1
|
Reed DC, Schroeter SC, Huang D, Weisman D, Beheshti KM, Smith RS. The ecology of giant kelp colonization and its implications for kelp forest restoration. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39072751 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The success and cost-effectiveness of kelp forest restoration hinges on understanding the colonization ecology of kelps, particularly with respect to dispersal potential, recruitment success, and subsequent establishment. To gain needed insight into these processes we examined spatial patterns and temporal trajectories of the colonization of a large artificial reef by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. The 151 ha artificial reef complex was constructed in three phases over 21 years, enabling dispersal, recruitment, and subsequent establishment to be examined for a wide range of environmental conditions, dispersal distances, and source population sizes. Natural colonization of all phases of the artificial reef by giant kelp was rapid (within 1 year) and extended across the entire 7-km-long reef complex. Colonization density declined with distance from the nearest source population, but only during the first phase when the distance from the nearest source population was ≤3.5 km. Despite this decline, recruitment on artificial reef modules farthest from the source population was sufficient to produce dense stands of kelp within a couple of years. Experimental outplanting of the artificial reef with laboratory-reared kelp embryos was largely successful but proved unnecessary, as the standing biomass of kelp resulting from natural recruitment exceeded that observed on nearby natural reefs within 2-3 years of artificial reef construction for all three phases. Such high potential for natural colonization following disturbance has important implications for kelp forest restoration efforts that employ costly and logistically difficult methods to mimic this process by active seeding and transplanting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Stephen C Schroeter
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - David Huang
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Denise Weisman
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Kathryn M Beheshti
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Rachel S Smith
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manca F, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Bradshaw CJA, Cabeza M, Gustafsson C, Norkko AM, Roslin TV, Thomas DN, White L, Strona G. Projected loss of brown macroalgae and seagrasses with global environmental change. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5344. [PMID: 38914573 PMCID: PMC11196678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many studies predict extensive future biodiversity loss and redistribution in the terrestrial realm, future changes in marine biodiversity remain relatively unexplored. In this work, we model global shifts in one of the most important marine functional groups-ecosystem-structuring macrophytes-and predict substantial end-of-century change. By modelling the future distribution of 207 brown macroalgae and seagrass species at high temporal and spatial resolution under different climate-change projections, we estimate that by 2100, local macrophyte diversity will decline by 3-4% on average, with 17 to 22% of localities losing at least 10% of their macrophyte species. The current range of macrophytes will be eroded by 5-6%, and highly suitable macrophyte habitat will be substantially reduced globally (78-96%). Global macrophyte habitat will shift among marine regions, with a high potential for expansion in polar regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Manca
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (EpicAustralia.org.au), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mar Cabeza
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Gustafsson
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
| | - Alf M Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
| | - Tomas V Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 5, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David N Thomas
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lydia White
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Madeira P, Reddy MM, Assis J, Bolton JJ, Rothman MD, Anderson RJ, Kandjengo L, Kreiner A, Coleman MA, Wernberg T, De Clerck O, Leliaert F, Bandeira S, Ada AM, Neiva J, Pearson GA, Serrão EA. Cryptic diversity in southern African kelp. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11071. [PMID: 38745036 PMCID: PMC11093989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The southern coast of Africa is one of the few places in the world where water temperatures are predicted to cool in the future. This endemism-rich coastline is home to two sister species of kelps of the genus Ecklonia maxima and Ecklonia radiata, each associated with specific thermal niches, and occuring primarily on opposite sides of the southern tip of Africa. Historical distribution records indicate that E. maxima has recently shifted its distribution ~ 70 km eastward, to sites where only E. radiata was previously reported. The contact of sister species with contrasting thermal affinities and the occurrence of mixed morphologies raised the hypothesis that hybridization might be occurring in this contact zone. Here we describe the genetic structure of the genus Ecklonia along the southern coast of Africa and investigate potential hybridization and cryptic diversity using a combination of nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial markers. We found that both species have geographically discrete genetic clusters, consistent with expected phylogeographic breaks along this coastline. In addition, depth-isolated populations were found to harbor unique genetic diversity, including a third Ecklonia lineage. Mito-nuclear discordance and high genetic divergence in the contact zones suggest multiple hybridization events between Ecklonia species. Discordance between morphological and molecular identification suggests the potential influence of abiotic factors leading to convergent phenotypes in the contact zones. Our results highlight an example of cryptic diversity and hybridization driven by contact between two closely related keystone species with contrasting thermal affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Madeira
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Maggie M Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Jorge Assis
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord Universitet, Bodø, Norway
| | - John J Bolton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Mark D Rothman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg, 8012, South Africa.
