1
|
Huang JY, Liao PL, Chang HP, Su PH. Association of Sleep Patterns and Respiratory Disturbance Index with Physiological Parameters in Pediatric Patients with Self-Perceived Short Stature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1675. [PMID: 39125551 PMCID: PMC11311679 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14151675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships of sleep patterns and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) with key physiological parameters (height, body mass index (BMI), bone age (BA), and IGF-1 levels) in children aged 6 to 16 years with self-perceived short stature. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, conducted from October 2019 to November 2021, 238 children aged 6 to 16 years with self-perceived short stature were enrolled. The primary outcomes of sleep patterns and the RDI were non-invasively collected at home using the LARGAN Health AI-Tech Sleep Apnea and Sleep Quality Examination System, which operates based on polygraphy. Additionally, various physiological parameters, including height, BMI, bone age, and IGF-1 levels, were measured to assess their associations with sleep patterns and RDI. RESULTS Significant age-related reductions were observed in both the total and deep sleep durations. Children aged 6-9 years averaged 8.5 ± 1.0 h of total sleep, which decreased to 8.1 ± 1.1 h in ages 10-11 and further to 7.5 ± 0.9 h in ages 12-16 (p < 0.0001). Deep sleep followed a similar pattern, decreasing from 4.4 ± 1.1 h in the youngest group to 3.3 ± 1.0 h in the oldest (p < 0.0001). Notably, girls experienced significantly longer deep sleep than boys, averaging 4.0 ± 1.2 h compared to 3.6 ± 1.2 h (p = 0.0153). In a multivariable regression analysis, age (beta = 4.89, p < 0.0001) and RDI (beta = -0.54, p = 0.0022) were significantly associated with body height. Age and deep sleep duration (beta = -0.02, p = 0.0371) were significantly associated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate significant age-related decreases in the total and deep sleep duration among children with self-perceived short stature, along with a notable association between RDI and body height and an association between deep sleep duration and BMI. These findings suggest that sleep disturbances in pediatric endocrine patients are intricately linked with physiological growth parameters. The identified correlations underline the importance of monitoring sleep patterns in this demographic to better understand the impact of endocrine disorders on developmental health. Further research is needed to explore interventions that could alleviate these sleep disturbances, thereby potentially improving outcomes for the affected children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (P.-L.L.)
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (P.-L.L.)
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Pin Chang
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Hua Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu Q, Wu Y, Feng Z, Chai Y, Hou S, Yu Z, Shen X. Dietary pattern and precocious puberty risk in Chinese girls: a case-control study. Nutr J 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38291391 PMCID: PMC10829199 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dietary intake on precocious puberty remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the amount and frequency of dietary intake and the risk of precocious puberty in Chinese girls. METHODS In this case-control study, we enrolled 185 precocious puberty girls and 185 age-matched controls. Their dietary intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Their sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. The associations between dietary intake and risk of precocious puberty were assessed by conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, consuming a higher amount of red meat was associated with higher precocious puberty risk (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.25-6.02), while a higher frequency of fruit ( P for trend = 0.024) and amount of vegetable intake was associated with a lower risk of precocious puberty (P for trend = 0.002). The high vegetable and protein dietary pattern was significantly negatively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97), whereas the high animal food and fruits dietary pattern was remarkably positively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09-1.69), after adjusting for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS High vegetable and protein dietary pattern is a protective factor against precocious puberty, while high animal food and fruits dietary pattern is a risk factor for precocious puberty in Chinese girls. Attentions should be paid to a reasonable intake of red meat, eggs, and fruits in children's daily diet, increase their intake of vegetables, in order to reduce the risk of precocious puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Statistics, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuowei Feng
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Chai
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Hou
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taylor BJ, Pedersen KA, Mazefsky CA, Lamy MA, Reynolds CF, Strathmann WR, Siegel M. From Alert Child to Sleepy Adolescent: Age Trends in Chronotype, Social Jetlag, and Sleep Problems in Youth with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06187-0. [PMID: 38017309 PMCID: PMC11215932 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental changes in sleep in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are understudied. In non-ASD youth, adolescents exhibit a "night owl chronotype" (i.e., later sleep/wake timing) and social jetlag (i.e., shifts in sleep timing across school nights and weekends), with corresponding sleep problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate age trends in chronotype, social jetlag, and sleep problems in high-risk youth with ASD. METHODS Youth with ASD (N = 171), ages 5-21 years old, were enrolled at the time of admission to specialized psychiatric units. Caregivers reported children's demographic information, habitual sleep timing, and sleep problems. Multivariate analyses evaluated the effect of age on chronotype, social jetlag, and sleep problems and the effects of chronotype and social jetlag on sleep problems. Covariates and moderators included sex, race, verbal ability, autism symptom severity, supplemental melatonin, and pubertal status. RESULTS Older age was associated with later chronotype, more social jetlag, fewer sleep anxiety/co-sleeping problems, fewer night waking and parasomnia problems, and more daytime alertness problems. The effect of age on chronotype was stronger for youth with greater social affective symptom severity. Mediation analyses showed that later chronotype statistically mediated the association between age and daytime alertness problems. CONCLUSIONS Youth with ASD may exhibit night owl chronotype behavior and social jetlag as they enter adolescence. Shifts toward a later chronotype may be exacerbated by autism severity and may contribute to alertness problems and sleepiness during the day. Chronotype is modifiable and may be leveraged to improve daytime functioning in youth with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana J Taylor
- Life Sciences and Medical Research, The Roux Institute at Northeastern University, 100 Fore Street, Portland, ME, 04101, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- MaineHealth, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Portland, ME, USA.
