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Khajeh A, Nazari Z, Movahedrad M, Vakili AH. A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173500. [PMID: 38815820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of lignosulfonate (LS) as a naturally derived biopolymer sourced from lignin in soil stabilization has gained significant attention in recent years. Its intermolecular interaction, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, adhesive and binding properties, erosion control abilities, compatibility with various soil types, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers as well as highlighting its importance. By integrating LS into soil stabilization practices, soil properties can be enhanced, and an eco-friendlier approach can be adopted in the construction sector. This comprehensive review paper extensively examines the applications and structure of LS, as well as their efficacy and mechanisms on a micro-level scale. Afterward, it discusses the geotechnical characteristics of LS-treated soils, including consistency characteristics, dispersivity properties and erosion behavior, electrical conductivity, compaction parameters, permeability and hydraulic conductivity, compressibility characteristics, swelling potential, strength and stiffness properties, durability, and cyclic loading response. In general, LS incorporation into the soils could enhance the geotechnical properties. For instance, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fine-grained soils was observed to improve up to 105 %, while in the case of granular soils, the improvement can be as high as 450 %. This review also examines the economic and environmental efficiency, as well as challenges and ways forward related to LS stabilization. This can lead to economic and environmental benefits given the abundance of LS as a plant polymer for cleaner production and owing to its carbon neutrality and renewability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghileh Khajeh
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Zeynab Nazari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Hossein Vakili
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabük University, Karabük 78050, Turkey; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Li G, Yan D, Liu J, Yang P, Zhang J. Experimental Study on the Crack Concrete Repaired via Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (EICP). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3205. [PMID: 38998288 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
A low-carbon and environmentally friendly EICP method for repairing concrete cracks is presented to prolong the service life of concrete. In this study, we took concrete as the research object and quartz sand as the filling medium and employed the EICP injection method to repair concrete cracks. The internal repair effect of EICP on concrete cracks was evaluated with a combination of ultrasonic and compressive strength tests. The concrete repair mechanism of EICP was identified with a combination of EDS, XRD, and SEM tests. The results indicate that with an increase in the fracture depth, the ultrasonic sound time of the crack specimen increased gradually, and the ultrasonic wave transit time value of the crack specimen decreased significantly after EICP repair. After repair, the compressive strength rose. The highest compressive-strength recovery rate of a 0.3 mm wide specimen is 98.41%. The calcium carbonate crystal formed using EICP is vaterite. The probability density function model of the Laplace distribution was constructed, which showed good applicability and consistency in the ultrasonic sound time and compressive strength measured via experiments. The formed calcium carbonate crystals can be tightly and evenly attached to the cracks with the EICP injection repair method, resulting in a better repair effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Deqiang Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Peidong Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Li G, Yan D, Liu J, Yang P, Zhang J. Study on the Mechanical Properties of Crack Mortar Repaired by Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (EICP). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2978. [PMID: 38930347 PMCID: PMC11205602 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging repair method, the enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) technique has the advantages of being highly economical, eco-friendly, and durable. The optimal repair conditions were obtained by taking cement mortar as the research object, adding two types of filling medium, using three EICP-based repair methods to repair the cement mortar with different crack widths, and combining ultrasonic testing and strength testing to evaluate the mechanical properties and repair effects of the repair mortar. The microscopic structure of the mortar was established using mesoscopic and microscopic tests (XRD, SEM, and EDS), thereby revealing the mechanism of repair based on EICP. The test results show that, when quartz sand is used as the repair medium, more calcium carbonate adheres to the cross-section of test samples, and it has a better repair effect. Moreover, the repair effect of the injection method is significantly higher than those of the perfusion and immersion methods, and the ultrasonic wave transit time decreases by 1.22% on average. Based on the combination of quartz sand and EICP repair methods, the calcium carbonate precipitated among the sand granules contributes to a binding effect that strengthens the cohesive force among the sand granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (P.Y.)
| | - Deqiang Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (P.Y.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (P.Y.)
| | - Peidong Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (P.Y.)
