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Li Y, Zhou Z, He Y. Tribocorrosion and Surface Protection Technology of Titanium Alloys: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:65. [PMID: 38203919 PMCID: PMC10779822 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Titanium alloy has the advantages of high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility and is widely used in marine equipment, biomedicine, aerospace, and other fields. However, the application of titanium alloy in special working conditions shows some shortcomings, such as low hardness and poor wear resistance, which seriously affect the long life and safe and reliable service of the structural parts. Tribocorrosion has been one of the research hotspots in the field of tribology in recent years, and it is one of the essential factors affecting the application of passivated metal in corrosive environments. In this work, the characteristics of the marine and human environments and their critical tribological problems are analyzed, and the research connotation of tribocorrosion of titanium alloy is expounded. The research status of surface protection technology for titanium alloy in marine and biological environments is reviewed, and the development direction and trends in surface engineering of titanium alloy are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Nuclear Equipment and Nuclear Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Zelong Zhou
- School of Nuclear Equipment and Nuclear Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Yongyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abramovskis V, Drunka R, Csáki Š, Lukáč F, Veverka J, Illkova K, Gavrilovs P, Shishkin A. Preparation and Characteristics of High-Performance, Low-Density Metallo-Ceramics Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7523. [PMID: 38138669 PMCID: PMC10744984 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
By applying the physical vapour deposition method, hollow ceramic microspheres were coated with titanium, and subsequently, they were sintered using the spark plasma sintering technique to create a porous ceramic material that is lightweight and devoid of a matrix. The sintering process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 1050 to 1200 °C, with a holding time of 2 min. The samples were subjected to conventional thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, dilatometry), oxidation resistance tests, and thermal diffusivity measurements. Phase analysis of the samples was performed using the XRD and the microstructure of the prepared specimens was examined using electron microscopy. The titanium coating on the microspheres increased the compressive strength and density of the resulting ceramic material as the sintering temperature increased. The morphology of the samples was carefully examined, and phase transitions were also identified during the analysis of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Abramovskis
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, K-3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Reinis Drunka
- Institute of Materials and Surface Technologies, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena iela 7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Štefan Csáki
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Horticultural Machinery, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická 337, 691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - František Lukáč
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (J.V.); (K.I.)
| | - Jakub Veverka
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (J.V.); (K.I.)
| | - Ksenia Illkova
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (J.V.); (K.I.)
| | - Pavels Gavrilovs
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, K-3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Andrei Shishkin
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, K-3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
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Vorobyova M, Biffoli F, Giurlani W, Martinuzzi SM, Linser M, Caneschi A, Innocenti M. PVD for Decorative Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4919. [PMID: 37512195 PMCID: PMC10381906 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a widely utilized process in various industrial applications, serving as a protective and hard coating. However, its presence in fields like fashion has only recently emerged, as electroplating processes had previously dominated this reality. The future looks toward the replacement of the most hazardous and toxic electrochemical processes, especially those involving Cr(VI) and cyanide galvanic baths, which have been restricted by the European Union. Unfortunately, a complete substitution with PVD coatings is not feasible. Currently, the combination of both techniques is employed to achieve new aesthetic features, including a broader color range and diverse textures, rendering de facto PVD of primary interest for the decorative field and the fashion industry. This review aims to outline the guidelines for decorative industries regarding PVD processes and emphasize the recent advancements, quality control procedures, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Vorobyova
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Biffoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Mauro Martinuzzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Caneschi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CNR-ICOMM, Insititute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Krella AK. Degradation and Protection of Materials from Cavitation Erosion: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2058. [PMID: 36903173 PMCID: PMC10003977 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenomena of cavitation and cavitation erosion affect hydraulic machines, increasing their maintenance costs. Both these phenomena and also the methods of preventing the destruction of materials are presented. The compressive stress in the surface layer created from the implosion of cavitation bubbles depends on the aggressiveness of the cavitation, which in turn depends on the test device and test conditions, and also affects the erosion rate. Comparing the erosion rates of different materials tested using different tests devices, the correlation with material hardness was confirmed. However, no one simple correlation was obtained but rather several were achieved. This indicates that in addition to hardness, cavitation erosion resistance is also affected by other properties, such as ductility, fatigue strength and fracture toughness. Various methods such as plasma nitriding, shot peening, deep rolling and coating deposition used to increase resistance to cavitation erosion by increasing the hardness of the material surface are presented. It is shown that the improvement depends on the substrate, coating material and test conditions, but even using the same materials and test conditions large differences in the improvement can be sometimes gained. Moreover, sometimes a slight change in the manufacturing conditions of the protective layer or coating component can even contribute to a deterioration in resistance compared with the untreated material. Plasma nitriding can improve resistance by even 20 times, but in most cases, the improvement was about two-fold. Shot peening or friction stir processing can improve erosion resistance up to five times. However, such treatment introduces compressive stresses into the surface layer, which reduces corrosion resistance. Testing in a 3.5% NaCl solution showed a deterioration of resistance. Other effective treatments were laser treatment (an improvement from 1.15 times to about 7 times), the deposition of PVD coatings (an improvement of up to 40 times) and HVOF coatings or HVAF coatings (an improvement of up to 6.5 times). It is shown that the ratio of the coating hardness to the hardness of the substrate is also very important, and for a value greater than the threshold value, the improvement in resistance decreases. A thick, hard and brittle coating or alloyed layer may impair the resistance compared to the untreated substrate material.
