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Vidallon MLP, King JP, Giles LW, Crawford SA, Baldwin C, Premilovac D, Mian Teo B, Bishop AI, de Campo L, Tabor RF. Studying the photothermal activation of polydopamine-shelled, phase-change emulsion droplets into microbubbles using small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:1029-1041. [PMID: 38241974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Polydopamine-shelled perfluorocarbon (PDA/PFC) emulsion droplets are promising candidates for medical imaging and drug delivery applications. This study investigates their phase transition into microbubbles under near-infrared (NIR) illumination in situ using small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) and contrast variation techniques. Supported by optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and ultrasound imaging, SANS and USANS results reveal rapid phase transition rates upon NIR illumination, dependent on PFC content and droplet size distribution. Specifically, perfluoropentane droplets rapidly transform into bubbles upon NIR irradiation, whereas perfluorohexane droplets exhibit greater resistance to phase change (bulk boiling points = 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively). Furthermore, smaller emulsion droplets with unimodal distribution resist NIR-triggered phase changes better than their bimodal counterparts. This observation is attributable to the lower boiling points of large emulsion droplets (lower Laplace pressure than smaller droplets) and the faster photothermal heating rates due to their thicker polydopamine shells. The insights gained from these techniques are crucial for designing phase-change emulsions activated by NIR for photothermal therapies and controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Louis P Vidallon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Joshua P King
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Luke W Giles
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Simon A Crawford
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Baldwin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Dino Premilovac
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alexis I Bishop
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Saeed M, Otsuki A, Hermes M, Hassan AZU, Aziz A. Tracking colloidal silica particles to evaluate their dispersion and interactions in concentrated suspensions under shear force applications. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:651-662. [PMID: 38335317 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize interactions within colloidal silica particles in their concentrated suspensions, using rheo-confocal measurements and imaging, followed by image analysis. We studied the effect of shear rate (0-500 s-1) and solution pH (6, 10) on the dispersion degree of colloidal silica particles via the determination and comparison of interparticle distances and their modeling. Images corresponding to different shear rates were analyzed to identify the coordinates of the particles. These coordinates were further analyzed to calculate the distance among the particles and then their surface-to-surface distance normalized by the particle diameter (H/D). It was found that the population of the particles per unit area of the image and H/D varied with increasing shear rate. The comparison between experimentally measured and theoretically calculated H/D identified that for some particles, the former was shorter than the latter, indicating the unexpected attractions among them against the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Then, the modification of previously reported equations for H/D was suggested and confirmed its validity. Assuming pair potential interaction and hydrodynamic interaction were the main non-DLVO interactions, their magnitudes were calculated and confirmed the significance of pH and shear application strength on particle dispersion/coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohazzam Saeed
- Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Akira Otsuki
- Waste Science & Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michiel Hermes
- SUPA and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ali Zain Ul Hassan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Aziz
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Gao X, Dai Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zong W, Zhang W, Chen R, Zhu J, Hu X, Wang M, Chen R, Du Z, Guo F, Dong H, Liu Y, He H, Zhao S, Zhao F, Li J, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJ, He G. When It's Heavier: Interfacial and Solvation Chemistry of Isotopes in Aqueous Electrolytes for Zn-ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300608. [PMID: 36809576 PMCID: PMC10946563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical effect of isotope (EEI) of water is introduced in the Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) electrolyte to deal with the challenge of severe side reactions and massive gas production. Due to the low diffusion and strong coordination of ions in D2 O, the possibility of side reactions is decreased, resulting in a broader electrochemically stable potential window, less pH change, and less zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS) generation during cycling. Moreover, we demonstrate that D2 O eliminates the different ZHS phases generated by the change of bound water during cycling because of the consistently low local ion and molecule concentration, resulting in a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte. The full cells with D2 O-based electrolyte demonstrated more stable cycling performance which displayed ∼100 % reversible efficiencies after 1,000 cycles with a wide voltage window of 0.8-2.0 V and 3,000 cycles with a normal voltage window of 0.8-1.9 V at a current density of 2 A g-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Yuhang Dai
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Chengyi Zhang
- Institute of Technological SciencesWuhan UniversityHubeiWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Institute of Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Wei Zong
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Wei Zhang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Ruwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Jiexin Zhu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Xueying Hu
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Ruizhe Chen
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Zijuan Du
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Haobo Dong
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Hongzhen He
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Fangjia Zhao
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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A Colorimetric Detection of Noradrenaline in Wastewater Using Citrate-Capped Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Probe. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a simple, fast, and low-cost detection of noradrenaline (NA) in wastewater using citrate-capped colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The addition of NA to citrate-capped colloidal AuNPs generates a colour modulation that the bare eye can detect due to the aggregation of the colloidal AuNPs. The relationship between the NA concentration and colloidal AuNPs aggregation was further monitored by ultraviolet–visible light (UV–vis) spectroscopy in an aqueous solution. The method displayed a linear range of 0–500 μM with R2 = 0.99 and an LOD and LOQ of 42.2 and 140.5 μM. Application in an environmental sample collected from the Darville Wastewater Treatment Plant shows that this work provided a cost-effective and spectrophotometric method that could be used for monitoring contamination in wastewater.