| | - Kahsi A Pedersen
- MaineHealth, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Portland, ME, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martine A Lamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- MaineHealth, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Portland, ME, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Siegel
- MaineHealth, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Portland, ME, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conway A, Miller AL. Social jetlag longitudinally predicts internalizing and externalizing behavior for adolescent females, but not males. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1404-1418. [PMID: 37814409 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2265480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological changes contribute to preferences for later bed and wake times during adolescence, yet the social constraints of school start times necessitate early wake times. This often results in social jetlag (i.e. misalignment between preferred sleep timing on weekends and school days). We examined whether social jetlag predicts adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior over time and/or whether associations differ based on sex. We used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development Study (n = 767) to test whether social jetlag at 6th grade (ages 12-13 years) predicted internalizing and externalizing behavior at age 15 years and whether child sex moderated associations. Controlling for internalizing and externalizing behavior at 6th grade (ages 12-13 years), results were that social jetlag at 6th grade (ages 12-13 years) predicted more internalizing and externalizing behaviors at age 15 for females, but not males. These findings show that social jetlag during early adolescence confers risk for internalizing and externalizing behavior in females at mid-adolescence. Greater attention should be placed on identifying and addressing social jetlag in adolescent females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conway
- Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Abor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akbar SA, Mattfeld AT, Laird AR, McMakin DL. Sleep to Internalizing Pathway in Young Adolescents (SIPYA): A proposed neurodevelopmental model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104780. [PMID: 35843345 PMCID: PMC10750488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of internalizing disorders, i.e., anxiety and depressive disorders, spikes in adolescence and has been increasing amongst adolescents despite the existence of evidence-based treatments, highlighting the need for advancing theories on how internalizing disorders emerge. The current review presents a theoretical model, called the Sleep to Internalizing Pathway in Young Adolescents (SIPYA) Model, to explain how risk factors, namely sleep-related problems (SRPs), are prospectively associated with internalizing disorders in adolescence. Specifically, SRPs during late childhood and early adolescence, around the initiation of pubertal development, contribute to the interruption of intrinsic brain networks dynamics, both within the default mode network and between the default mode network and other networks in the brain. This interruption leaves adolescents vulnerable to repetitive negative thought, such as worry or rumination, which then increases vulnerability to internalizing symptoms and disorders later in adolescence. Sleep-related behaviors are observable, modifiable, low-stigma, and beneficial beyond treating internalizing psychopathology, highlighting the intervention potential associated with understanding the neurodevelopmental impact of SRPs around the transition to adolescence. This review details support for the SIPYA Model, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima A Akbar
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Aaron T Mattfeld
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dana L McMakin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Umano GR, Maddaluno I, Riccio S, Lanzaro F, Antignani R, Giuliano M, Luongo C, Festa A, Miraglia Del Giudice E, Grandone A. Central precocious puberty during COVID-19 pandemic and sleep disturbance: an exploratory study. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:60. [PMID: 35461296 PMCID: PMC9034068 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) after coronavirus infectious disease-19 lockdown has been reported. Our study aims in investigating changes in CPP rates and in sleep patterns in CPP and healthy controls. Methods CPP were retrospectively evaluated from April 2020 to April 2021. Parents of girls diagnosed with CPP during lockdown and of matched healthy controls filled out a questionnaire about sleep disturbances (SDSC questionnaire) and sleep schedules. Results Thirty-five CPP and 37 controls completed the survey. Incidence of new CPP cases significantly increased in 2020–2021 compared to 2017–2020 (5:100 vs 2:100, p = 0.02). Sleep disturbance rates did not differ between CPP and healthy controls before lockdown. During lockdown, CPP reported higher rates of sleep disturbs for total score (p = 0.005), excessive somnolence (p = 0.049), sleep breathing disorders (p = 0.049), and sleep–wake transition disorders (p = 0.005). Moreover, CPP group more frequently shifted toward later bedtime (p = 0.03) during lockdown compared to controls. Hours of sleep and smartphone exposure around bedtime did not differ between groups. Conclusions Our study confirms the observation of increased incidence of CPP after lockdown measures. Additionally, CPP showed higher rates of sleep disturbances and later bedtime compared to controls. The causality link between sleep disturbances and CPP should be further investigated to gain knowledge in this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina R Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Maddaluno
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Riccio
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lanzaro
