Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Germination of Hordéum Vulgáre Barley Seeds

Selenium Nanoparticles as Neuroprotective Agents: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Parkinson's Disease Treatment

Oxidative stress and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain are the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several nanoparticles have been used as therapeutics for PD. Despite their therapeutic potential, these nanoparticles induce multiple stresses upon entry. Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient in the human body, helps in DNA formation, stress control, and cell protection from damage and infections. It can also regulate thyroid hormone metabolism, reduce brain damage, boost immunity, and promote reproductive health. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs), a bioactive substance, have been employed as treatments in several disciplines, particularly as antioxidants. Se-NP, whether functionalized or not, can protect mitochondria by enhancing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in the brain. They can also promote dopamine synthesis. By inhibiting the aggregation of tau, α-synuclein, and/or Aβ, they can reduce the cellular toxicities. The ability of the blood-brain barrier to absorb Se-NPs which maintain a healthy microenvironment is essential for brain homeostasis. This review focuses on stress-induced neurodegeneration and its critical control using Se-NP. Due to its ability to inhibit cellular stress and the pathophysiologies of PD, Se-NP is a promising neuroprotector with its anti-inflammatory, non-toxic, and antimicrobial properties.

The potent effect of selenium nanoparticles: insight into the antifungal activity and preservation of postharvest strawberries from gray mold diseases

BACKGROUND

Most microorganisms that cause food decay and the lower the shelf life of foods are fungi. Nanotechnologies can combat various diseases and deal with the application of nanomaterial to target cells or tissues. In this study selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were synthesized using ascorbic acid and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and zeta potential. The different concentrations of As/Se-NPs were tested against various fungi, including Alternaria linicola, Alternaria padwickii, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sp., Cephalosporium acremonium, Fusarium moniliform and Fusarium semitectum. This study tested the influence of coated As/Se-NPs on healthy strawberry fruits and those infected with Botrytis cinerea during 16 days of storage, with regard to shelf life, decay percentage, weight loss, total titratable acidity percentage, total soluble solids content (TSS) and anthocyanin content.

RESULTS

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed only two elements: selenium and oxygen. TEM images showed that the nanoparticles ranged in size between 26 to 39 nm and were rhombohedral in shape. Se-NPs showed antifungal activity against all tested fungi, the most effective being against Botrytis cinerea, Cephalosporium acremonium and Fusarium semitectum. During storage periods of strawberries fruits coated with As/Se-NPs, the shelf life was increased, and the number of decaying fruits was less than in control (uncoated) and coated infected fruits. The decline in weight loss was lower in coated fruits than in control fruits.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that As/Se-NPs could effectively maintain the postharvest quality of strawberries, even when the fruit was infected with B. cinerea. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Selenium - An environmentally friendly micronutrient in agroecosystem in the modern era: An overview of 50-year findings

Agricultural productivity is constantly being forced to maintain yield stability to feed the enormously growing world population. However, shrinking arable and nutrient-deprived soil and abiotic and biotic stressor (s) in different magnitudes put additional challenges to achieving global food security. Though well-defined, the concept of macro, micronutrients, and beneficial elements is from a plant nutritional perspective. Among various micronutrients, selenium (Se) is essential in small amounts for the life cycle of organisms, including crops. Selenium has the potential to improve soil health, leading to the improvement of productivity and crop quality. However, Se possesses an immense encouraging phenomenon when supplied within the threshold limit, also having wide variations. The supplementation of Se has exhibited promising outcomes in lessening biotic and abiotic stress in various crops. Besides, bulk form, nano-Se, and biogenic-Se also revealed some merits and limitations. Literature suggests that the possibilities of biogenic-Se in stress alleviation and fortifying foods are encouraging. In this article, apart from adopting a combination of a conventional extensive review of the literature and bibliometric analysis, the authors have assessed the journey of Se in the "soil to spoon" perspective in a diverse agroecosystem to highlight the research gap area. There is no doubt that the time has come to seriously consider the tag of beneficial elements associated with Se, especially in the drastic global climate change era.