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Lineekela Kandjengo
- Department of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Namibia, Sam Nujoma Campus, Henties Bay, Namibia
| | - Anja Kreiner
- National Marine Information and Research Centre, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
| | - Melinda A Coleman
- New South Wales Fisheries, National Marine Science Centre, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Salomão Bandeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Abdul M Ada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - João Neiva
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzalez‐Aragon D, Rivadeneira MM, Lara C, Torres FI, Vásquez JA, Broitman BR. A species distribution model of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera: Worldwide changes and a focus on the Southeast Pacific. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10901. [PMID: 38435006 PMCID: PMC10905252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide climate-driven shifts in the distribution of species is of special concern when it involves habitat-forming species. In the coastal environment, large Laminarian algae-kelps-form key coastal ecosystems that support complex and diverse food webs. Among kelps, Macrocystis pyrifera is the most widely distributed habitat-forming species and provides essential ecosystem services. This study aimed to establish the main drivers of future distributional changes on a global scale and use them to predict future habitat suitability. Using species distribution models (SDM), we examined the changes in global distribution of M. pyrifera under different emission scenarios with a focus on the Southeast Pacific shores. To constrain the drivers of our simulations to the most important factors controlling kelp forest distribution across spatial scales, we explored a suite of environmental variables and validated the predictions derived from the SDMs. Minimum sea surface temperature was the single most important variable explaining the global distribution of suitable habitat for M. pyrifera. Under different climate change scenarios, we always observed a decrease of suitable habitat at low latitudes, while an increase was detected in other regions, mostly at high latitudes. Along the Southeast Pacific, we observed an upper range contraction of -17.08° S of latitude for 2090-2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario, implying a loss of habitat suitability throughout the coast of Peru and poleward to -27.83° S in Chile. Along the area of Northern Chile where a complete habitat loss is predicted by our model, natural stands are under heavy exploitation. The loss of habitat suitability will take place worldwide: Significant impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are likely. Furthermore, changes in habitat suitability are a harbinger of massive impacts in the socio-ecological systems of the Southeast Pacific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalez‐Aragon
- Doctorado en Ciencias, mención en Biodiversidad y Biorecursos, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepcionChile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio‐Ecología Costera (SECOS)SantiagoChile
- Núcleo Milenio UPWELL
| | - Marcelo M. Rivadeneira
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas ÁridasCoquimboChile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
| | - Carlos Lara
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepcionChile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y SustentabilidadUniversidad Bernardo O'HigginsSantiagoChile
| | - Felipe I. Torres
- Doctorado en Ciencias, mención en Biodiversidad y Biorecursos, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepcionChile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio‐Ecología Costera (SECOS)SantiagoChile
- Data Observatory Foundation, ANID Technology Center No. DO210001SantiagoChile
| | - Julio A. Vásquez
- Instituto Milenio en Socio‐Ecología Costera (SECOS)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA)CoquimboChile
| | - Bernardo R. Broitman
- Instituto Milenio en Socio‐Ecología Costera (SECOS)SantiagoChile
- Núcleo Milenio UPWELL
- Facultad de Artes LiberalesUniversidad Adolfo IbañezViña Del MarChile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peres LMC, Gouvêa LP, Hayden J, Burle G, Bastos E, Carneiro A, Horta PA. Effects of ocean warming and pollution on Sargassum forests. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106167. [PMID: 37725865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of climate change and ocean pollution have resulted in a noteworthy decline of canopy-forming species, impacting marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning significantly. In this context, Sargassum cymosum, which is widely distributed along the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, serves as an excellent model among canopy-forming species to investigate these impacts on populations in different regions and environmental conditions. Here, we evaluate the ecophysiological responses of two populations of S. cymosum, from Florianopolis (warm-temperate province; WTP) and Fernando de Noronha (tropical province, TP), through of interaction of temperatures and nutrient concentrations, representing marine heatwaves and acute pollution levels. Our findings revealed a decrease in biomass in both populations, highlighting the significance of nutrient enrichment as an anthropogenic filter that might potentially inhibit the expansion of the populations from tropical regions and temperature for WTP ones. These stressors directly impacted the physiological performance of S. cymosum populations, including relative growth rates, photosynthesis, chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenolic compound levels. Although there was an increase in both parameters for the TP population, a significant loss of biomass was observed, with growth rates reaching -1.5% per day. Our results highlight the need for urgent actions to manage the eutrophication process due to its negative association with global warming, which can enhance the impacts and preclude the settlement and survival of Sargassum in warm-temperate areas considering the observed and predicted tropicalization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M Costa Peres