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giuliano
- Società Italiana Medici Pediatri Campania (SIMPe), Teramo, Italy
| | - Caterina Luongo
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Festa
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interactions between nocturnal melatonin secretion, metabolism, and sleeping behavior in adolescents with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1051-1058. [PMID: 35140394 PMCID: PMC9050511 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Sleeping behavior and individual prospensity in sleep timing during a 24 h period, known as chronotypes, are underestimated factors, which may favor the development of obesity and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, melatonin is known to play an important role in circadian rhythm, but was also suggested to directly influence metabolism and bodyweight regulation. Since disturbed and shifted sleep rhythms have been observed in adolescents with obesity, this study aimed to investigate potential interactions between melatonin secretion, chronobiology, and metabolism. In addition, the influence of artificial light especially emitted by electronic devices on these parameters was of further interest. Subjects/methods We performed a cross-sectional study including 149 adolescents (mean age 14.7 ± 2.1 years) with obesity. Metabolic blood parameters (e.g., cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and insulin) were obtained from patients and correlated with nocturnal melatonin secretion. Melatonin secretion was determined by measuring 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (MT6s), the major metabolite of melatonin in the first-morning urine, and normalized to urinary creatinine levels to account for the urinary concentration. Chronobiologic parameters were further assessed using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. Results Subjects with insulin resistance (n = 101) showed significantly lower nocturnal melatonin levels compared to those with unimpaired insulin secretion (p = 0.006). Furthermore, triglyceride (p = 0.012) and elevated uric acid levels (p = 0.029) showed significant associations with melatonin secretion. Patients with late chronotype showed a higher incidence of insulin resistance (p = 0.018). Moreover, late chronotype and social jetlag were associated with the time and duration of media consumption. Conclusion We identified an association of impaired energy metabolism and lower nocturnal melatonin secretion in addition to late chronotype and increased social jetlag (misalignment of biological and social clocks) in adolescents with obesity. This might point towards a crucial role of chronotype and melatonin secretion as risk factors for the development of pediatric and adolescent obesity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Prosperi S, Chiarelli F. Early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1107911. [PMID: 36699035 PMCID: PMC9868951 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1107911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly became a severe health emergency worldwide. In order to contrast the spread of the novel SARS-CoV-2, many countries implemented extraordinary restrictive measures, such as a strict lockdown and school closures. The pandemic had a great impact on children and adolescents' daily life, leading to a much more sedentary lifestyle, to larger use of electronic devices and to an increase in stress-related symptoms. These conspicuous changes acted as disruptors of children's normal development. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many studies reported an increase in the number of precocious puberty cases as well as a faster progression rate of puberty itself, if compared to the pre-pandemic years. In this review, our aim was to evaluate the incidence of new cases of early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing variations in the timing of puberty and in pubertal progression rate, and to investigate the role of environmental and lifestyle factors during the pandemic in modulating the physiopathology of pubertal development. While a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains, at the moment, a remote hypothesis, both physical and psychological factors related to the pandemic seem to have a role in triggering GnRH pulsatile secretion leading to earlier pubertal onset. It is indeed important to stress the need to clarify the exact role of COVID-19 in early pubertal onset comparing data from all over the world; long-term comprehensive studies are also pivotal to explain whether this phenomenon will continue while we resume pre-pandemic habits.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lucien JN, Ortega MT, Shaw ND. Sleep and Puberty. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2021; 17:1-7. [PMID: 35005296 PMCID: PMC8730357 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the 1970's, Boyar and colleagues made the seminal observation that during the early stages of puberty, there is a sleep-specific augmentation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Building on this tantalizing association between sleep and the re-awakening of the neuro-reproductive axis, a number of investigators have since mapped the dynamic relationship between sleep and reproductive hormones across the pubertal transition. In this review, we focus on the complex, reciprocal relationship between sleep and reproductive hormones during adolescence as well as the potential effects of melatonin and orexin on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activity in children with chronic insomnia and narcolepsy, respectively. Given the important interaction between the reproductive and somatotropic axes during puberty, we end with a discussion of sleep and growth hormone (GH) secretion in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet N Lucien
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Madison T Ortega
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| |
Collapse
|