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Wang Y, Shen J, Liu W, Fu X, Li C. Particle Size Inversion Constrained by L∞ Norm for Dynamic Light Scattering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7111. [PMID: 36295177 PMCID: PMC9605256 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particle size inversion of dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a typically ill-posed problem. Regularization is an effective method to solve the problem. The regularization involves imposing constraints on the fitted autocorrelation function data by adding a norm. The classical regularization inversion for DLS data is constrained by the L2 norm. In the optimization equation, the norm determines the smoothness and stability of the inversion result, affecting the inversion accuracy. In this paper, the Lp norm regularization model is constructed. When p is 1, 2, 10, 50, 100, 1000, and ∞, respectively, the influence of their norm models on the inversion results of data with different noise levels is studied. The results prove that overall, the inversion distribution errors show a downward trend with the increase of p. When p is larger than 10, there is no significant difference in distribution error. Compared with L2, L∞ can provide better performance for unimodal particles with strong noise, although this does not occur in weak noise cases. Meanwhile, L∞ has lower sensitivity to noise and better peak resolution, and its inverse particle size distribution is closer to the true distribution for bimodal particles. Thus, L∞ is more suitable for the inversion of DLS data.
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Wettability and Stability of Naproxen, Ibuprofen and/or Cyclosporine A/Silica Delivery Systems. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the wetting process of the porous surface of silica gel when penetrated by base liquids (water and n-octane), ethanol and stable drug systems (naproxen, ibuprofen and cyclosporine A), as biologically active substances in two ethanol concentrations, were determined by the wetting rate vs. time. The tests were performed for contacted and non-contacted plates with the vapours of the wetting liquid. Thin-layer liquid chromatography was used to determine the penetration rate of the SiO2-coated plates, taking into account the linear dependence consistent with the Washburn equation. Additionally, the changes in the adhesive tension ΔG were determined for the tested drugs. Drug stability tests were conducted using the dynamic light scattering technique and microelectrophoresis. The penetration time of the plate depends on the properties and structure of the wetting liquid droplets. The types of interactions (dispersive, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding) formed between the silanol surface groups of the silica gel and the groups contained in the adsorbate particles are also very important factors. The greater the impact force, the slower the wetting process due to the strong penetration of the liquid into the pores of the substrate. The characteristics of the drug wetting/stability process may contribute to the development of their new forms, creating delivery systems with greater efficiency and lower side effects.
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and discusses previous investigations into the correlation between the rheology and flotation process of fine particle suspensions. This summary provides a better understanding of the challenges and current status of this subject and useful feedback based on the revision of relevant theories and practical implications for fine particle characterization and processing. Such processes include the sustainable beneficiation of complex ores and wastes for valuable material extraction and the segregation of toxic substances. For example, there has been increasing demand for the beneficiation of complex ores often carrying the values (e.g., critical raw materials) in fine grains, due to the noticeable decrease in the accessibility of high-grade and easily extractable ores. To maintain the sustainable use of limited resources, the effective beneficiation of complex ores is urgently required. It can be successfully achieved only with selective particle/mineral dispersion/liberation and the assistance of mineralogical and fine particle characterization including a proper understanding of the rheological behavior of complex ores in the context of fine particle separation/processing. In correlating flotation with suspension rheology, previous works were summarized and we found that the modeling of their correlations as well as comprehensive contributions of pulp and froth rheology on flotation performance have been studied very limitedly, and comprehensive developments in these aspects are thus strongly suggested.