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Lidiane P Gouvêa
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Juliana Hayden
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giulia Burle
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bastos
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Carneiro
- NEMAR - Nucleo de Estudos do Mar, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Assis J, Alberto F, Macaya EC, Castilho Coelho N, Faugeron S, Pearson GA, Ladah L, Reed DC, Raimondi P, Mansilla A, Brickle P, Zuccarello GC, Serrão EA. Past climate-driven range shifts structuring intraspecific biodiversity levels of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) at global scales. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12046. [PMID: 37491385 PMCID: PMC10368654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of past climate-driven range shifts structuring the distribution of marine intraspecific biodiversity lacks replication in biological models exposed to comparable limiting conditions in independent regions. This may lead to confounding effects unlinked to climate drivers. We aim to fill in this gap by asking whether the global distribution of intraspecific biodiversity of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is explained by past climate changes occurring across the two hemispheres. We compared the species' population genetic diversity and structure inferred with microsatellite markers, with range shifts and long-term refugial regions predicted with species distribution modelling (SDM) from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the present. The broad antitropical distribution of Macrocystis pyrifera is composed by six significantly differentiated genetic groups, for which current genetic diversity levels match the expectations of past climate changes. Range shifts from the LGM to the present structured low latitude refugial regions where genetic relics with higher and unique diversity were found (particularly in the Channel Islands of California and in Peru), while post-glacial expansions following ~ 40% range contraction explained extensive regions with homogenous reduced diversity. The estimated effect of past climate-driven range shifts was comparable between hemispheres, largely demonstrating that the distribution of intraspecific marine biodiversity can be structured by comparable evolutionary forces across the global ocean. Additionally, the differentiation and endemicity of regional genetic groups, confers high conservation value to these localized intraspecific biodiversity hotspots of giant kelp forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Assis
- CCMAR, CIMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord Universitet, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Filipe Alberto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Erasmo C Macaya
- Centro Fondap IDEAL and Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nelson Castilho Coelho
- CCMAR, CIMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Núcleo Milenio MASH and IRL3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universidad Austral de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lydia Ladah
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Daniel C Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | | | - Andrés Mansilla
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Paul Brickle
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, Falkland Islands
| | - Giuseppe C Zuccarello
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR, CIMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ecological risks associated with seaweed cultivation and identifying risk minimization approaches. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
8
|
Kitchel ZJ, Conrad HM, Selden RL, Pinsky ML. The role of continental shelf bathymetry in shaping marine range shifts in the face of climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5185-5199. [PMID: 35698263 PMCID: PMC9540106 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of anthropogenic climate change, marine species on continental shelves around the world are rapidly shifting deeper and poleward. However, whether these shifts deeper and poleward will allow species to access more, less, or equivalent amounts of continental shelf area and associated critical habitats remains unclear. By examining the proportion of seabed area at a range of depths for each large marine ecosystem (LME), we found that shelf area declined monotonically for 19% of LMEs examined. However, the majority exhibited a greater proportion of shelf area in mid-depths or across several depth ranges. By comparing continental shelf area across 2° latitudinal bands, we found that all coastlines exhibit multiple instances of shelf area expansion and contraction, which have the potential to promote or restrict poleward movement of marine species. Along most coastlines, overall shelf habitat increases or exhibits no significant change moving towards the poles. The exception is the Southern West Pacific, which experiences an overall loss of area with increasing latitude. Changes in continental shelf area availability across latitudes and depths are likely to affect the number of species local ecosystems can support. These geometric analyses help identify regions of conservation priority and ecological communities most likely to face attrition or expansion due to variations in available area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Kitchel