Harnessing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for enhancing growth and germination, and mitigating oxidative stress in Pisum sativum L

Selenium, an essential micronutrient for plants and animals, can cause selenium toxicity as an oxyanion or at elevated doses. However, the toxic selenite (SeO32-) oxyanion, can be converted into less harmful elemental nano-selenium (Se0), with various practical applications. This research aimed to investigate two methods for reducing SeO32-: abiotic reduction using cell-free extract from Enterococcus spp. (abiotic-SeNPs) and chemical reduction involving L-ascorbic acid (chemical-SeNPs). Analysis with XPS confirmed the presence of Se0, while FTIR analysis identified surface functional groups on all SeNPs. The study evaluated the effects of SeO32-, abiotic-SeNPs, and chemical-SeNPs at different concentrations on the growth and germination of Pisum sativum L. seeds. SeO32- demonstrated detrimental effects on germination at concentrations of 1 ppm (germination index (GI) = 0.3). Conversely, both abiotic- and chemical-SeNPs had positive impacts on germination, with GI > 120 at 10 ppm. Through the DPPH assay, it was discovered that SeNPs exhibited superior antioxidant capabilities at 80 ppm, achieving over 70% inhibition, compared to SeO32- (less than 20% inhibition), therefore evidencing significant antioxidant properties. This demonstrates that SeNPs have the potential to be utilized as an agricultural fertilizer additive, benefiting seedling germination and development, while also protecting against oxidative stress.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Insecticidal Properties and Their Impact on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have demonstrated significant potential in a variety of disciplines, making them an extremely desirable subject of research. This study investigated the anticancer and antibacterial properties of my-co-fabricated selenium SeNPs, as well as their effects on soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, seedling growth, cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) combat, and plant pathogenic fungi inhibition. SeNPs showed anticancer activity with an IC50 value of 1.95 µg/mL against MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. The myco-synthesized SeNPs exhibited an antibacterial effect against Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae at 20 mg/mL. The use of 1 µM SeNPs improved soybean seed germination (93%), germination energy (76.5%), germination rate (19.0), and mean germination time (4.3 days). At 0.5 and 1.0 µM SeNPs, the growth parameters of seedlings improved. SeNPs increased the 4th instar larval mortality of cotton leafworm compared to control, with a median lethal concentration of 23.08 mg/mL. They inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani. These findings demonstrate that biogenic SeNPs represent a promising approach to achieving sustainable progress in the fields of agriculture, cancer therapy, and infection control.

Exploring the Effects of Selenium and Brassinosteroids on Photosynthesis and Protein Expression Patterns in Tomato Plants under Low Temperatures

This study aimed to assess the effects of low-temperature stress on two tomato cultivars (S-22 and PKM-1) treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and selenium (Se) by determining the changes in the proteomics profiles, growth biomarkers, biochemical parameters, and physiological functions. The growth parameters, photosynthetic traits, and activity of nitrate reductase in the S-22 and PKM-1 plants were markedly reduced by exposure to low temperatures. However, the combined application of EBL and Se under different modes significantly enhanced the aforementioned parameters under stress and non-stress conditions. Exposure to low temperatures increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) and the proline content of leaves, which were further enhanced by treatment with Se and EBL in both varieties. This research sheds light on the potential for employing exogenous EBL and Se as crucial biochemical tactics to assist tomato plants in surviving low-temperature stress. Moreover, the differentially expressed proteins that were involved in plant metabolism following the combined application of EBL and Se under low-temperature stress were additionally identified. Functional analysis revealed that the Q54YH4 protein plays an active role against plant stressors. The conserved regions in the protein sequences were analyzed for assessing the reliability of plant responses against the external application of EBL and Se under low temperatures.

Selenium-Containing Organic Fertilizer Application Affects Yield, Quality, and Distribution of Selenium in Wheat

This study was designed to investigate the effect on wheat yield of applying organic fertilizers (OF) with five different selenium (Se) concentrations. The mineral nutrients, cadmium (Cd) content, and the distribution of Se in wheat plants were also measured. The results showed that wheat yields reached a maximum of 9979.78 kg ha-1 in Mengcheng (MC) County and 8868.97 kg ha-1 in Dingyuan (DY) County, Anhui Province, China when the application amount of selenium-containing organic fertilizer (SOF) was up to 600 kg ha-1. Among the six mineral nutrients measured, only the calcium (Ca) content of the grains significantly increased with an increase in the application amount of SOF in the two regions under study. Cd content showed antagonistic effects with the Se content of wheat grains, and when the SOF was applied at 1200 kg ha-1, the Cd content of the grains was significantly reduced by 30.1% in MC and 67.3% in DY, compared with under the Se0 treatment. After application of SOF, the Se content of different parts of the wheat plant ranked root > grain > spike-stalk > glume > leaf > stem. In summary, SOF application at a suitable concentration could increase wheat yields and significantly promote the Ca content of the grains. Meanwhile, the addition of Se effectively inhibited the level of toxic Cd in the wheat grains.

