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Alsaid A, Tenekeci G. Synthesising graphene from plastic waste and its use with asphalt. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30264. [PMID: 38707284 PMCID: PMC11068817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The global increase in the plastic waste has resulted in significant pollution increase which causes significant damage to the environment. There is an urgent need for waste management practices such as recycling to ensure sustainable development and decreasing the impact of plastic waste on the environment. The production of new materials such as graphene are associated with high cost, and there have been research efforts to develop cost effective alternative sources of graphite. considerable research has been carried out on investigating the application of homo polypropylene in asphalt construction. successful applications of this will ensure recycling and reduce waste footprint of plastic. The paper presents a proposed method of synthesising graphene from plastic waste and talc at 80 %, and 20 % of that after many experiments. Graphene was monitored at (002). (100). (004) peaks at 2 θ = 26.8°, 42°, with 53 successive physical tests conducted to determine the quality of the graphene produced. The experiments carried out resulted in a successful production of a 98 % pure material. The synthesised graphene was then combined with asphalt using different ratios of weight: 2 %, 6 %, 8 %, and 10 % to test the physical properties of the combination. The results were compared with no graphene usage, the findings validated the findings of similar studies which demonstrate at 6 % ration combination with graphene the asphalt provides better results than without graphene. Also, testing at alternative forces of 6.5 psi and 13 psi at temperatures of 25, 40 and 60, the results showed a noticeable improvement. All tests showed better results in creep and tensile strength. It is concluded that there is a proofed concept to follow this approach to recycle waste plastic in ample ways to reduce the footprint of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alsaid
- Civil Engineering Department Cyprus International University, 99258, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Goktug Tenekeci
- Civil Engineering Department Cyprus International University, 99258, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Plaza MG, Mendoza López ML, Pérez Bueno JDJ, Pérez Meneses J, Maldonado Pérez AX. Polymer Waste Recycling of Injection Molding Purges with Softening for Cutting with Fresnel Solar Collector-A Real Problem Linked to Sustainability and the Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1012. [PMID: 38611270 PMCID: PMC11014222 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A plastic injection waste known as "purge" cannot be reintegrated into the recycling chain due to its shape, size, and composition. Grinding these cannot be carried out with traditional mills due to significant variations in size and shape. This work proposes a process and the design of a device that operates with solar energy to cut the purges without exceeding the degradation temperature. The size reduction allows reprocessing, revalorization, and handling. The purges are mixtures of processed polymers, so their characterization information is unavailable. Some characterizations were conducted before the design of the process and after the cut of the purges. Some of the most representative purges in a recycling company were evaluated. The flame test determines that all material mixtures retain thermoplasticity. The hardness (Shore D) presented changes in four of the purges being assessed, with results in a range of 59-71 before softening and 60-68 after softening. Young's modulus was analyzed by the impulse excitation technique (IET), which was 2.38-3.95 GPa before softening and 1.7-4.28 after softening. The feasibility of cutting purges at their softening temperature was evaluated. This was achieved in all the purges evaluated at 250-280 °C. FTIR allowed for corroboration of no significant change in the purges after softening. The five types of purges evaluated were polypropylene-ABS, polycarbonate-ABS-polypropylene, yellow nylon 66, acetal, and black nylon 66 with fillers, and all were easily cut at their softening temperature, allowing their manipulation in subsequent process steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Guadalupe Plaza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria Luisa Mendoza López
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - José de Jesús Pérez Bueno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S. C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro-Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo C.P. 76703, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Joaquín Pérez Meneses
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - Alejandra Xochitl Maldonado Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S. C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro-Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo C.P. 76703, Querétaro, Mexico;
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Khan SU, Rahim A, Md Yusoff NI, Khan AH, Tabassum S. Experimental Study on Cementless PET Mortar with Marble Powder and Iron Slag as an Aggregate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5267. [PMID: 37569974 PMCID: PMC10419813 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in plastic production during the past decades, yet the recycling of plastic remains relatively low. Incorporating plastic in concrete can mitigate environmental pollution. The use of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as an aggregate weakens properties of concrete. An alternative is to use PET bottles as a binder in the mortar. The PET binder mixed with sand results in weak mortar. Marble and iron slag can enhance PET mortar properties by preventing alkali reactions. This study examines the mechanical and durability properties of PET mortar with different mixes. The mixes were prepared as plastic and marble (PM); plastic and iron slag (PI); plastic, sand, and marble (PSM); plastic, iron slag, and marble (PIM); and plastic, sand, and iron slag (PSI). PM with 30-45% plastic content had increased compressive and flexural strength up to 35.73% and 20.21%, respectively. PI with 30-35% plastic content showed strength improvements up to 29.19% and 5.02%, respectively. However, at 45% plastic content, strength decreased by 8.8% and 27.90%. PSM, PIM, and PSI specimens had nearly double the strength of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar. The durability of PET mortar in chemical solutions, mainly 5% HCl and 20% NaOH, indicate that mass decreased after 3, 7, and 28 days. All specimens showed good resistance to HCl and NaCl solutions compared to OPC mortar. However, its resistance to NaOH is low compared to OPC mortar. PET mortar without cement showed higher strength and durability than cement mortar, making it suitable for paver tiles, drainage systems, and roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Transportation and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department of Transportation and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Nur Izzi Md Yusoff
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ammad Hassan Khan
- Department of Transportation and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Saadia Tabassum
- Department of Transportation and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.K.); (S.T.)