- Ecology and Evolution Graduate ProgramRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hailey M. Conrad
- Department of Fish and Wildlife ConservationBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Malin L. Pinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burnett NP, Koehl MAR. Ecological biomechanics of damage to macroalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981904. [PMID: 36092422 PMCID: PMC9452655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae provide food and habitat to a diversity of organisms in marine systems, so structural damage and breakage of thallus tissue can have important ecological consequences for the composition and dynamics of marine communities. Common sources of macroalgal damage include breakage by hydrodynamic forces imposed by ambient water currents and waves, tissue consumption by herbivores, and injuries due to epibionts. Many macroalgal species have biomechanical designs that minimize damage by these sources, such as flexibly reconfiguring into streamlined shapes in flow, having either strong or extensible tissues that are tough, and having chemical and morphological defenses against herbivores and epibionts. If damage occurs, some macroalgae have tissue properties that prevent cracks from propagating or that facilitate tissue breakage in certain places, allowing the remainder of the thallus to survive. In contrast to these mechanisms of damage control, some macroalgae use breakage to aid dispersal, while others simply complete their reproduction prior to seasonally-predictable periods of damage (e.g., storm seasons). Once damage occurs, macroalgae have a variety of biomechanical responses, including increasing tissue strength, thickening support structures, or altering thallus shape. Thus, macroalgae have myriad biomechanical strategies for preventing, controlling, and responding to structural damage that can occur throughout their lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Burnett
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - M. A. R. Koehl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anderson AB, Bernardes MB, Pinheiro HT, Guabiroba HC, Pimentel CR, Vilar CC, Gomes LEO, Bernardino AF, Delfino SDT, Giarrizzo T, Ferreira CEL, Joyeux JC. Niche availability and habitat affinities of the red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758): An important ecological player on the world's largest rhodolith beds. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:179-189. [PMID: 35538668 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) is a carnivore bottom dweller sparid, inhabiting flat sandy bottoms, rhodolith and seagrass beds of the Mediterranean Sea, the Western Atlantic (from Florida to Argentina) and the Eastern Atlantic (from Britain to Gabon). Along its native range, the red porgy is highly targeted by commercial and artisanal fisheries. In the past 40 years, the population decline of the species has been widely reported. In many locations, such as the Brazilian coast, stocks have collapsed. The central portion of the Brazilian coast harbours the largest rhodolith beds in the world and the highest levels of nektonic and benthic biodiversity. Along the rhodolith megahabitat, P. pagrus density is disproportionately higher (by 480%) than that of conspicuous benthic fishes inhabiting the same environment. Despite the ecological and economic importance of such an important species along its native range, little is known regarding its habitat use, niche availability and population responses to global warming. Here we present habitat affinities based on data sampled using baited remote stereo-video systems, and modelled niche availability and global warming populational responses. Our findings reveal that the red porgy is a species highly associated with rhodolith beds along the central portion of the Brazilian coast. The presence of a disproportional density and biomass of the red porgy, compared to other marine fish species, indicates that the species plays a key ecological role as a carnivore, mesoconsumer and prey/predator tolerant species, maintaining essential ecological functions in the habitat. In a global warming scenario, the model predicted populational niche shifts poleward and a severe niche erosion at lower latitudes as expected. Conservation initiatives (implementation of Maine Protected Areas, trawling exclusion zones, mining exclusion zones, fisheries management policies) are urgent to secure future stocks of the red porgy and also preserve the fragile rhodolith beds they inhabit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio B Anderson
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Bernardes
- Department of Environmental Education, V. Velha Town Hall, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Hudson T Pinheiro
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helder C Guabiroba
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Caio R Pimentel