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Chang WH, Cai HC, Xue YJ, Lei XQ, Li H. Effects of Deposition Pressure on the Microstructural and Tribological Properties of CrAgCeN Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1141. [PMID: 36770154 PMCID: PMC9921928 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of deposition pressure on the microstructure and tribological properties of CrAgCeN coatings synthesized via unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The CrAgCeN coatings presented a face-centered cubic structure. As the deposition pressure increased, the surface grain topography of the CrAgCeN coatings transformed from a looser pyramidal structure to a denser structure, while their hardness H and elastic modulus E first increased and then decreased. The strengthening effect was mainly attributable to Ag and Ce elements. Conversely, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rates of the coatings reduced and then increased. Under 0.6-Pa deposition pressure, the COF and wear rate of the CrAgCeN coating were minimized (0.391 and 3.2 × 10-7 mm3/(N·m), respectively) while the H and E were maximized (14.2 and 206.2 GPa, respectively). The values of hardness, wear resistance, resistance of elastic strain to failure (H/E) and resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2) were improved for the coatings by Ce. The wear mechanisms were adhesion and delamination. The wear mechanisms were adhesion and delamination. Selecting the appropriate deposition pressure can improve the tribological properties of the CrAgCeN coatings. The received results of research in this study allow us to establish a rational coating composition for deposition on tools providing an increase in machining efficiency of the materials used in engineering. CrAgCeN coating with excellent properties may be applied to steel substrate through the combined action of corrosion, high temperature and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hang Chang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Machinery Design and Transmission System, Luoyang 471003, China
- Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473004, China
| | - Hai-chao Cai
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yu-jun Xue
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Machinery Design and Transmission System, Luoyang 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aviation Precision Bearing, Luoyang LYC Bearing Corporation, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xian-qing Lei
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Machinery Design and Transmission System, Luoyang 471003, China
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Harish V, Ansari MM, Tewari D, Gaur M, Yadav AB, García-Betancourt ML, Abdel-Haleem FM, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Synthesis and Controlled Growth Methods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183226. [PMID: 36145012 PMCID: PMC9503496 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0-3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vancha Harish
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Md Mustafiz Ansari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Manish Gaur
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Yadav
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Center for Hazards Mitigation, Environmental Studies and Research (CHMESR), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
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Romani A, Tralli P, Levi M, Turri S, Suriano R. Metallization of Recycled Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Processed by UV-Assisted 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6242. [PMID: 36143554 PMCID: PMC9500989 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An ever-growing amount of composite waste will be generated in the upcoming years. New circular strategies based on 3D printing technologies are emerging as potential solutions although 3D-printed products made of recycled composites may require post-processing. Metallization represents a viable way to foster their exploitation for new applications. This paper shows the use of physical vapor deposition sputtering for the metallization of recycled glass fiber-reinforced polymers processed by UV-assisted 3D printing. Different batches of 3D-printed samples were produced, post-processed, and coated with a chromium metallization layer to compare the results before and after the metallization process and to evaluate the quality of the finishing from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. The analysis was conducted by measuring the surface gloss and roughness, analyzing the coating morphology and thickness through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the cross-sections, and assessing its adhesion with cross-cut tests. The metallization was successfully performed on the different 3D-printed samples, achieving a good homogeneity of the coating surface. Despite the influence of the staircase effect, these results may foster the investigation of new fields of application, as well as the use of different polymer-based composites from end-of-life products, i.e., carbon fiber-reinforced polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Romani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, Via Durando 10, 20158 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tralli