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Gabriel AD, Amparado RF, Lubguban AA, Bacosa HP. Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6132. [PMID: 37372718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are vital water sources for humans and homes for aquatic organisms. Conversely, they are well known as the route of plastics into the ocean. Despite being the world's number one emitter of riverine plastics into the ocean, microplastics (MPs), or plastic particles less than 5 mm, in the Philippines' rivers are relatively unexplored. Water samples were collected from six sampling stations along the river channel of the Cagayan de Oro River, one of the largest rivers in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. The extracted microplastics' abundance, distribution, and characteristics were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed a mean concentration of 300 items/m3 of MPs dominated by blue-colored (59%), fiber (63%), 0.3-0.5 mm (44%), and polyacetylene (48%) particles. The highest concentration of microplastics was recorded near the mouth of the river, and the lowest was in the middle area. The findings indicated a significant difference in MP concentration at the sampling stations. This study is the first assessment of microplastic in a river in Mindanao. The results of this study will aid in formulating mitigation strategies for reducing riverine plastic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiza D Gabriel
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Ruben F Amparado
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A Lubguban
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Environmental Pollution and Innovation Laboratory, Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Hernando P Bacosa
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Environmental Pollution and Innovation Laboratory, Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
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Saeed A, Najm HM, Hassan A, Sabri MMS, Qaidi S, Mashaan NS, Ansari K. Properties and Applications of Geopolymer Composites: A Review Study of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228250. [PMID: 36431736 PMCID: PMC9696611 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Portland cement (PC) is considered the most energy-intensive building material and contributes to around 10% of global warming. It exacerbates global warming and climate change, which have a harmful environmental impact. Efforts are being made to produce sustainable and green concrete as an alternative to PC concrete. As a result, developing a more sustainable strategy and eco-friendly materials to replace ordinary concrete has become critical. Many studies on geopolymer concrete, which has equal or even superior durability and strength compared to traditional concrete, have been conducted for this purpose by many researchers. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been developed as a possible new construction material for replacing conventional concrete, offering a clean technological choice for long-term growth. Over the last few decades, geopolymer concrete has been investigated as a feasible green construction material that can reduce CO2 emissions because it uses industrial wastes as raw materials. GPC has proven effective for structural applications due to its workability and analogical strength compared to standard cement concrete. This review article discusses the engineering properties and microstructure of GPC and shows its merits in construction applications with some guidelines and suggestions recommended for both the academic community and the industrial sector. This literature review also demonstrates that the mechanical properties of GPC are comparable and even sometimes better than those of PC concrete. Moreover, the microstructure of GPC is significantly different from that of PC concrete microstructure and can be affected by many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hadee Mohammed Najm
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Amer Hassan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Shaker Qaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Duhok 42001, Iraq
| | - Nuha S. Mashaan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Khalid Ansari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yashwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur 441110, India
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Qaidi S, Najm HM, Abed SM, Ahmed HU, Al Dughaishi H, Al Lawati J, Sabri MM, Alkhatib F, Milad A. Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites: A Review of the Compressive Strength and Microstructure Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207098. [PMID: 36295166 PMCID: PMC9605405 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer (GP) concrete is a novel construction material that can be used in place of traditional Portland cement (PC) concrete to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and effectively manage industrial waste. Fly ash (FA) has long been utilized as a key constituent in GPs, and GP technology provides an environmentally benign alternative to FA utilization. As a result, a thorough examination of GP concrete manufactured using FA as a precursor (FA-GP concrete) and employed as a replacement for conventional concrete has become crucial. According to the findings of current investigations, FA-GP concrete has equal or superior mechanical and physical characteristics compared to PC concrete. This article reviews the clean production, mix design, compressive strength (CS), and microstructure (Ms) analyses of the FA-GP concrete to collect and publish the most recent information and data on FA-GP concrete. In addition, this paper shall attempt to develop a comprehensive database based on the previous research study that expounds on the impact of substantial aspects such as physio-chemical characteristics of precursors, mixes, curing, additives, and chemical activation on the CS of FA-GP concrete. The purpose of this work is to give viewers a greater knowledge of the consequences and uses of using FA as a precursor to making effective GP concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker Qaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hadee Mohammed Najm