Humic acid chelated selenium is suitable for wheat biofortification

BACKGROUND

Selenium rich bread is a good carrier of selenium, but the inorganic selenium used in the actual production process is toxic. It is necessary to develop a new green bread production technology. The extraction and utilization of humic acid chelated selenium from selenium-rich soil is beneficial for reducing resource waste and pollution without destroying the soil ecosystem in selenium-deficient areas. Sodium selenite and nanoselenium were selected as controls because they are commonly used as selenium agronomic enhancers in production.

RESULTS

Humic acid chelated selenium can be absorbed and accumulated by wheat leaves, and humic acid chelated selenium had no significant effect on wheat yield, which was also shown in the treatments with nanoselenium and sodium selenite. Excessive accumulation of selenium in wheat grains can lead to a deterioration of processing quality. Among them, the use of excessive nanoselenium at the filling stage inhibited the accumulation of wheat grain protein, whereas humic acid chelated selenium is beneficial to grain protein accumulation and has the least negative effect on the processing quality. The accumulation of excessive selenium in wheat seeds had a negative effect on seed germination and growth; specifically, the seed vigor of wheat treated with humic acid chelated selenium was higher than that of untreated wheat.

CONCLUSION

Humic acid chelated selenium is particularly suitable for the whole process of Se-enriched bread wheat production. The seed vigour of wheat treated with humic acid chelated selenium, which supplied a moderate amount of selenium, was higher than that of untreated wheat. Conversely, the accumulation of excessive selenium in wheat seeds reduced germination and seedling growth. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synergistic Impacts of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Selenium Nanoparticles on Improving the Nutritional Value and Biological Activities of Three Cultivars of Brassica Sprouts

Due to the growing world population and increasing environmental stress, improving the production, nutritional quality, and pharmaceutical applications of plants have become an urgent need. Therefore, current research was designed to investigate the impact of seed priming using plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) along with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) treatment on chemical and biological properties of three Brassica oleracea cultivars [Southern star (VA1), Prominence (VA2), Monotop (VA3)]. With this aim, one out of five morphologically different strains of bacteria, namely, JM18, which was further identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing as a Nocardiopsis species with strong plant-growth-promoting traits, isolated from soil, was used. To explore the growth-promoting potential of Nocardiopsis species, seeds of three varieties of B. oleracea were primed with JM18 individually or in combination with SeNP treatment. Seed treatments increased sprout growth (fresh and dry weights) and glucosinolate accumulation. The activity of myrosinase was significantly increased through brassica sprouts and consequently enhanced the amino-acid-derived glucosinolate induction. Notably, a reduction in effective sulforaphane nitrile was detected, being positively correlated with a decrease in epithiospecifier protein (EP). Consequently, the antioxidant activities of VA2 and VA3, determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, were increased by 74 and 79%, respectively. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of JM18-treated cultivars were improved. However, a decrease was observed in SeNP- and JM18 + SeNP-treated VA2 and VA3 against Serratia marcescens and Candida glabrata and VA1 against S. marcescens. In conclusion, seed priming with the JM18 extract is a promising method to enhance the health-promoting activities of B. oleracea sprouts.

Opportunities for the use of selenium nanoparticles in agriculture

Due to the growing number of the world's population, there is an urgent need for high-quality food to meet global food security. Traditional fertilizers and pesticides face the problems of low utilization efficiency and possible hazards to non-target organisms. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals and humans. As a result, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) have aroused intense interest and found opportunities in agricultural use. Herein, we summarized representative studies on the potential application of SeNPs in agriculture, including mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, promoting seed germination and plant growth, and improving Se contents and nutritional values in crops, and the underlying mechanisms were also discussed. Finally, future directions are highlighted to get a deep insight into this field.

Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The aim of this research was to study the effect of Mn_xO_y nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine on the morphofunctional characteristics of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. Mn_xO_y nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine were synthesized using potassium permanganate and L-methionine. We established that Mn_xO_y nanoparticles have a diameter of 15 to 30 nm. According to quantum chemical modeling and IR spectroscopy, it is shown that the interaction of Mn_xO_y nanoparticles with L-methionine occurs through the amino group. It is found that Mn_xO_y nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine have positive effects on the roots and seedling length, as well as the seed germination energy. The effect of Mn_xO_y nanoparticles on Hordeum vulgare L. seeds is nonlinear. At a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, there was a statistically significant increase in the length of seedlings by 68% compared to the control group. We found that the root lengths of samples treated with Mn_xO_y nanoparticle sols with a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL were 62.8%, 32.7%, and 158.9% higher compared to samples treated with L-methionine, KMnO₄, and the control sample, respectively. We have shown that at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, the germination energy of seeds increases by 50.0% compared to the control sample, by 10.0% compared to the samples treated with L-methionine, and by 13.8% compared to the samples treated with KMnO₄.

Effect of selenium nanoparticles on biological and morphofunctional parameters of barley seeds (Hordéum vulgáre L.)

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) on the biological and morphofunctional parameters of barley seeds (Hordéum vulgáre L.) We used seeds of Hordéum vulgáre L. with reduced morphofunctional characteristics. For the experiment, Se NPs were synthesized and stabilized with didecyldimethylammonium chloride. It was found that Se NPs have a spherical shape and a diameter of about 50 nm. According to dynamic light scattering data, the average hydrodynamic radius of the particles was 28 ± 8 nm. It is observed that the nanoparticles have a positive ζ-potential (+ 27.3 mV). For the experiment, we treated Hordéum vulgáre L. seeds with Se NPs (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). The experiment showed that treatment of Hordéum vulgáre L. seeds with Se NPs has the best effect on the length of roots and sprout at concentration of 5 mg/L and on the number and thickness of roots at 10 mg/L. Germinability and germination energy of Hordéum vulgáre L. seeds were higher in group treated with 5 mg/L Se NPs. Analysis of macrophotographs of samples, histological sections of roots and 3D visualization of seeds by microcomputing tomography confirmed the best effect at 5 mg/L Se NPs. Moreover, no local destructions were detected at concentrations > 5 mg/L, which is most likely due to the inhibition of regulatory and catalytic processes in the germinating seeds. the treatment of Hordéum vulgáre L. seeds with > 5 mg/L Se NPs caused significant stress, coupled with intensive formation of reactive oxygen species, leading to a reorientation of root system growth towards thickening. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that Se NPs at concentrations > 5 mg/L had a toxic effect. The treatment of barley seeds with 5% Se NPs showed maximum efficiency in the experiment, which allows us to further consider Se NPs as a stimulator for the growth and development of crop seeds under stress and reduced morphofunctional characteristics.

The role of selenium and nano selenium on physiological responses in plant: a review

Selenium (Se), being an essential micronutrient, enhances plant growth and development in trace amounts. It also protects plants against different abiotic stresses by acting as an antioxidant or stimulator in a dose-dependent manner. Knowledge of Se uptake, translocation, and accumulation is crucial to achieving the inclusive benefits of Se in plants. Therefore, this review discusses the absorption, translocation, and signaling of Se in plants as well as proteomic and genomic investigations of Se shortage and toxicity. Furthermore, the physiological responses to Se in plants and its ability to mitigate abiotic stress have been included. In this golden age of nanotechnology, scientists are interested in nanostructured materials due to their advantages over bulk ones. Thus, the synthesis of nano-Se or Se nanoparticles (SeNP) and its impact on plants have been studied, highlighting the essential functions of Se NP in plant physiology. In this review, we survey the research literature from the perspective of the role of Se in plant metabolism. We also highlight the outstanding aspects of Se NP that enlighten the knowledge and importance of Se in the plant system.