- Divisione Green Coat, Novellini S.p.a., Strada Romana Nord, 1, 46027 San Benedetto Po, Italy
| | - Marinella Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Suriano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kovalev AI, Vakhrushev VO, Beake BD, Konovalov EP, Wainstein DL, Dmitrievskii SA, Fox-Rabinovich GS, Veldhuis S. Damage Accumulation Phenomena in Multilayer (TiAlCrSiY)N/(TiAlCr)N, Monolayer (TiAlCrSiY)N Coatings and Silicon upon Deformation by Cyclic Nanoindentation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081312. [PMID: 35458020 PMCID: PMC9026849 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The micromechanism of the low-cycle fatigue of mono- and multilayer PVD coatings on cutting tools was investigated. Multilayer nanolaminate (TiAlCrSiY)N/(TiAlCr)N and monolayer (TiAlCrSiY)N PVD coatings were deposited on the cemented carbide ball nose end mills. Low-cycle fatigue resistance was studied using the cyclic nanoindentation technique. The obtained results were compared with the behaviour of the polycrystalline silicon reference sample. The fractal analysis of time-resolved curves for indenter penetration depth demonstrated regularities of damage accumulation in the coatings at the early stage of wear. The difference in low-cycle fatigue of the brittle silicon and nitride wear-resistant coatings is shown. It is demonstrated that when distinguished from the single layer (TiAlCrSiY)N coating, the nucleation and growth of microcracks in the multilayer (TiAlCrSiY)N/(TiAlCr)N coating is accompanied by acts of microplastic deformation providing a higher fracture toughness of the multilayer nanolaminate (TiAlCrSiY)N/(TiAlCr)N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly I. Kovalev
- State Scientific Centre, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 23/9 bdg, 2, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.V.); (E.P.K.); (D.L.W.); (S.A.D.)
- Surface Phenomena Researches Group, LLC, Staropimenovsky Lane, 6, bdg. 1, off. 4, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-777-94-10
| | - Vladimir O. Vakhrushev
- State Scientific Centre, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 23/9 bdg, 2, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.V.); (E.P.K.); (D.L.W.); (S.A.D.)
- Surface Phenomena Researches Group, LLC, Staropimenovsky Lane, 6, bdg. 1, off. 4, 127006 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ben D. Beake
- Micro Materials Ltd., Willow House, Yale Business Village, Ellice Way, Wrexham LL13 7YL, UK;
| | - Egor P. Konovalov
- State Scientific Centre, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 23/9 bdg, 2, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.V.); (E.P.K.); (D.L.W.); (S.A.D.)
- Surface Phenomena Researches Group, LLC, Staropimenovsky Lane, 6, bdg. 1, off. 4, 127006 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry L. Wainstein
- State Scientific Centre, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 23/9 bdg, 2, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.V.); (E.P.K.); (D.L.W.); (S.A.D.)
- Surface Phenomena Researches Group, LLC, Staropimenovsky Lane, 6, bdg. 1, off. 4, 127006 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Dmitrievskii
- State Scientific Centre, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 23/9 bdg, 2, Radio Str., 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.V.); (E.P.K.); (D.L.W.); (S.A.D.)
| | - German S. Fox-Rabinovich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (JHE-316), McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; (G.S.F.-R.); (S.V.)
| | - Stephen Veldhuis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (JHE-316), McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; (G.S.F.-R.); (S.V.)
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A Comparative Research on Corrosion Behavior of Electroplated and Magnetron Sputtered Chromium Coatings. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromium deposits rank among the most widespread metal coatings for functional and decorative purposes. However, electrodeposition from Cr(VI) aqueous solution, which is the industrial process currently used to achieve thin chromium deposits, presents several environmental issues, urging the development of alternative solutions. In this study, which aims to compare the functional and aesthetical properties of decorative coatings, 800 nm thick chromium layers were deposited directly onto copper substrates by means of magnetron sputtering (MS) and direct current electrodeposition (ED). The obtained coatings were characterized regarding their thickness, morphology, color index, chemical composition, and corrosion resistance viewpoints. With respect to the electroplated samples, which constitute the benchmark, the magnetron sputtered ones appeared to be darker but showed a pleasing reflective appearance and superior thickness homogeneity, as well as the absence of voids and macrocracks, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation. Regarding the anticorrosion performances of the chromium layers, electrochemical and standard salt spray test (NSS test) were carried out at room temperature in 3.5% NaCl solution, and evidenced similar, if not better, results for the magnetron sputtered coatings. On the whole, the data displayed here demonstrates the suitability of magnetron sputtering technology for use as an industrially feasible finishing technology for both aesthetic and mild-condition anticorrosion purposes.
