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Altriche N, Gallant S, Augustine TN, Xulu KR. Navigating the Intricacies of Tumor Heterogeneity: An Insight into Potential Prognostic Breast Cancer Biomarkers. Biomark Insights 2024; 19:11772719241256798. [PMID: 38895160 PMCID: PMC11185041 DOI: 10.1177/11772719241256798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with diverse histological and molecular subtypes. Luminal breast tumors are the most diagnosed subtype. In luminal breast cancer, hormone receptors (including ER, PR, HER2) play a diagnostic and prognostic role. Despite the effectiveness of endocrine therapy in luminal breast tumors, tumor recurrence and resistance occur, and this may highlight evolutionary strategies for survival driven by stemness. In this review we thus consider the association between estrogen signaling and stemness in mediating tumor processes. Many studies report stemness as one of the factors promoting tumor progression. Its association with estrogen signaling warrants further investigation and provides an opportunity for the identification of novel biomarkers which may be used for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Breast cancer stem cells have been characterized (CD44+ CD24-) and their role in promoting treatment resistance and tumor recurrence widely studied; however, the complexity of tumor progression which also involve microenvironmental factors suggests the existence of more varied cell phenotypes which mediate stemness and its role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassia Altriche
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Simone Gallant
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Tanya Nadine Augustine
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kutlwano Rekgopetswe Xulu
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Sen U, Shanavas S, Nagendra AH, Nihad M, Chaudhury D, Rachamalla HK, Banerjee R, Shenoy P S, Bose B. Significance of Oct-4 transcription factor as a pivotal therapeutic target for CD44 + /24 - mammary tumor initiating cells: Aiming at the root of the recurrence. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:742-753. [PMID: 36573403 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains one of the deadliest and frequently diagnosed metastatic cancers worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the cell population within the tumor niche, having an epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) transition phenotype, high self-renewal, vigorous metastatic capacity, drug resistance, and tumor relapse. Identification of targets for induction of apoptosis is essential to provide novel therapeutic approaches in BC. Our earlier studies showed that Vitamin C induces apoptotic cell death by losing redox balance in TNBC CSCs. In this study, we have attempted to identify previously unrecognized CSC survival factors that can be used as druggable targets for bCSCs apoptosis regulators isolated from the TNBC line, MDA MB 468. After a thorough literature review, Oct-4 was identified as the most promising marker for its unique abundance in cancer and absence in normal cells and the contribution of Oct-4 to the sustenance of cancer cells. We then validated a very high expression of Oct-4 in the MDA MB 468 bCSCs population using flow-cytometry. The loss of Oct-4 was carried out using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown in the bCSCs, followed by assessing for cellular apoptosis. Our results indicated that Oct-4 knockdown induced cell death, changes in cellular morphology, inhibited mammosphere formation, and positive for Annexin-V expression, thereby indicating the role of Oct-4 in bCSC survival. Moreover, our findings also suggest the direct interaction between Oct-4 and Vitamin C using in silico docking. This data, hence, contributes towards novel information about Oct-4 highlighting this molecule as a novel survival factor in bCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Sen
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muhammad Nihad
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Debajit Chaudhury
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Hari K Rachamalla
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajkumar Banerjee
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudheer Shenoy P
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem cells and regenerative medicine centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be university), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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An Updated Review on Recent Advances in the Usage of Novel Therapeutic Peptides for Breast Cancer Treatment. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Tran TO, Vo TH, Lam LHT, Le NQK. ALDH2 as a potential stem cell-related biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma: Comprehensive multi-omics analysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1921-1929. [PMID: 36936815 PMCID: PMC10018390 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent lung cancer and one of the leading causes of death. Previous research found a link between LUAD and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a member of aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily. In this study, we identified additional useful prognostic markers for early LUAD identification and targeting LUAD therapy by analyzing the expression level, epigenetic mechanism, and signaling activities of ALDH2 in LUAD patients. The obtained results demonstrated that ALDH2 gene and protein expression significantly downregulated in LUAD patient samples. Furthermore, The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) reported that diminished ALDH2 expression was closely linked to worse overall survival (OS) in different stages of LUAD. Considerably, ALDH2 showed aberrant DNA methylation status in LUAD cancer. ALDH2 was found to be downregulated in the proteomic expression profile of several cell biology signaling pathways, particularly stem cell-related pathways. Finally, the relationship of ALDH2 activity with stem cell-related factors and immune system were reported. In conclusion, the downregulation of ALDH2, abnormal DNA methylation, and the consequent deficit of stemness signaling pathways are relevant prognostic and therapeutic markers in LUAD.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal
- AJCC, American Joint Committee On Cancer
- ALDH, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2
- CGI, Cpg Island
- CPTAC, Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium
- CSCs, Cancer Stem Cells
- Cancer stem cells
- DNA methylation
- Gene expression
- IHC, Immunohistochemical
- LCSCs, Liver Cancer Stem Cells
- LUAD, Lung Adenocarcinoma
- Lung adenocarcinoma
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- OS, Overall Survival
- Protein expression
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SCLC, Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Survival analysis
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TMT, Tandem Mass Tags
- TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis
- UICC, International Union For Cancer Control
- XRCC1, X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Oanh Tran
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, Bach Mai Hospital, No.78, Giai Phong street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Hoa Vo
- Department of Science, School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Center (PMBRC), South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | - Luu Ho Thanh Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le
- Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Corresponding author at: Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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miR-22 Suppresses EMT by Mediating Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer through Targeting MYC-Associated Factor X. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7843565. [PMID: 36061355 PMCID: PMC9436592 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7843565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved to be unusually expressed in CRC progression and thus alter multiple pathological processes in CRC cells. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of miR-22 in CRC have not been clearly reported. MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) and MYC-associated factor X (MAX) expressions were determined by RT-qPCR in CRC tissues and cells. The targeted regulatory effects of miR-22 and MAX were confirmed by luciferase reporter and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Also, gain- and loss-of-function and rescue experiments were used to elucidate the function and mechanism of miR-22 and MAX in CRC cells and the mouse xenograft model. We discovered that miR-22 was hypermethylated and downregulated, while MAX was upregulated in CRC. miR-22 markedly inhibited migration, invasion, glycolysis, and cancer stem cell transcription factors in CRC cells. In addition, it was found that miR-22 can directly target MAX. Additional functional experiments confirmed that MAX overexpression can rescue the effects of miR-22 on the behavior of CRC cells. This study suggested that miR-22, as a cancer suppressor, participates in CRC progression by targeting MAX, which might provide basic information for therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Biglycan Promotes Cancer Stem Cell Properties, NFκB Signaling and Metastatic Potential in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020455. [PMID: 35053617 PMCID: PMC8773822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small sub-population of cells within tumors with high metastatic potential. We identified biglycan (BGN) as a prospective molecular target in BCSCs that regulates the aggressive phenotypes of these cells. These findings establish a foundation for the development of therapeutics against BGN to eliminate BCSCs and prevent metastatic breast cancer. Abstract It is a major challenge to treat metastasis due to the presence of heterogenous BCSCs. Therefore, it is important to identify new molecular targets and their underlying molecular mechanisms in various BCSCs to improve treatment of breast cancer metastasis. Here, we performed RNA sequencing on two distinct co-existing BCSC populations, ALDH+ and CD29hi CD61+ from PyMT mammary tumor cells and detected upregulation of biglycan (BGN) in these BCSCs. Genetic depletion of BGN reduced BCSC proportions and tumorsphere formation. Furthermore, BCSC associated aggressive traits such as migration and invasion were significantly reduced by depletion of BGN. Glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolic assays also revealed that BCSCs exhibited decreased metabolism upon loss of BGN. BCSCs showed decreased activation of the NFκB transcription factor, p65, and phospho-IκB levels upon BGN ablation, indicating regulation of NFκB pathway by BGN. To further support our data, we also characterized CD24−/CD44+ BCSCs from human luminal MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These CD24−/CD44+ BCSCs similarly exhibited reduced tumorigenic phenotypes, metabolism and attenuation of NFκB pathway after knockdown of BGN. Finally, loss of BGN in ALDH+ and CD29hi CD61+ BCSCs showed decreased metastatic potential, suggesting BGN serves as an important therapeutic target in BCSCs for treating metastasis of breast cancer.