| | - Jinli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
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4
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Rajasekar A, Zhao C, Wu S, Murava RT, Wilkinson S. Synergistic biocementation: harnessing Comamonas and Bacillus ureolytic bacteria for enhanced sand stabilization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:229. [PMID: 38825655 PMCID: PMC11144680 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Biocementation, driven by ureolytic bacteria and their biochemical activities, has evolved as a powerful technology for soil stabilization, crack repair, and bioremediation. Ureolytic bacteria play a crucial role in calcium carbonate precipitation through their enzymatic activity, hydrolyzing urea to produce carbonate ions and elevate pH, thus creating favorable conditions for the precipitation of calcium carbonate. While extensive research has explored the ability of ureolytic bacteria isolated from natural environments or culture conditions, bacterial synergy is often unexplored or under-reported. In this study, we isolated bacterial strains from the local eutrophic river canal and evaluated their suitability for precipitating calcium carbonate polymorphs. We identified two distinct bacterial isolates with superior urea degradation ability (conductivity method) using partial 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Molecular identification revealed that they belong to the Comamonas and Bacillus genera. Urea degradation analysis was performed under diverse pH (6,7 and 8) and temperature (15 °C,20 °C,25 °C and 30 °C) ranges, indicating that their ideal pH is 7 and temperature is 30 °C since 95% of the urea was degraded within 96 h. In addition, we investigated these strains individually and in combination, assessing their microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) in silicate fine sand under low (14 ± 0.6 °C) and ideal temperature 30 °C conditions, aiming to optimize bio-mediated soil enhancement. Results indicated that 30 °C was the ideal temperature, and combining bacteria resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.001) superior carbonate precipitation (14-16%) and permeability (> 10- 6 m/s) in comparison to the average range of individual strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of combining ureolytic bacteria for future MICP research on field applications including soil erosion mitigation, soil stabilization, ground improvement, and heavy metal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Rajasekar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Cailin Zhao
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Suowei Wu
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Raphinos Tackmore Murava
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Stephen Wilkinson
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, UAE
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Arabani M, Shalchian MM, Baghbani A. A state-of-the-art review on interactive mechanisms and multi-scale application of biopolymers (BPs) in geo-improvement and vegetation growth. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120905. [PMID: 38643623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The global trend toward sustainable development, coupled with growing concerns about environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil energy resources, has contributed to the widespread implementation of biopolymers (BPs) as bio-solutions for geo-infrastructures stabilization. In this respect, previous attempts proved that soil treatment with BP can guarantee the strength improvement of geo-materials by satisfying environmental standards. However, the applications, mechanisms, and interactions of BPs within geo-environments need more investigations on their suitability for specific sites, long-term durability, and economic viability. The present study aims to provide an in-depth and up-to-date analysis of BPs and outline potential future paths toward BP applications. To this end, after examining the process of producing BPs, we investigate bio-physicochemical behavior and their function mechanism within the soil matrix. In addition, the impact of environmental conditions on soil stabilization with BPs is evaluated. Finally, some recommendations are offered for selecting the types and doses of BPs to improve soil against erosion and to obtain high hydrodynamic resistance. The results outline that bio-chemical mechanisms (including bio-cementing, bio-clogging, bio-encapsulation, and bio-coating) play significant roles in stabilizing cohesive and non-cohesive soil properties. Besides, the findings suggest that the efficacy of BPs depends upon various factors, including the composition and concentration of BPs, soil characteristics, and the magnitude of electrostatic and van der Waals forces formed during bio-chemo-reaction, biocrystallization, and bio-gel production. Between various BPs, using Xanthan gum (XG) and Guar gum (GG) exhibited optimal efficacy, enhancing mechanical strength by up to 300%. Furthermore, BPs concurrently reduced permeability, erosion, compressibility, and shrinkage characteristics. Applying BPs in soils improves germination and vegetation growth, lowers the wilting rate, and reduces soil acidity (considering their natural origin). Overall, selecting suitable BPs was found to be dependent on key factors, including temperature, curing time, and pH. The findings from this study can provide a scientific foundation for planning, constructing and preserving of bio-geo-structures in various construction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Arabani
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Shalchian
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Geotechnical Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Baghbani
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Geotechnical Engineering, 3School of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216, VIC, Australia.