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Ciro C Vilar
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O Gomes
- Benthic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie D T Delfino
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Giarrizzo
- Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática E Pesca da Amazonia, Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos E L Ferreira
- LECAR-Federal Fluminense University, Department of Marine Biology, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jean-Christophe Joyeux
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anderson AB, Assis J, Batista MB, Serrão EA, Guabiroba HC, Delfino SDT, Pinheiro HT, Pimentel CR, Gomes LEO, Vilar CC, Bernardino AF, Horta P, Ghisolfi RD, Joyeux JC. Global warming assessment suggests the endemic Brazilian kelp beds to be an endangered ecosystem. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 168:105307. [PMID: 33984550 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kelps are canopy-forming brown seaweed sustaining critical ecosystem services in coastal habitats, including shelter, nursery grounds, and providing food resources to a myriad of associated species. This study modeled the fundamental niche of Laminaria abyssalis along the Brazilian continental margin, an endemic species of the South Atlantic, to anticipate potential distributional range shifts under two contrasting scenarios of future environmental changes (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). The model for fundamental niche predictions considering the "present scenario" has shown a wider potential area than the realized niche (i.e., the area where the species actually occurs) along the Brazilian coast. In both future scenarios, the models have shown niche erosion on the northern portion of the Brazilian coast and niche gains towards the south. In both scenarios, L. abyssalis populations tend to shift to deeper regions of the reef. The restricted range of occurrence (33,000 km2), intense anthropic activities along these beds (e.g., trawling fisheries, oil/gas mining, or removal for agricultural purposes) acting synergically with global warming, may drive this ecosystem to collapse faster than kelp species' ability to adapt. We propose to classify L. abyssalis as Endangered - (EN) under IUCN criteria, and highlight that long-term monitoring of kelp beds is an urgent need to develop effective conservation initiatives to protect such rare and invaluable ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Anderson
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - J Assis
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M B Batista
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - E A Serrão
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - H C Guabiroba
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - S D T Delfino
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - H T Pinheiro
- Ichthyology Section, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - C R Pimentel
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - L E O Gomes
- Benthic Ecology Group, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - C C Vilar
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - A F Bernardino
- Benthic Ecology Group, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - P Horta
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - R D Ghisolfi
- Laboratory of Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - J-C Joyeux
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yue M, Shen H, Ye W, Li W, Chen J. Winter low temperature disturbance in the southern subtropics of China promotes the competitiveness of an invasive plant. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Anderson AB, Joyeux JC, Floeter SR. Spatiotemporal variations in density and biomass of rocky reef fish in a biogeographic climatic transition zone: trends over 9 years, inside and outside the only nearshore no-take marine-protected area on the southern Brazilian coast. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:845-859. [PMID: 32564373 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogeographical transition zones are important areas to investigate evolutionary ecological questions, but long-term population monitoring is needed to better understand ecological processes that govern population variations in such edge environments. The southernmost Brazilian rocky reefs are the southern limit of distribution for 96% of the tropical ichthyofauna of the western Atlantic. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve is the only nearshore no-take marine-protected area (MPA) located in this transition zone. The main aim was to investigate how the populations of rocky reef fish species vary in density and biomass in space and over time, inside and outside the Arvoredo MPA. This study presents results based on a 9 year (2008-2017) underwater visual census monitoring study to evaluate the density and biomass of key fish species. Variations in density and biomass were detected for most species. Factors and mechanisms that may have influenced spatial variation are habitat structural complexity and protection from fisheries. Temporal variations, otherwise, may have been influenced by species proximity to their distributional limit, in synergy with density-dependent mechanisms and stochastic winter temperature oscillations. The MPAs harbour higher density and biomass for most species. Nonetheless, a prominent temporal decline in the recruitment of Epinephelus marginatus calls into question the continuous effectiveness of the MPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio B Anderson