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Potential risk assessment and toxicological impacts of nano/micro-plastics on human health through food products

The problem of environmental pollution with plastic is becoming more and more acute every year. Due to the low rate of decomposition of plastic, its particles get into food and harm the human body. This chapter focuses on the potential risks and toxicological effects of both nano and microplastics on human health. The main places of distribution of various toxicants along with the food chain have been established. The effects of some examples of the main sources of micro/nanoplastics on the human body are also emphasised. The processes of entry and accumulation of micro/nanoplastics are described, and the mechanism of accumulation that occurs inside the body is briefly explained. Potential toxic effects reported from studies on various organisms are highlighted as well.

A Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress Tolerance

Selenium (Se) is a microelement that plays an important nutrient role by influencing various physiological and biochemical traits in plants. It has been shown to stimulate plant metabolism, enhancing secondary metabolites and lowering abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Globally, the enormous applications of nanotechnology in the food and agricultural sectors have vastly expanded. Nanoselenium is more active than bulk materials, and various routes of synthesis of Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been reported in which green synthesis using plants is more attractive due to a reduction in ecological issues and an increase in biological activities. The Se-NP-based biofortification is more significant because it increases plant stress tolerance and positively impacts their metabolism. Se-NPs can enhance plant resistance to various oxidative stresses, promote growth, enhance soil nutrient status, enhance plant antioxidant levels, and participate in the transpiration process. Additionally, they use a readily available, biodegradable reducing agent and are ecologically friendly. This review concentrates on notable information on the different modes of Se-NPs' synthesis and characterization, their applications in plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance, and their influence on the metabolic process.

Investigation of the Effect of Dispersion Medium Parameters on the Aggregative Stability of Selenium Nanoparticles Stabilized with Catamine AB

This article presents the results of the synthesis of Se NPs stabilized by a quaternary ammonium compound-catamine AB. Se NPs were obtained by chemical reduction in an aqueous medium. In the first stage of this study, the method of synthesis of Se NPs was optimized by a multifactorial experiment. The radius of the obtained samples was studied by dynamic light scattering, and the electrokinetic potential was studied using acoustic and electroacoustic spectrometry. Subsequently, the samples were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the analysis of the data showed that a bimodal distribution is observed in negatively charged particles, where one fraction is represented by spheres with a diameter of 45 nm, and the second by 1 to 10 nm. In turn, positive Se NPs have a diameter of about 70 nm. In the next stage, the influence of the active acidity of the medium on the stability of Se NPs was studied. An analysis of the obtained data showed that both sols of Se NPs exhibit aggregative stability in the pH range from 2 to 6, while an increase in pH to an alkaline medium is accompanied by a loss of particle stability. Next, we studied the effect of ionic strength on the aggregative stability of Se NPs sols. It was found that negatively charged ions have a significant effect on the particle size of the positive sol of Se NPs, while the particle size of the negative sol is affected by positively charged ions.

Evaluation of Selenium Nanoparticles in Inducing Disease Resistance against Spot Blotch Disease and Promoting Growth in Wheat under Biotic Stress

In the present study, SeNPs were synthesized using Melia azedarach leaf extracts and investigated for growth promotion in wheat under the biotic stress of spot blotch disease. The phytosynthesized SeNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of phytosynthesized SeNPs (i.e., 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, and 300 μg/mL) was evaluated using the well diffusion method, which reported that 300 μg/mL showed maximum fungus growth inhibition. For in vivo study, different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) of SeNPs were applied exogenously to evaluate the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters under control conditions and determine when infection was induced. Among all treatments, 30 mg/L of SeNPs performed well and increased the plant height by 2.34% compared to the control and 30.7% more than fungus-inoculated wheat. Similarly, fresh plant weight and dry weight increased by 17.35% and 13.43% over the control and 20.34% and 52.48% over the fungus-treated wheat, respectively. In leaf surface area and root length, our findings were 50.11% and 10.37% higher than the control and 40% and 71% higher than diseased wheat, respectively. Plant physiological parameters i.e., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, were increased 14, 133, and 16.1 times over the control and 157, 253, and 42 times over the pathogen-inoculated wheat, respectively. Our findings regarding carotenoid content, relative water content, and the membrane stability index were 29-, 49-, and 81-fold higher than the control and 187-, 63-, and 48-fold higher than the negative control, respectively. In the case of plant biochemical parameters, proline, sugar, flavonoids, and phenolic contents were recorded at 6, 287, 11, and 34 times higher than the control and 32, 107, 33, and 4 times more than fungus-inoculated wheat, respectively. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized SeNPs as growth-promoting substances in wheat under the spot blotch stress and effective management strategy to inhibit fungal growth.

Synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine

In this work, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine were synthesized for the first time. It was observed that Se NPs synthesized in excess of selenic acid had a negative charge with ζ-potential of -21.86 mV, and in excess of cocamidopropyl betaine-a positive charge with ξ =  + 22.71 mV. The resulting Se NPs with positive and negative charges had a spherical shape with an average size of about 20-30 nm and 40-50 nm, respectively. According to the data of TEM, HAADF-TEM using EDS, IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling, positively charged selenium nanoparticles have a cocamidopropylbetaine shell while the potential- forming layer of negatively charged selenium nanoparticles is formed by SeO₃^2- ions. The influence of various ions on the sol stability of Se NPs showed that SO₄^2- and PO₄^3- ions had an effect on the positive Se NPs, and Ba²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions had an effect on negative Se NPs, which corresponded with the Schulze-Hardy rule. The mechanism of coagulating action of various ions on positive and negative Se NPs was also presented. Also, influence of the active acidity of the medium on the stability of Se NPs solutions was investigated. Positive and negative sols of Se NPs had high levels of stability in the considered range of active acidity of the medium in the range of 1.21-11.98. Stability of synthesized Se NPs stability has been confirmed in real system (liquid soap). An experiment with the addition of Se NPs stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine to liquid soap showed that the particles of dispersed phases retain their initial distributions, which revealed the stability of synthesized Se NPs.

Effect of Phytosynthesized Selenium and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against Stripe Rust Disease

In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) were synthesized by using the extract of Melia azedarach leaves, and Acorus calamusas rhizomes, respectively, and investigated for the biological and sustainable control of yellow, or stripe rust, disease in wheat. The green synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SeNPs and CeONPs, with different concentrations (i.e., 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L), were exogenously applied to wheat infected with Puccinia striformis. SeNPs and CeONPs, at a concentration of 30 mg/L, were found to be the most suitable concentrations, which reduced the disease severity and enhanced the morphological (plant height, root length, shoot length, leaf length, and ear length), physiological (chlorophyll and membrane stability index), biochemical (proline, phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidant (SOD and POD) parameters. The antioxidant activity of SeNPs and CeONPs was also measured. For this purpose, different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 ppm) of both SeNPs and CeONPs were used. The concentration of 400 ppm most promoted the DPPH, ABTS and reducing power activity of both SeNPs and CeONPs. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of green synthesized SeNPs and CeONPs to improve the health of yellow, or stripe rust, infected wheat plants and to provide an effective management strategy to inhibit the growth of Puccinia striformis.

Green Orange Peel-Mediated Bioinspired Synthesis of Nanoselenium and Its Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, green orange peel (GOP) was feasibly evidenced in preparing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Acting as reducing agents, polyphenolic compounds were extracted from GOP at the optimal extraction conditions (at 70 °C for 1.5 h, mass ratio of dried orange peel/distilled water of 5/100). The formation of SeNPs was observed at the wavelength range of 250-300 nm by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and their highest yield could be reached at the following conditions: volume ratio of extract/selenious acid solution (V _Ext/V _Se) of 40/10, synthesis duration of 4 h, selenious acid concentration (C _Se) of 80 mM, and reaction temperature of 120 °C. The highly crystalline structure of SeNPs in the hexagonal phase was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a lattice parameter of 4.3 Å; meanwhile, their spheres with an average crystal size of 18.3 nm were estimated by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The rationale of bioreducing agents extracted from green orange peel for the formation of SeNPs was also recognized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antibacterial investigation of the SeNP sample was assessed against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, typically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), by executing the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. The SeNP sample demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity with an average diameter of inhibition zones of 20.0 ± 0.7 mm and an MIC of 4.94 μg/L. A comparison of the physicochemical properties of SeNPs synthesized from GOP extract by the hydrothermal method with SeNP products from other green reducing agents and other methods as well as its antibacterial activity compared with other nanoparticles and some antibiotics was conducted to highlight the superiority of GOP-mediated green-synthesized SeNPs.