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Wang Y, Sun X, Miao L, Wang H, Wu L, Shi W, Kawasaki S. State-of-the-art review of soil erosion control by MICP and EICP techniques: Problems, applications, and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169016. [PMID: 38043825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) techniques have been extensively studied to mitigate soil erosion, yielding substantial achievements in this regard. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent progress in erosion control by MICP and EICP techniques. To further discuss the effectiveness of erosion mitigation in-depth, the estimation methods and characterization of erosion resistance were initially compiled. Moreover, factors affecting the erosion resistance of MICP/EICP-treated soil were expounded, spanning from soil properties to treatment protocols and environmental conditions. The development of optimization and upscaling in erosion mitigation via MICP/EICP was also included in this review. In addition, this review discussed the limitations and correspondingly proposed prospective applications of erosion control via the MICP/EICP approach. The current review presents up-to-date information on the research activities for improving erosion resistance by MICP/EICP, aiming at providing insights for interdisciplinary researchers and guidance for promoting this method to further applications in erosion mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Linchang Miao
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hengxing Wang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Linyu Wu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenbo Shi
- School of Intelligent Transportation, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, Henan, China
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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7
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Zha F, Hu C, Kang B, Qin L, Li J, Chu C. Formulation of PG-FA-L composite modifier for repairing expansive soil based on the statistical mixed design method. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140974. [PMID: 38122943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The generation of large amounts of solid waste has led to exploration of solid waste-modified expansive soils; however, the effect of a single solid waste-modified expansive soil is not ideal. This study proposes a composite modification of expansive soils using a PG-FA-L system. Statistical analysis showed that the properties of the cured soil were significantly improved. PG and FA increased soil strength after a certain threshold, and L increased it at all stages. The presence of PG accelerated the volcanic ash reaction. Both PG and FA have a small effect on the swelling of the soil, whereas lime improves it significantly, but has a negative effect after a certain threshold. The 28-day unconfined compressive strength and deformation characteristics were used to derive the relevant regions for roadbed fill requirements and determine the optimum dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zha
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - ChuanQing Hu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Bo Kang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Lin Qin
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jie Li
- China Jikan Research Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design, Co., Ltd., Hefei, 710000, China
| | - ChengFu Chu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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8
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Carter MS, Tuttle MJ, Mancini JA, Martineau R, Hung CS, Gupta MK. Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Sporosarcina pasteurii: a Case Study in Optimizing Biological CaCO 3 Precipitation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0179422. [PMID: 37439668 PMCID: PMC10467343 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01794-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Current production of traditional concrete requires enormous energy investment that accounts for approximately 5 to 8% of the world's annual CO2 production. Biocement is a building material that is already in industrial use and has the potential to rival traditional concrete as a more convenient and more environmentally friendly alternative. Biocement relies on biological structures (enzymes, cells, and/or cellular superstructures) to mineralize and bind particles in aggregate materials (e.g., sand and soil particles). Sporosarcina pasteurii is a workhorse organism for biocementation, but most research to date has focused on S. pasteurii as a building material rather than a biological system. In this review, we synthesize available materials science, microbiology, biochemistry, and cell biology evidence regarding biological CaCO3 precipitation and the role of microbes in microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) with a focus on S. pasteurii. Based on the available information, we provide a model that describes the molecular and cellular processes involved in converting feedstock material (urea and Ca2+) into cement. The model provides a foundational framework that we use to highlight particular targets for researchers as they proceed into optimizing the biology of MICP for biocement production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Carter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Biological and Nanoscale Technologies Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J. Tuttle
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Biological and Nanoscale Technologies Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua A. Mancini
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Biological and Nanoscale Technologies Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Rhett Martineau
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Biological and Nanoscale Technologies Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Maneesh K. Gupta
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Kaur M, Sidhu N, Reddy MS. Removal of cadmium and arsenic from water through biomineralization. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1019. [PMID: 37548767 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to anthropogenic activities, heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are one of the most toxic xenobiotics contaminating water, thus affecting human health and the environment. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of ureolytic bacteria Bacillus paramycoides-MSR1 for the bioremediation of Cd and As from contaminated water. The B. paramycoides showed high resistance to heavy metals, Cd and As, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.84 μM and 48.54 μM, respectively. The urease activity and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation were evaluated in artificial wastewater with different concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 μM) and As (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μM). The maximum urease activity in Cd-contaminated artificial wastewater was observed after 96 hours, which showed a 76.1% decline in urease activity as the metal concentration increased from 0 to 60 μM. Similarly, 14.1% decline in urease activity was observed as the concentration of As was increased from 0 to 100 μM. The calcium carbonate precipitation at the minimum inhibitory concentration of Cd and As-contaminated artificial wastewater was 189 and 183 mg/100 ml, respectively. The percentage removal of metal from artificially contaminated wastewater with varied concentrations was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). After 168 hours of incubation, 93.13% removal of Cd and 94.25% removal of As were observed. Microstructural analysis proved the presence of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, confirming removal of cadmium and arsenic by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) to be promising technique for water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Navneet Sidhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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Hemayati M, Nikooee E, Habibagahi G, Niazi A, Afzali SF. New non-ureolytic heterotrophic microbial induced carbonate precipitation for suppression of sand dune wind erosion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5845. [PMID: 37037897 PMCID: PMC10086056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of sand storms on agriculture, human health, transportation network, and infrastructures pose serious threats in many countries worldwide. Hence, wind erosion is considered a global challenge. An environmental-friendly method to suppress wind erosion is to employ microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). However, the by-products of ureolysis-based MICP, such as ammonia, are not favorable when produced in large volumes. This study introduces two calcium formate-bacteria compositions for non-ureolytic MICP and comprehensively compares their performance with two calcium acetate-bacteria compositions, all of which do not produce ammonia. The considered bacteria are Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, the optimized values of factors controlling CaCO3 production were determined. Then, wind tunnel tests were performed on sand dune samples treated with the optimized compositions, where wind erosion resistance, threshold detachment velocity, and sand bombardment resistance were measured. An optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis were employed to evaluate the CaCO3 polymorph. Calcium formate-based compositions performed much better than the acetate-based compositions in producing CaCO3. Moreover, B. subtilis produced more CaCO3 than B. amyloliquefaciens. SEM micrographs clearly illustrated precipitation-induced active and inactive bounds and imprints of bacteria on CaCO3. All compositions considerably reduced wind erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hemayati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Street, Shiraz, 71348-51156, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nikooee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Street, Shiraz, 71348-51156, Iran.
| | - Ghassem Habibagahi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Street, Shiraz, 71348-51156, Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sayed Fakhreddin Afzali
- Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Kumar A, Song HW, Mishra S, Zhang W, Zhang YL, Zhang QR, Yu ZG. Application of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) techniques to remove heavy metal in the natural environment: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137894. [PMID: 36657570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of imbalanced heavy metals concentration due to anthropogenic hindrances in the aquatic and terrestrial environment has become a potential risk to life after circulating through different food chains. The microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) method has gradually received great attention from global researchers but the underlying mechanism of heavy metal mineralization is not well-understood and challenging, limiting the applications in wastewater engineering. This paper reviews the metabolic pathways, mechanisms, operational factors, and mathematical/modeling approaches in the MICP process. Subsequently, the recent advancement in MICP for the remediation of heavy metal pollution is being discussed. In the follow-up, the key challenges and prospective associated with technical bottlenecks of MICP method are elaborated. The prospective study reveals that MICP technology could be efficiently used to remediate heavy metal contaminants from the natural environment in a cost-effective way and has the potential to improve soil properties while remediating heavy metal contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - He-Wei Song
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Qian-Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, China.
| | - Zhi-Guo Yu
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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12
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Su Z, Yan Z, Nakashima K, Takano C, Kawasaki S. Naturally Derived Cements Learned from the Wisdom of Ancestors: A Literature Review Based on the Experiences of Ancient China, India and Rome. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:603. [PMID: 36676340 PMCID: PMC9867412 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For over a thousand years, many ancient cements have remained durable despite long-term exposure to atmospheric or humid agents. This review paper summarizes technologies of worldwide ancient architectures which have shown remarkable durability that has preserved them over thousands of years of constant erosion. We aim to identify the influence of organic and inorganic additions in altering cement properties and take these lost and forgotten technologies to the production frontline. The types of additions were usually decided based on the local environment and purpose of the structure. The ancient Romans built magnificent structures by making hydraulic cement using volcanic ash. The ancient Chinese introduced sticky rice and other local materials to improve the properties of pure lime cement. A variety of organic and inorganic additions used in traditional lime cement not only changes its properties but also improves its durability for centuries. The benefits they bring to cement may also be useful in enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) and microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) fields. For instance, sticky rice has been confirmed to play a crucial role in regulating calcite crystal growth and providing interior hydrophobic conditions, which contribute to improving the strength and durability of EICP- and MICP-treated samples in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Su
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Zhen Yan
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chikara Takano