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jean-Christophe Joyeux
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Sergio R Floeter
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anderson AB, da Silva JP, Sorvilo R, Francini CLB, Floeter SR, Barreiros JP. Population expansion of the invasive Pomacentridae Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833) in southern Brazilian coast: long-term monitoring, fundamental niche availability and new records. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:362-373. [PMID: 32401338 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human-mediated species invasions are recognized as a leading cause of global biotic homogenization and extinction. Studies on colonization events since early stages, establishment of new populations and range extension are scarce because of their rarity, difficult detection and monitoring. Chromis limbata is a reef-associated and non-migratory marine fish from the family Pomacentridae found in depths ranging between 3 and 45 m. The original distribution of the species encompassed exclusively the eastern Atlantic, including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also commonly reported from West Africa between Senegal and Pointe Noire, Congo. In 2008, vagrant individuals of C. limbata were recorded off the east coast of Santa Catarina Island, South Brazil (27° 41' 44″ S, 48° 27' 53″ W). This study evaluated the increasing densities of C. limbata populations in Santa Catarina State shoreline. Two recent expansions, northwards to São Paulo State and southwards to Rio Grande do Sul State, are discussed, and a niche model of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was performed to evaluate suitable C. limbata habitats. Brazilian populations are established and significantly increasing in most sites where the species has been detected. The distributional boundaries predicted by the model are clearly wider than their known range of occurrence, evidencing environmental suitability in both hemispheres from areas where the species still does not occur. Ecological processes such as competition, predation and specially habitat selectivity may regulate their populations and overall distribution range. A long-term monitoring programme and population genetics studies are necessary for a better understanding of this invasion and its consequences to natural communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio B Anderson
- Department of Oceanography, ICTIOLAB - Laboratory of Ichthyology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jodir Pereira da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências, Colégio Técnico de Campinas (CTC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Jorge de Figueiredo Corrêa, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sorvilo
- Departamento de Ciências, Colégio Técnico de Campinas (CTC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Jorge de Figueiredo Corrêa, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio R Floeter
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - João P Barreiros
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C)/Azorean Biodiversity Group and 7, Universidade dos Açores - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente , Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, University of Azores, R. da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação - Centro APTA Pescado Marinho, Instituto de Pesca, Avenida Francisco Matarazzo, 455 - Parque da Água Branca - Barra Funda, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schreiber L, López BA, Rivadeneira MM, Thiel M. Connections Between Benthic Populations and Local Strandings of the Southern Bull Kelp Durvillaea Antarctica Along the Continental Coast of Chile 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:185-197. [PMID: 31562638 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Floating seaweeds are important dispersal vectors in marine ecosystems. However, the relationship between benthic populations and stranded seaweeds has received little attention. After detachment, a fraction of floating specimens returns to the shore, resulting in strandings that fluctuate in space and time. It has been hypothesized that the availability of stranded seaweeds is related to their benthic abundance on adjacent coasts. Using the large fucoid Durvillaea antarctica, we tested whether stranded biomasses are higher at sites with dense adjacent benthic populations. Benthic abundance of D. antarctica along the continental coast of Chile was estimated using three approximations: (i) availability of potentially suitable habitat (PSH), (ii) categorical visual abundance estimates in the field, and (iii) abundance measurements in the intertidal zone. Higher PSH for D. antarctica was observed between 31° S-32° S and 40° S-42° S than between 33° S and 39° S. Lowest benthic biomasses were estimated for the northern latitudes (31° S-32° S). Regression models showed that the association between stranded biomass and PSH was highest when only the extent of rocky shore 10 km to the south of each beach was included, suggesting relatively short-distance dispersal and asymmetrical transport of floating kelps, which is further supported by low proportions of rafts with Lepas spp. (indicator of rafting). The results indicate that stranded biomasses are mostly subsidized by nearby benthic populations, which can partly explain the low genetic connectivity among populations in the study region. Future studies should also incorporate other local factors (e.g., winds, currents, wave-exposure) that influence stranding dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Schreiber