Development of a scientific concept of industrial storage systems for environmentally safe apples

The research project has developed and justified the storage modes of apples in a modified gas environment by creating an isolated "closed loop" of high-pressure polyethylene; the expediency of creating highly efficient technologies for storing fresh fruits in a controlled atmosphere, in bioactive bactericidal packages and by creating microfilm on the surface of fruits has been confirmed. The prospects of using a progressive method of storing fruits in a modified gas atmosphere by creating an isolated "closed circuit" in a separate refrigerating chamber without using expensive equipment (in normal and subnormal gas environments) are proved. New technologies have been developed for storing apple fruits susceptible to infectious and physiological diseases based on improved storage methods with minimal losses. The consumption rates of Phytosporin-M for the surface treatment of fruits were determined and optimized to control the intensity of biochemical and microbiological processes during storage. The modes and technologies of post-harvest fruit processing with the Phytosporin-M biopreparation have been substantiated.

Exopolymer-Functionalized Nanoselenium from Bacillus subtilis SR41: Characterization, Monosaccharide Analysis and Free Radical Scavenging Ability

To provide a safe and effective supplement of the essential trace element selenium, we focused on the biosynthesis of nanoselenium (SeNPs) via probiotics. A novel kind of exopolymer-functionalized nanoselenium (SeEPS), whose average size was 67.0 ± 0.6 nm, was produced by Bacillus subtilis SR41, whereas the control consisted of exopolymers without selenium (EPS). Chemical composition analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that SeEPS and EPS shared similar polysaccharide characteristic groups, such as COO- and C=O, and contained not only 45.2–45.4% of sugars but also 23.5–24.7% of proteins and some lipids. Both SeEPS and EPS were primarily composed of mannose, amino glucose, ribose, glucose and galactose. Furthermore, to identify the biologically active component of SeEPS, three kinds of selenium particles with different stabilizers [Se(0), bovine serum albumin-Se and EPS-Se] were synthesized chemically, and their ability to scavenge free radicals in vitro was compared with that of SeEPS and EPS. The results revealed that EPS itself exhibited weak superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities. Nevertheless, SeEPS had superior antioxidant properties compared to all other products, possibly due to the specific structure of SeNPs and exopolymers. Our results suggested that exopolymer-functionalized SeNPs with specific monosaccharide composition and structure could eventually find a potential application as an antioxidant.

New alternatives from sustainable sources to wheat in bakery foods: Science, technology, and challenges

Ongoing research in the food industry is striving to replace wheat flour with new alternatives from sustainable sources to overcome the disease burden in the existing population. Celiac disease, wheat allergy, gluten sensitivity, or non-celiac gluten sensitivity are some common disorders associated with gluten present in wheat. These scientific findings are crucial to finding appropriate alternatives in introducing new ingredients supporting the consumer's requirements. Among the alternatives, amaranth, barley, coconut, chestnut, maize, millet, teff, oat, rye, sorghum, soy, rice flour, and legumes could be considered appropriate due to their chemical composition, bioactive profile, and alternatives utilization in the baking industry. Furthermore, the enrichment of these alternatives with proper ingredients is considered effective. Literature demonstrated that the flours from these alternative sources significantly enhanced the physicochemical, pasting, and rheological properties of the doughs. These flours boost a significant reduction in gluten proteins associated with food intolerance, in comparison with wheat highlighting a visible market opportunity with nutritional and organoleptic benefits for food producers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: New alternatives from sustainable sources to wheat in bakery foods as an approach that affects human health. Alternatives from sustainable sources are important source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Alternatives from sustainable sources are rising due to nutritional and consumer demand in bakery industry. New alternatives from sustainable sources improve physicochemical, pasting, and rheological properties of dough. Non-wheat-based foods from non-traditional grains have a potential to increase consumer market acceptance.

Anti-Depressant Properties of Crocin Molecules in Saffron

Saffron is a valued herb, obtained from the stigmas of the C. sativus Linn (Iridaceae), with therapeutic effects. It has been described in pharmacopoeias to be variously acting, including as an anti-depressant, anti-carcinogen, and stimulant agent. The therapeutic effects of saffron are harbored in its bioactive molecules, notably crocins, the subject of this paper. Crocins have been demonstrated to act as a monoamine oxidase type A and B inhibitor. Furthermore, saffron petal extracts have experimentally been shown to impact contractile response in electrical field stimulation. Other research suggests that saffron also inhibits the reuptake of monoamines, exhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonism, and improves brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. A host of experimental studies found saffron/crocin to be similarly effective as fluoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression disorders. Saffron and crocins propose a natural solution to combat depressive disorders. However, some hurdles, such as stability and delivery, need to be overcome.

Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Chlorophytum Comosum (Green Type) (Thunb.) Jacq

Chlorophytum genus has been extensively studied due to its diverse biological activities. We evaluated the methanolic extract of leaves of Chlorophytum comosum (Green type) (Thunb.) Jacques, the species that is less studied compared to C. borivilianum. The aim was to identify phytoconstituents of the methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum and biological properties of its different fractions. Water fraction was analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Nineteen compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified in the methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum (Green type) (Thunb.) Jacques. In addition to several fatty acids, isoprenoid and steroid compounds were found among the most abundant constituents. One of the identified compounds, 4'-methylphenyl-1C-sulfonyl-β-d-galactoside, was not detected earlier in Chlorophytum extracts. The water fraction was toxic to HeLa cells but not to Vero cells. Our data demonstrate that methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum can be a valuable source of bioactive constituents. The water fraction of the extract exhibited promising antitumor potential based on a high ratio of HeLa vs. Vero cytotoxicity.

Optimization of the Technique for Obtaining Selenium Nanoparticles Stabilized with Cocamidopropyl Betaine

With the aim of optimizing the technique for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine, a multifactorial experiment with three input parameters and three levels of variation was carried out. The selenous acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, and ascorbic acid concentrations were considered as input parameters. The output parameters were the average hydrodynamic radius of the particles (r _av) and ζ-potential. Photon correlation spectroscopy analysis revealed monomodal size distribution in all the samples. It was shown that the average hydrodynamic radius is most strongly influenced by the concentrations of selenous and ascorbic acids. The minimal size of the selenium nanoparticles (r _av ≤ 20 nm) is achieved at selenous acid concentration of 0.05 to 0.15 M and at ascorbic acid concentrations of 0.0332 to 0.5 M. Acoustic and electroacoustic spectroscopy examination showed that the technique proposed allows formation of both positively (ζ-potential = +29.71 mV) and negatively (ζ-potential = -2.86 mV) charged nanoparticles. It was found that the ζ-potential of the selenium nanoparticles depends very heavily on the concentrations of the stabilizer and of selenous acid. For obtaining positively charged selenium nanoparticles the selenous acid concentration should not exceed 0.15 M and the cocamidopropyl betaine concentrations should be greater than 0.12 M. Negatively charged selenium nanoparticles are formed at selenous acid concentrations above 0.15 M and at cocamidopropyl betaine concentration under 0.12 M. The micelle structure for the positively charged and negatively charged selenium nanoparticles was proposed.

The Potency of Fungal-Fabricated Selenium Nanoparticles to Improve the Growth Performance of Helianthus annuus L. and Control of Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon

The application of green nanotechnology in agriculture has been receiving substantial attention, especially in the development of new nano-fertilizers and nano-insecticides. Herein, the metabolites secreted by the fungal strain Penicillium chrysogenum are used as a reducing agent for selenium ions to form selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs). The synthesized Se-NPs were characterized using color change, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The biomass filtrate of the fungal strain changed from colorless to a ruby red color after mixing with sodium selenite with a maximum surface plasmon resonance at 262 nm. Data exhibits the successful formation of spherical, amorphous Se-NPs with sizes ranging between 3–15 nm and a weight percentage of 38.52%. The efficacy of Se-NPs on the growth performance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and inhibition of cutworm Agrotis ipsilon was investigated. The field experiment revealed the potentiality of Se-NPs to enhance the growth parameters and carotenoid content in sunflower, especially at 20 ppm. The chlorophylls, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, and free proline contents were markedly promoted in response to Se-NPs concentrations. The antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase) were significantly decreased compared with the control. Data analysis showed that the highest mortality for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon was achieved at 25 ppm with percentages of 89.7 ± 0.3, 78.3 ± 0.3, 72.3 ± 0.6, 63.7 ± 0.3, and 68.7 ± 0.3 respectively after 72 h.