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Albenayyan N, Murtaza M, Alarifi SA, Kamal MS, Humam A, AlAhmari MM, Khalil A, Mahmoud M. Optimization of calcium carbonate precipitation during alpha-amylase enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1118993. [PMID: 37139046 PMCID: PMC10149920 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1118993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sand production during oil and gas extraction poses a severe challenge to the oil and gas companies as it causes erosion of pipelines and valves, damages the pumps, and ultimately decreases production. There are several solutions implemented to contain sand production including chemical and mechanical means. In recent times, extensive work has been done in geotechnical engineering on the application of enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) techniques for consolidating and increasing the shear strength of sandy soil. In this technique, calcite is precipitated in the loose sand through enzymatic activity to provide stiffness and strength to the loose sand. In this research, we investigated the process of EICP using a new enzyme named alpha-amylase. Different parameters were investigated to get the maximum calcite precipitation. The investigated parameters include enzyme concentration, enzyme volume, calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration, temperature, the synergistic impact of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and CaCl2, Xanthan Gum, and solution pH. The generated precipitate characteristics were evaluated using a variety of methods, including Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was observed that the pH, temperature, and concentrations of salts significantly impact the precipitation. The precipitation was observed to be enzyme concentration-dependent and increase with an increase in enzyme concentration as long as a high salt concentration was available. Adding more volume of enzyme brought a slight change in precipitation% due to excessive enzymes with little or no substrate available. The optimum precipitation (87%) was yielded at 12 pH and with 2.5 g/L of Xanthan Gum as a stabilizer at a temperature of 75°C. The synergistic effect of both CaCl2 and MgCl2 yielded the highest CaCO3 precipitation (32.2%) at (0.6:0.4) molar ratio. The findings of this research exhibited the significant advantages and insights of alpha-amylase enzyme in EICP, enabling further investigation of two precipitation mechanisms (calcite precipitation and dolomite precipitation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Albenayyan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mobeen Murtaza
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman A. Alarifi
- Petroleum Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Sulaiman A. Alarifi, ; Amjad Khalil, ; Mohamed Mahmoud,
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Kamal
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Amjad Khalil
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Sulaiman A. Alarifi, ; Amjad Khalil, ; Mohamed Mahmoud,
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Petroleum Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Sulaiman A. Alarifi, ; Amjad Khalil, ; Mohamed Mahmoud,
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Guo J, Wu S, Zhang X, Xie H, Chen F, Yang Y, Zhu R. The fate of Cd during the replacement of Cd-bearing calcite by calcium phosphate minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120491. [PMID: 36283469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbonate-bound speciation is a critical sink of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) like cadmium (Cd) in soil and sediment. In a phosphate-rich environment, carbonate minerals could be replaced by phosphate minerals such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD, also known as brushite), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and hydroxylapatite (HAP). Currently, it is unclear the migration and fate of PTEs during the replacement of PTEs-bearing carbonates by HAP and related intermediate minerals. Therefore, we synthesized Cd-bearing calcite by the coprecipitation method and converted it to DCPD, OCP, and HAP to investigate the redistribution and fate of Cd. The results showed that Cd incorporation in calcite significantly inhibited their replacement by DCPD and OCP, respectively. 1.26% of Cd in calcite was released into the solution when DCPD replaced calcite, and subsequently, most of the released Cd was recaptured by OCP. Significantly, the released Cd was below 0.05‰ when all the solid converted to HAP. These results suggested that with the application of phosphate fertilizer in alkaline soil, the secondary calcium phosphate minerals could control the environmental behavior of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Fanrong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640, Guangzhou, China
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Avramenko M, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S. State-of-the-Art Review on Engineering Uses of Calcium Phosphate Compounds: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Soil Improvement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6878. [PMID: 36234219 PMCID: PMC9572721 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are a critical problem nowadays. The cement manufacturing sector alone accounts for 8% of all human-generated emissions, and as the world's population grows and globalization intensifies, this sector will require significantly more resources. In order to fulfill the need of geomaterials for construction and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, conventional approaches to soil reinforcement need to be reconsidered. Calcium phosphate compounds (CPCs) are new materials that have only recently found their place in the soil reinforcement field. Its eco-friendly, non-toxic, reaction pathway is highly dependent on the pH of the medium and the concentration of components inside the solution. CPCs has advantages over the two most common environmental methods of soil reinforcement, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP); with CPCs, the ammonium problem can be neutralized and thus allowed to be applied in the field. In this review paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the engineering uses of CPCs for soil improvement have been discussed. Additionally, the process of how CPCs perform has been studied and an analysis of existing studies related to soil reinforcement by CPC implementation was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Avramenko
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Cracks on the surface of cementitious composites represent an entrance gate for harmful substances—particularly water—to devastate the bulk of material, which results in lower durability. Autogenous crack-sealing is a significantly limited mechanism due to a combination of the hydration process and calcite nucleation, and self-healing cementitious composites are a research area that require a great deal of scientific effort. In contrast to time-consuming experiments (e.g., only the preparation of an applicable bare concrete sample itself requires more than 28 days), appropriately selected mathematical models may assist in the deeper understanding of self-healing processes via bacteria. This paper presents theoretically oriented research dealing with the application of specific bacteria (B. pseudofirmus) capable of transforming available nutrients into calcite, allowing for the cracks on the surfaces of cementitious materials to be repaired. One of the principal objectives of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of the bacterial growth curves to the system parameters within the context of the logistic model in the Monod approach. Analytically calculated growth curves for various parameters (initial inoculation concentration, initial nutrition content, and metabolic activity of bacteria) are compared with experimental data. The proposed methodology may also be applied to analyze the growth of microorganisms of nonbacterial origin (e.g., molds, yeasts).