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Biological Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris A López
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Fuchslocher 1305, Osorno, Chile
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, CEAZA, Av. Bernardo Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Martin Thiel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, CEAZA, Av. Bernardo Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carvalho VF, Assis J, Serrão EA, Nunes JM, Anderson AB, Batista MB, Barufi JB, Silva J, Pereira SMB, Horta PA. Environmental drivers of rhodolith beds and epiphytes community along the South Western Atlantic coast. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 154:104827. [PMID: 31780097 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions shape the occurrence and abundance of habitat-building organisms at global scales. Rhodolith beds structure important hard substrate habitats for a large number of marine benthic organisms. These organisms can benefit local biodiversity levels, but also compete with rhodoliths for essential resources. Therefore, understanding the factors shaping the distribution of rhodoliths and their associated communities along entire distributional ranges is of much relevance for conservational biology, particularly in the scope of future environmental changes. Here we predict suitable habitat areas and identify the main environmental drivers of rhodoliths' variability and of associated epiphytes along a large-scale latitudinal gradient. Occurrence and abundance data were collected throughout the South-western Atlantic coast (SWA) and modelled against high resolution environmental predictors extracted from Bio-Oracle. The main drivers for rhodolith occurrence were light availability and temperature at the bottom of the ocean, while abundance was explained by nitrate, temperature and current velocity. Tropical regions showed the highest abundance of rhodoliths. No latitudinal pattern was detected in the variability of epiphytes abundance. However, significant differences were found between sampled sites regarding the composition of predominant taxa. The predictors influencing such differences were temperature and nitrate. The Tropical region is abundant in species with warm-water affinities, decreasing toward warm temperate region. The expressive occurrence of tropical species not referred before for warm temperate beds indicate a plausible tropicalization event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Assis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - José M Nunes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Antônio B Anderson
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia - Laboratório de Ictiologia (Ictiolab) - Campus Goiabeiras - Vitória - ES - Brazil
| | - Manuela B Batista
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José B Barufi
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - João Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sonia M B Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tala F, López BA, Velásquez M, Jeldres R, Macaya EC, Mansilla A, Ojeda J, Thiel M. Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: Potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 149:67-79. [PMID: 31154063 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the performance of floating seaweeds as dispersal vectors comes mostly from mid latitudes (30°-40°), but phylogeographic studies suggest that long-distance dispersal (LDD) is more common at high latitudes (50°-60°). To test this hypothesis, long-term field experiments with floating southern bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica were conducted along a latitudinal gradient (30°S, 37°S and 54°S) in austral winter and summer. Floating time exceeded 200d in winter at the high latitudes but in summer it dropped to 90d, being still higher than at low latitudes (<45d). Biomass variations were due to loss of buoyant fronds. Reproductive activity diminished during long floating times. Physiological changes included mainly a reduction in photosynthetic (Fv/Fm and pigments) rather than in defence variables (phlorotannins and antioxidant activity). The observed long floating persistence and long-term acclimation responses at 54°S support the hypothesis of LDD by kelp rafts at high latitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Tala
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Boris A López
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Universidad de Los Lagos, Avenida Fuchslocher, 1305, Osorno, Chile
| | - Marcel Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas (LMAS), Universidad de Magallanes, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, IEB-Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Jeldres
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile
| | - Erasmo C Macaya
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile; Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Andrés Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas (LMAS), Universidad de Magallanes, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, IEB-Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas (LMAS), Universidad de Magallanes, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, IEB-Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Thiel
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| |
Collapse
|