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Wu Q, Xie J, Li J, Men Y, Yan F. Engineering Rapeseed Germination and Root Growth with Mechanical Strength of Polysaccharide Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3496-3505. [PMID: 38708935 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant roots are highly sensitive to physical stress in the soil, with appropriate mechanical impedance promoting root elongation and lateral root growth. However, few studies have quantitatively explored the relationship between the mechanical impedance of the growth medium and the phenotypes of plant roots. In this study, we used a tensile machine equipped with a self-made steel needle mimicking the root tip to measure the force needed to penetrate the hydrogel medium (agar, low acyl gellan gum, and κ-carrageenan), providing insights into the force required for the rapeseed root tip to enter the medium following germination. These findings indicate that root penetration length is inversely associated with the mechanical strength of the growth medium, with variations observed in the root system adaptability across different substrates. Specifically, when the gel puncture resistance of the culture medium without adding MS reached approximately 18.4 mN, root penetration and growth were significantly hindered. With the addition of 1/2 MS medium, the polysaccharide concentration is 1.0 wt %, which is more suitable for cultivating rapeseed. This research not only offers a method for quantifying root phenotypes and medium mechanical impedance but also presents an approach for plant growth regulation and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiye Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinchun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Junfu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yongjun Men
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies College of Chemistry, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Jing Q, Lu Y, Liu K, Yan Y, Zhang G. Evaluating the fire resistance and durability of cotton textiles treated with a phosphoramide phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130144. [PMID: 38360228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The phosphoramide phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium (PPEPA) flame retardant was synthesized by phosphorus oxychloride and ethanolamine, and its structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Cotton textiles treated with 20 wt% PPEPA (CT-PPEPA3) would have high durability and flame retardance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of CT-PPEPA3 was found to be 46.5 %, while after undergoing 50 laundering cycles (LCs) following the AATCC 61-2013 3 A standard, the LOI only decreased to 31.4 %. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses suggested the penetration of PPEPA molecules into the interior of cotton fibers, resulting in a minor alteration of the cellulose crystal structure. The excellent durability, FTIR, and energy-dispersive X-ray of CT-PPEPA3 provided evidence for the formation of -N-P(=O)-O-C- and -O-P(=O)-O-C- covalent bonds between the PPEPA molecules and cellulose. The -N-P(=O)-O-C- bond exhibited a p-π conjugation effect, leading to enhanced stability and improved durability of the flame-retardant cotton textiles. Vertical flame, thermogravimetric, and cone calorimetry tests demonstrated that the CT-PPEPA3 underwent condensed-phase and synergistic flame retardation. Additionally, these finished cotton textiles retained adequate breaking strength and softness, making them suitable for various applications. In conclusion, the incorporation of the -N-P(=O)-ONH4 group into the phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium flame retardant demonstrated effective enhancement of the fire resistance and durability of treated cotton textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kunling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Nyamayaro K, Mehrkhodavandi P, Hatzikiriakos SG. Impact of counterion valency on the rheology of sulfonated cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120378. [PMID: 36604056 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A systematic rheological study on the influence of valency of different counterions on the properties of CNC hydrogels was carried out. Rheo-polarized microscopy was used to prove that preshear of 500 s-1 for 1 min is adequate to completely breakdown agglomerates in the suspension. Furthermore, a rest period of 30 min is sufficient to recover the equilibrium structure of hydrogels. Changing counterions from monovalent (Na+, K+, Li+), to divalent (Mg2+, Ca2+) and to trivalent (Al3+) influenced the network formation. CNC suspensions with monovalent counterions are isotropic at 3 wt%, anisotropic with chiral nematic structures at 5 wt% and form birefringent gels at 7 wt%. Conversely, divalent and trivalent counterions facilitate network formation, leading to gel like behavior at all concentrations. Sonication of CNC samples with monovalent counterions lowers the viscosity by two orders of magnitude while the opposite is true for multivalent counterions due to the formation of strong networks. The varying rheological properties displayed from CNCs with different counter ions may influence the use of CNC as rheological modifiers in fluid-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Savvas G Hatzikiriakos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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He X, Lu Q. Design and fabrication strategies of cellulose nanocrystal-based hydrogel and its highlighted application using 3D printing: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Adelnia H, Ensandoost R, Shebbrin Moonshi S, Gavgani JN, Vasafi EI, Ta HT. Freeze/thawed polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels: Present, past and future. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang Y, Haque ANMA, Naebe M. Lignin-Cellulose Nanocrystals from Hemp Hurd as Light-Coloured Ultraviolet (UV) Functional Filler for Enhanced Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3425. [PMID: 34947774 PMCID: PMC8708339 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural light-coloured ultraviolet (UV) absorber; however, conventional extraction processes usually darken its colour and could be detrimental to its UV-shielding ability. In this study, a sustainable way of fabricating lignin-cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNCs) from hemp hurd is proposed. A homogeneous morphology of the hemp particles was achieved by ball milling, and L-CNCs with high aspect ratio were obtained through mild acid hydrolysis on the ball-milled particles. The L-CNCs were used as filler in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, which produced a light-coloured nanocomposite film with high UV-shielding ability and enhanced tensile properties: the absorption of UV at wavelength of 400 nm and transparency in the visible-light region at wavelength of 550 nm was 116 times and 70% higher than that of pure PVA, respectively. In addition to these advantages, the nanocomposite film showed a water vapour transmission property comparable with commercial food package film, indicating potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (Y.Z.); (A.N.M.A.H.)
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Effect of A Limited Amount of D-Sorbitol on Pitch and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension can form liquid crystal films with unique self-assembly behaviors. This gives CNC films a special iridescence, which has potential in many aspects, but the brittleness of pure CNC films limits their application. In this work, we propose a simple physical mixing method to obtain CNC film by adding D-sorbitol as a plasticizer. We first found that low D-sorbitol content (less than 6 wt% in CNC/DS composite solution) did not make a significant difference compared with pure CNC films in optical performance and, at the same time, the mechanical properties of the CNC films were improved. The various low contents of D-sorbitol can be well dispersed in CNC aqueous suspension, and the wavelength of the selectively reflected phenomenon is relatively stable and slightly decreased at 5 nm for concentrations from 0 to 6%. This phenomenon is opposite to that generally reported, where the wavelength of the selective reflected phenomenon increases obviously with the increase in plastic content. The pitch of the chiral structure decreased from 406 to 362 nm with an increase in D-sorbitol concentration. When the content of D-sorbitol reached 4%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young modulus increased to 39.9 Mpa, 3.00%, and 2.99 GPa, respectively.
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