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Beltrami M, Zilio SD, Kapun G, Ciubotaru CD, Rigoni F, Lazzarino M, Sbaizero O. Surface roughness control in nanolaminate coatings of chromium and tungsten nitrides. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhai W, Bai L, Zhou R, Fan X, Kang G, Liu Y, Zhou K. Recent Progress on Wear-Resistant Materials: Designs, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2003739. [PMID: 34105292 PMCID: PMC8188226 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There has been tremendous interest in the development of different innovative wear-resistant materials, which can help to reduce energy losses resulted from friction and wear by ≈40% over the next 10-15 years. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress on designs, properties, and applications of wear-resistant materials, starting with an introduction of various advanced technologies for the fabrication of wear-resistant materials and anti-wear structures with their wear mechanisms. Typical strategies of surface engineering and matrix strengthening for the development of wear-resistant materials are then analyzed, focusing on the development of coatings, surface texturing, surface hardening, architecture, and the exploration of matrix compositions, microstructures, and reinforcements. Afterward, the relationship between the wear resistance of a material and its intrinsic properties including hardness, stiffness, strength, and cyclic plasticity is discussed with underlying mechanisms, such as the lattice distortion effect, bonding strength effect, grain size effect, precipitation effect, grain boundary effect, dislocation or twinning effect. A wide range of fundamental applications, specifically in aerospace components, automobile parts, wind turbines, micro-/nano-electromechanical systems, atomic force microscopes, and biomedical devices are highlighted. This review is concluded with prospects on challenges and future directions in this critical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology1037 Luoyu RoadWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Lichun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on TrackMinistry of EducationSchool of Traffic and Transportation EngineeringCentral South University22 South Shaoshan RoadChangsha410075P. R. China
| | - Runhua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South University932 Yuelushan South RoadChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Xueling Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical StructuresSchool of Aerospace EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong University28 Xianning WestXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guozheng Kang
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSchool of Mechanics and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University111 Second Ring RoadChengdu610031P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South University932 Yuelushan South RoadChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Environmental Process Modelling CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research InstituteNanyang Technological University1 CleanTech LoopSingapore637141Singapore
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Mortalò C, Deambrosis SM, Montagner F, Zin V, Fabrizio M, Pasquali L, Capelli R, Montecchi M, Miorin E. Production Strategies of TiN x Coatings via Reactive High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering for Selective H 2 Separation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050360. [PMID: 34063392 PMCID: PMC8156242 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This scientific work aims to optimize the preparation of titanium nitride coatings for selective H2 separation using the Reactive High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering technology (RHiPIMS). Currently, nitride-based thin films are considered promising membranes for hydrogen. The first series of TiNx/Si test samples were developed while changing the reactive gas percentage (N2%) during the process. Obtained coatings were extensively characterized in terms of morphology, composition, and microstructure. A 500 nm thick, dense TiNx coating was then deposited on a porous alumina substrate and widely investigated. Moreover, the as-prepared TiNx films were heat-treated in an atmosphere containing hydrogen in order to prove their chemical and structural stability; which revealed to be promising. This study highlighted how the RHiPIMS method permits fine control of the grown layer's stoichiometry and microstructure. Moreover, it pointed out the need for a protective layer to prevent surface oxidation of the nitride membrane by air and the necessity to deepen the study of TiNx/alumina interface in order to improve film/substrate adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mortalò
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Silvia Maria Deambrosis
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-892-5871
| | - Francesco Montagner
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Valentina Zin
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Monica Fabrizio
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Engineering ICT and Technologies for Energy and Transportation Department, Piazzale A, Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria E. Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (R.C.); (M.M.)
- IOM-CNR, s.s. 14, Km. 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Raffaella Capelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria E. Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (R.C.); (M.M.)
- IOM-CNR, s.s. 14, Km. 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Monica Montecchi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria E. Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (R.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Enrico Miorin
- National Research Council of Italy—CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy—ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (F.M.); (V.Z.); (M.F.); (E.M.)
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