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17
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Zhang Y, Liu T, Kang J, Guo N, Guo Z, Chen J, Yin Y. Design of Multi-Functional Superhydrophobic Coating via Bacterium-Induced Hierarchically Structured Minerals on Steel Surface. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:934966. [PMID: 35783444 PMCID: PMC9244379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.934966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of an eco-friendly, multi-functional, and mechanically robust superhydrophobic coating using a simple method has many practical applications. Here, inspired by shell nacre, the micro- or nano-scale surface roughness that is necessary for superhydrophobic coatings was formed via Bacillus subtilis–induced mineralization. The biomineralized film coated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) exhibited superhydrophobicity with water contact angles of 156°. The biomimetic HDTMS/calcite-coating showed excellent self-cleaning, anti-icing, and anti-corrosion performances. Furthermore, mechanically robust superhydrophobicity could be realized by hierarchically structured biomineralized surfaces at two different length scales, with a nano-structure roughness to provide water repellency and a micro-structure roughness to provide durability. Our design strategy may guide the development of “green” superhydrophobic coatings that need to retain effective multi-functional abilities in harsh marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu,
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of RAL, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangwei Guo
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yansheng Yin
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Soil Remediation of Subtropical Garden Grasses and Shrubs Using High-Performance Ester Materials. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion due to rainstorms is a serious problem in subtropical gardens in South China. Soil conservation and the restoration of degraded landscapes are important research topics at home and abroad. Because of the sluggish growth of plants under traditional cultivation techniques, they are incapable of effectively protecting the soil. Therefore, the rapid and high-quality soil conservation of subtropical landscapes remains an urgent problem to be overcome. The purpose of this study is to improve the red soil and ground environment for the growth of grasses and shrubs through high-performance ester materials. Our objective was to find a solution for the high impact of soil loss on subtropical landscapes. In this study, we used the ecological restoration of soil as the starting point and selected a typical subtropical garden in South China as the field test point. We carried out soil erosion resistance testing using high-performance ester materials. The anti-erosion abilities of slopes under various working conditions are discussed. During the growth period, the soil indexes were monitored for a long time, and the growth of grasses and shrubs was compared. The obtained monitoring data were analyzed with mathematical statistics. We found that the addition of high-performance ester materials significantly reduced soil loss by 52.60%. High-performance ester materials have a good hydrothermal regulation function, which can promote the germination and later growth of sloping plants. The decrease in ground internal density promotes the extension of plant roots. High-performance ester materials can improve soil permeability and activity and promote vegetation growth. In terms of turf thickness and overall growth as well as shrubs crown width and height, high-performance ester materials have a beneficial effect on promoting plant growth. Soil remediation using high-performance ester materials has good economic value, high water-holding capacity, adaptability, and convenience. In this study, we determined a solution for the high impact of soil loss on subtropical landscapes. The soil remediation of a subtropical garden using high-performance ester materials was successful. The practice of landscape soil remediation engineering presented in this paper can provide a reference for typical landscape soil remediation in subtropical zones.