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Fukushima K, Kabir M, Kanda K, Obara N, Fukuyama M, Otsuki A. Simulation of Electrical and Thermal Properties of Granite under the Application of Electrical Pulses Using Equivalent Circuit Models. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031039. [PMID: 35160988 PMCID: PMC8839895 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Since energy efficiency in comminution of ores is as small as 1% using a mechanical crushing process, it is highly demanded to improve its efficiency. Using electrical impulses to selectively liberate valuable minerals from ores can be a solution of this problem. In this work, we developed a simulation method using equivalent circuits of granite to better understand the crushing process with high-voltage (HV) electrical pulses. From our simulation works, we calculated the electric field distributions in granite when an electrical pulse was applied. We also calculated other associated electrical phenomena such as produced heat and temperature changes from the simulation results. A decrease in the electric field was observed in the plagioclase with high electrical conductivity and void space. This suggests that the void volume in each mineral is important in calculating the electrical properties. Our equivalent circuit models considering both the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of a granite can more accurately represent the electrical properties of granite under HV electric pulse application. These results will help us better understand the liberation of minerals from granite by electric pulse application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Fukushima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering, Tegata Campus, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen Machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (K.F.); (K.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Mahmudul Kabir
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering, Tegata Campus, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen Machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (K.F.); (K.K.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-18-889-2326
| | - Kensuke Kanda
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering, Tegata Campus, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen Machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (K.F.); (K.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Naoko Obara
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering, Tegata Campus, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen Machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (K.F.); (K.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Mayuko Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Cooperative Major in Life Cycle Design Engineering, Tegata Campus, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen Machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan;
| | - Akira Otsuki
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Géologie, GeoRessources, UMR 7359 CNRS, University of Lorraine, 2 Rue du Doyen, Marcel Roubault, BP 10162, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
- Waste Science & Technology, Luleå University of Technology, SE 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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Fries MR, Skoda MWA, Conzelmann NF, Jacobs RMJ, Maier R, Scheffczyk N, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Bulk phase behaviour vs interface adsorption: Effects of anions and isotopes on β-lactoglobulin (BLG) interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:430-443. [PMID: 33930747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Protein adsorption is highly relevant in numerous applications ranging from food processing to medical implants. In this context, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of protein-protein and protein-surface interactions. Thus, the focus of this investigation is on the interplay of bulk properties and surface properties on protein adsorption. It was hypothesised that the type of solvent and ions in solution should significantly influence the protein's bulk and interface behaviour, which has been observed in literature and previous work for other net negatively charged, globular proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). EXPERIMENTS The phase behaviour of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) with lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and iodide (LaI3) in normal water H2O(l) and heavy water (D2O(l)) was established via optical microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The formation of an adsorption layer and its properties such as thickness, density, structure, and hydration was investigated via neutron reflectivity, quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation, and infra-red measurements. FINDINGS β-lactoglobulin does not show significant anion-induced or isotope-induced effects - neither in bulk nor at the solid-liquid interface, which deviates strongly from the behaviour of bovine serum albumin. We also provide a comprehensive discussion and comparison of protein-specific bulk and interface behaviour between bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin dependent on anion, cation, solvent, and substrate properties. These findings pave the way for understanding the transition from adsorption to crystallisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R Fries
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.
| | - Nina F Conzelmann
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Robert M J Jacobs
- Department for Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralph Maier
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Niels Scheffczyk
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Lim KL, Wong CY, Wong WY, Loh KS, Selambakkannu S, Othman NAF, Yang H. Radiation-Grafted Anion-Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Applications: A Mini Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:397. [PMID: 34072048 PMCID: PMC8228207 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the roles of anion exchange membrane (AEM) as a solid-state electrolyte in fuel cell and electrolyzer applications. It highlights the advancement of existing fabrication methods and emphasizes the importance of radiation grafting methods in improving the properties of AEM. The development of AEM has been focused on the improvement of its physicochemical properties, including ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, swelling ratio, etc., and its thermo-mechano-chemical stability in high-pH and high-temperature conditions. Generally, the AEM radiation grafting processes are considered green synthesis because they are usually performed at room temperature and practically eliminated the use of catalysts and toxic solvents, yet the final products are homogeneous and high quality. The radiation grafting technique is capable of modifying the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains to control the ionic properties of membrane as well as its water uptake and swelling ratio without scarifying its mechanical properties. Researchers also showed that the chemical stability of AEMs can be improved by grafting spacers onto base polymers. The effects of irradiation dose and dose rate on the performance of AEM were discussed. The long-term stability of membrane in alkaline solutions remains the main challenge to commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kean Long Lim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (C.Y.W.); (W.Y.W.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Chun Yik Wong
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (C.Y.W.); (W.Y.W.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Wai Yin Wong
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (C.Y.W.); (W.Y.W.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Kee Shyuan Loh
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (C.Y.W.); (W.Y.W.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Sarala Selambakkannu
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (N.A.F.O.)
| | - Nor Azillah Fatimah Othman
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (N.A.F.O.)
| | - Hsiharng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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