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Suhad M. Abed
- Department of Highways & Airports Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala 32001, Iraq
| | - Hemn U. Ahmed
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah 16278, Iraq
| | - Husam Al Dughaishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Jawad Al Lawati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Mohanad Muayad Sabri
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia
| | - Abdalrhman Milad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
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Arbili MM, Alqurashi M, Majdi A, Ahmad J, Deifalla AF. Concrete Made with Iron Ore Tailings as a Fine Aggregate: A Step towards Sustainable Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15186236. [PMID: 36143547 PMCID: PMC9502883 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The need for low-cost raw materials is driven by the fact that iron ore tailings, a prevalent kind of hazardous solid waste, have created major environmental issues. Although many studies have focused on using iron ore tailing (IOT) in concrete and have reported positive results, readers may find it difficult to accurately assess the behaviors of IOT in concrete due to the scattered nature of the information. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of IOT in concrete is necessary. This paper thoroughly reviews the characteristics of concrete that contains IOT such as fresh properties, mechanical properties and durability at different age of curing. The outcome of this review indicates that by using IOT, concrete's mechanical properties and durability improved, but its flowability decreased. Compressive strength of concrete with 20% substitution of IOT is 14% more than reference concrete. Furthermore, up to 40% substitution of IOT produces concrete that has sufficient flowability and compactability. Scan electronic microscopy results indicate a weak interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The optimum IOT dosage is important since a greater dose may decrease the strength properties and durability owing to a lack of fluidity. Depending on the physical and chemical composition of IOT, the average value of optimum percentages ranges from 30 to 40%. The assessment also recommends areas of unsolved research for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moafak Arbili
- Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Muwaffaq Alqurashi
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Majdi
- Department of Building and Construction and Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering (NUST), Resulpur 24080, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Farouk Deifalla
- Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt
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Qaidi S, Najm HM, Abed SM, Özkılıç YO, Al Dughaishi H, Alosta M, Sabri MMS, Alkhatib F, Milad A. Concrete Containing Waste Glass as an Environmentally Friendly Aggregate: A Review on Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15186222. [PMID: 36143534 PMCID: PMC9501624 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The safe disposal of an enormous amount of waste glass (WG) in several countries has become a severe environmental issue. In contrast, concrete production consumes a large amount of natural resources and contributes to environmental greenhouse gas emissions. It is widely known that many kinds of waste may be utilized rather than raw materials in the field of construction materials. However, for the wide use of waste in building construction, it is necessary to ensure that the characteristics of the resulting building materials are appropriate. Recycled glass waste is one of the most attractive waste materials that can be used to create sustainable concrete compounds. Therefore, researchers focus on the production of concrete and cement mortar by utilizing waste glass as an aggregate or as a pozzolanic material. In this article, the literature discussing the use of recycled glass waste in concrete as a partial or complete replacement for aggregates has been reviewed by focusing on the effect of recycled glass waste on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker Qaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hadee Mohammed Najm
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Suhad M. Abed
- Department of Highways & Airports Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq
| | - Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42000, Turkey
| | - Husam Al Dughaishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Moad Alosta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | | | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Malaysia
| | - Abdalrhman Milad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
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