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Saif A, Cuccurullo A, Gallipoli D, Perlot C, Bruno AW. Advances in Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation and Application to Soil Improvement: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030950. [PMID: 35160900 PMCID: PMC8840754 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and global warming have prompted a notable shift towards sustainable geotechnics and construction materials within the geotechnical engineer’s community. Earthen construction materials, in particular, are considered sustainable due to their inherent characteristics of having low embodied and operational energies, fire resistance, and ease of recyclability. Despite these attributes, they have not been part of the mainstream construction due to their susceptibility to water-induced deterioration. Conventional soil improvement techniques are generally expensive, energy-intensive, and environmentally harmful. Recently, biostabilization has emerged as a sustainable alternative that can overcome some of the limitations of existing soil improvement methods. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a particularly promising technique due to its ease of application and compatibility with different soil types. EICP exploits the urease enzyme as a catalyst to promote the hydrolysis of urea inside the pore water, which, in the presence of calcium ions, results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The purpose of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review of EICP stabilization, highlighting the potential application of this technique to field problems and identifying current research gaps. The paper discusses recent progress, focusing on the most important factors that govern the efficiency of the chemical reactions and the precipitation of a spatially homogenous carbonate phase. The paper also discusses other aspects of EICP stabilization, including the degree of ground improvement, the prediction of the pore structure of the treated soil by numerical simulations, and the remediation of potentially toxic EICP by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Saif
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, SIAME, 64600 Anglet, France; (A.C.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessia Cuccurullo
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, SIAME, 64600 Anglet, France; (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Domenico Gallipoli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (D.G.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Céline Perlot
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, SIAME, 64600 Anglet, France; (A.C.); (C.P.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Agostino Walter Bruno
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (D.G.); (A.W.B.)
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20
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Abstract
Cement and lime currently are the most common binders in building materials. However, alternative materials and methods are needed to overcome the functional limitations and environmental footprint of conventional products. This Special Issue is entirely dedicated to “New frontiers in cementitious and lime-based materials and composites” and gathers selected reviews and experimental articles that showcase the most recent trends in this multidisciplinary field. Authoritative contributions from all around the world provide important insights into all areas of research related to cementitious and lime-based materials and composites, spanning from structural engineering to geotechnics, including materials science and processing technology. This topical cross-disciplinary collection is intended to foster innovation and help researchers and developers to identify new solutions for a more sustainable and functional built environment.
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21
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A State-of-the-Art Review on Suitability of Granite Dust as a Sustainable Additive for Geotechnical Applications. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increase in infrastructure requirement drives people to use all types of soils, including poor soils. These poor soils, which are weak at construction, must be improved using different techniques. The extinction of natural resources and the increase in cost of available materials require us to think of alternate resources. The usage of industry by-products and related methods for improving the properties of different soils has been studied for several years. Granite dust is an industrial by-product originating from the primary crushing of aggregates. The production of huge quantities of granite dust in the industry causes severe problems from the handling to the disposal stage. Accordingly, in the civil engineering field, the massive utilization of granite dust has been proposed for various applications to resolve these issues. In this context, the present review provides precise and valuable content on granite dust characterization, its effect as a stabilizer on the behavior of different soils, and its interaction mechanisms. The efficacy of the granite dust in replacing sand in concrete is explored followed by its ability to improve the geotechnical characteristics of clays of varying plasticity are explored. The review is even extended to study the effect of binary stabilization on clays with granite dust in the presence of calcium-based binders. The practical limitations encountered and its efficiency over other stabilizers are also assessed. This review is further extended to analyze the effect of the granite dust dosage for various field applications.
