DI, Cucui GG, Lupu GS. Out-of-School Sports Participation Is Positively Associated with Physical Literacy, but What about Physical Education? A Cross-Sectional Gender-Stratified Analysis during the COVID-19 Pandemic among High-School Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9050753. [PMID: 35626930 PMCID: PMC9139184 DOI: 10.3390/children9050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical literacy (PL) is one of the main concepts related to lifelong physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF), but there is a lack of information on factors that might be associated with PL in adolescents from southeastern Europe. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between PF, participation and achievement in physical education (PE), out-of-school participation in sports, and PL in high school adolescents from Croatia. Participants were 298 high school students aged 14−18 years (191 females). Variables included school age, PE grade, sports participation, anthropometric indices, four PF tests, and PL (evidenced by CAPL-2-knowledge and understanding questionnaire (CAPL-2-KU) and PLAYself questionnaire). Gender-stratified analyses of differences were conducted using the t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test. Associations between variables were calculated with Pearson’s product moment correlation or Spearman’s rank order correlation. PF was positively correlated CAPL-2-KU in both genders. PE grade was significantly associated with PLAYself score (Pearson’s correlation = 0.36 and 0.38, p < 0.001 for boys and girls, respectively) but not with the CAPL-2-KU score. School age was not correlated with PL among boys, but there was a significant but negligible correlation between CAPL-2-KU and school age in girls (<2% of the common variance). Adolescents involved in sports had better PL and PF compared with adolescents not involved in sports. In conclusion, participation in out-of-school sports offers a good base for developing PL. Although this study took part over the COVID-19 pandemic period when the regular PE curriculum was significantly altered, the poor associations between school age and PL could lead to the assumption that the current PE curriculum does not allow for improvement of PL in later high school age, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Sunda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara Gilic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (B.G.)
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Radenko Matic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, 600001 Bacau, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.I.A.); (G.G.C.)
| | - Gheorghe Gabriel Cucui
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Humanities, “Valahia” University of Targoviste, 130070 Targoviste, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.I.A.); (G.G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Stanica Lupu
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, 600001 Bacau, Romania;
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Chen Z, Chi G, Wang L, Chen S, Yan J, Li S. The Combinations of Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep, and Their Associations with Self-Reported Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105783. [PMID: 35627320 PMCID: PMC9141237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence has indicated that adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines (physical activity, screen time and sleep) is associated with physical health, while little is known about the adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness in adolescents. This study, therefore, aims to explore the association between the 24 h movement guidelines (in isolation or combination) and self-reported physical fitness in a sample of Chinese adolescents in an age range of 10-17. METHODS A convenient sample of 3807 children and adolescents from 12 schools was adopted in the present study. A questionnaire based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children was used to assess physical activity and screen time, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale was utilized to measure sleep duration. The International Fitness Scale was used to assess physical fitness in study participants. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness. RESULTS Of all study participants, 0.9% of them met the 24 h movement guidelines, and meeting the guidelines was significantly associated with higher levels of self-reported physical fitness. The analysis for the association between specific combinations of 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness underscored the importance of meeting the physical activity recommendations. CONCLUSION Adherence to more recommendations contained in the 24 h movement guidelines was associated with higher self-reported physical fitness, especially cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Our study also stressed the importance of promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity in children and adolescents. Further works should focus on the association of a recommendation of adherence with other health indicators and replicate this study on larger samples among Chinese children and adolescents. Additionally, longitudinal or interventional studies that include more socio-demographic factors are needed to explore the association between 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, and the 24 h movement guidelines also should be promoted on a large scale in Chinese children and adolescents. Moreover, it is also needed to gain better insights into the directionality of the relationship between compliance with 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, as well as the mechanisms underlying the associations in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuai Chen
- Faculty of Physical Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China;
| | - Guijun Chi
- China Volleyball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shihao Li
- Department of Physical Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
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