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22
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Jain S, Fang C, Achal V. A critical review on microbial carbonate precipitation via denitrification process in building materials. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7529-7551. [PMID: 34652267 PMCID: PMC8806777 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1979862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring biomineralization or microbially induced calcium carbonate (MICP) precipitation is gaining huge attention due to its widespread application in various fields of engineering. Microbial denitrification is one of the feasible metabolic pathways, in which the denitrifying microbes lead to precipitation of carbonate biomineral by their basic enzymatic and metabolic activities. This review article explains all the metabolic pathways and their mechanism involved in the MICP process in detail along with the benefits of using denitrification over other pathways during MICP implementation. The potential application of denitrification in building materials pertaining to soil reinforcement, bioconcrete, restoration of heritage structures and mitigating the soil pollution has been reviewed by addressing the finding and limitation of MICP treatment. This manuscript further sheds light on the challenges faced during upscaling, real field implementation and the need for future research in this path. The review concludes that although MICP via denitrification is an promising technique to employ it in building materials, a vast interdisciplinary research is still needed for the successful commercialization of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Jain
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, China
| | - Chaolin Fang
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Varenyam Achal
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, China
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Improvement of Organic Soil Shear Strength through Calcite Precipitation Method Using Soybeans as Bio-Catalyst. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic soil has a high content of water and compressibility. Besides that, it has a low specific gravity, density, and shear strength. This study evaluates the applicability of the soybean crude urease for calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) method and its effectiveness in organic soil as a soil-amelioration technique. Various soybean concentrations were mixed with a reagent composed of urea and calcium chloride to produce the treatment solution. Its effect on the hydrolysis rate, pH, and amount of precipitated calcite was evaluated through test-tube experiments. SEM-EDS tests were performed to observe the mineralogy and morphology of the untreated and treated samples. The treatment solution composed of the reagent and various concentrations of soybeans was applied to organic soil. The increasing strength of the organic soil was evaluated using direct shear (DS) and unconfined compression (UCS) tests. The test-tube results show that a hydrolysis rate of 1600 u/g was obtained when using 50 g/L of soybeans with a precipitation ratio of 100%. The mechanical tests show a significant enhancement in the parameters of the organic soil’s shear strength. A shear strength improvement of 50% was achieved in this study. A UCS of 148 kPa and cohesion of 50 kPa was obtained in the treated samples of organic soil. This research elucidates that the SCU-CP is an effective technique for improving organic soil’s shear strength.
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Abstract
A person spends most of his life in rooms built from various building materials; therefore, the optimization of the human environment is an important and complex task that requires interdisciplinary approaches. Within the framework of the new theory of geomimetics in the building science of materials, the concepts of technogenic metasomatism, the affinity of microstructures, and the possibilities of creating composites that respond to operational loads and can self-heal defects have been created. The article aims to introduce the basic principles of the science of geomimetics in terms of the design and synthesis of building materials. The study’s novelty lies in the concept of technogenic metasomatism and the affinity of microstructures developed by the authors. Novel technologies have been proposed to produce a wide range of composite binders (including waterproof and frost-resistant gypsum binders) using novel forms of source materials with high free internal energy. The affinity microstructures for anisotropic materials have been formulated, which involves the design of multilayered composites and the repair of compounds at three levels (nano-, micro-, macro-). The proposed theory of technogenic metasomatism in the building science of materials represents an evolutionary stage for composites that are categorized by their adaptation to evolving circumstances in the operation of buildings and structures. Materials for three-dimensional additive technologies in construction are proposed, and examples of these can be found in nature. Different ways of applying our concept for the design of building materials in future works are proposed.
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26
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Effect of Confining Conditions on the Hydraulic Conductivity Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Lime Blended Semiarid Soil. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113120. [PMID: 34204174 PMCID: PMC8201101 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hydraulic properties of expansive soils are affected due to the formation of visible cracks in the dry state. Chemical stabilization coupled with fiber reinforcement is often considered an effective strategy to improve the geotechnical performance of such soils. In this study, hydraulic conductivity tests have been conducted on expansive clay using two different types of fibers (fiber cast (FC) and fiber mesh (FM)) exhibiting different surface morphological properties. The fiber parameters include their dosage (added at 0.2% to 0.6% by dry weight of soil) and length (6 and 12 mm). Commercially available lime is added to ensure proper bonding between clay particles and fiber materials, and its dosage was fixed at 6% (by dry weight of the soil). Saturated hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted relying on a flexible wall permeameter on lime-treated fiber-blended soil specimens cured for 7 and 28 days. The confining pressures were varied from 50 to 400 kPa, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity values (ksat) were determined. For FC fibers, an increase in fiber dosage caused ksat values to increase by 9.5% and 94.3% for the 6 and 12 mm lengths, respectively, at all confining pressures and curing periods. For FM fibers, ksat values for samples mixed with 6 mm fiber increased by 12 and 99.2% for 6 and 12 mm lengths, respectively for all confining pressures at the end of the 28-day curing period. The results obtained from a flexible wall permeameter (FWP) were compared with those of a rigid wall permeameter (RWP) available in the literature, and the fundamental mechanism responsible for such variations is explained.
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