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Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Dietary Agents: An Important Therapeutic Strategy against Human Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111669. [PMID: 34769099 PMCID: PMC8584029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a multifactorial disease, treatment of cancer depends on understanding unique mechanisms involved in its progression. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor stemness and by enhancing colony formation, proliferation as well as metastasis, and these cells can also mediate resistance to therapy. Furthermore, the presence of CSCs leads to cancer recurrence and therefore their complete eradication can have immense therapeutic benefits. The present review focuses on targeting CSCs by natural products in cancer therapy. The growth and colony formation capacities of CSCs have been reported can be attenuated by the dietary agents. These compounds can induce apoptosis in CSCs and reduce tumor migration and invasion via EMT inhibition. A variety of molecular pathways including STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Gli1 and NF-κB undergo down-regulation by dietary agents in suppressing CSC features. Upon exposure to natural agents, a significant decrease occurs in levels of CSC markers including CD44, CD133, ALDH1, Oct4 and Nanog to impair cancer stemness. Furthermore, CSC suppression by dietary agents can enhance sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition to in vitro studies, as well as experiments on the different preclinical models have shown capacity of natural products in suppressing cancer stemness. Furthermore, use of nanostructures for improving therapeutic impact of dietary agents is recommended to rapidly translate preclinical findings for clinical use.
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Qayoom H, Wani NA, Alshehri B, Mir MA. An insight into the cancer stem cell survival pathways involved in chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4185-4206. [PMID: 34342489 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex, aggressive and fatal subtype of breast cancer. Owing to the lack of targeted therapy and heterogenic nature of TNBC, chemotherapy remains the sole treatment option for TNBC, with taxanes and anthracyclines representing the general chemotherapeutic regimen in TNBC therapy. But unfortunately, patients develop resistance to the existing chemotherapeutic regimen, resulting in approximately 90% treatment failure. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are one of the major causes for the development of chemoresistance in TNBC patients. After surviving the chemotherapy damage, the presence of BCSCs results in relapse and recurrence of TNBC. Several pathways are known to regulate BCSCs' survival, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT and HIPPO pathways. Therefore it is imperative to target these pathways in the context of eliminating chemoresistance. In this review we will discuss the novel strategies and various preclinical and clinical studies to give an insight into overcoming TNBC chemoresistance. We present a detailed account of recent studies carried out that open an exciting perspective in relation to the mechanisms of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Qayoom
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir Nunar Ganderbal 191201, J&K, India
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, KSA
| | - Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
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Rajarajan D, Kaur B, Penta D, Natesh J, Meeran SM. miR-145-5p as a predictive biomarker for breast cancer stemness by computational clinical investigation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104601. [PMID: 34186326 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast tumors enriched with breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), play a crucial role in metastasis and tumor relapse. Hence, targeting BCSCs may lead to efficacious breast cancer therapy. BCSCs have a unique expression of stemness markers, including Nanog, POU5F1, SOX2, and CD44, which play a vital role in cancer stem cell properties. However, the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs)-mediated cancer stem cell marker expressions is largely unclear. METHODS MIENTURNET was used to predict miRNA-target interactions. miR-TV, UALCAN and GEPIA databases were used to analyze the expression of miR-145-5p and SOX2. Survival analysis was obtained by cBioportal, KM plotter and Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner. RNAComposer was used to perform miRNA-mRNA duplex prediction. In vitro mRNA and miRNA analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS It was observed that miR-145-5p was the common miRNA targeting stemness markers. miR-145-5p expression was found to be lower in breast cancer patients compared to healthy subjects. Based on survival analysis, low expression of miR-145-5p and high expression of SOX2 led to a poor overall survival rate in breast cancer patients. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that SOX2 was highly enriched with transcription factors. Moreover, SOX2 expression level was also upregulated in axillary metastatic lymph nodules. Further, in vitro ectopic expression of miR-145-5p by its mimic downregulated the SOX2 expression compared to the control mimic. Overall, SOX2 was a direct target for miR-145-5p as per the binding and minimal-free energy. CONCLUSIONS In this study, miR-145-5p targeting SOX2 was identified as a potential predictive biomarker for breast cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeran Rajarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Bhavjot Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanamjai Penta
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Jagadish Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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Song K, Farzaneh M. Signaling pathways governing breast cancer stem cells behavior. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:245. [PMID: 33863385 PMCID: PMC8052733 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second common cancer and the leading cause of malignancy among females overall. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small population of breast cancer cells that play a critical role in the metastasis of breast cancer to other organs in the body. BCSCs have both self-renewal and differentiation capacities, which are thought to contribute to the aggressiveness of metastatic lesions. Therefore, targeting BCSCs can be a suitable approach for the treatment and metastasis of breast cancer. Growing evidence has indicated that the Wnt, NFκB, Notch, BMP2, STAT3, and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways govern epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation, growth, and tumorigenesis of BCSCs in the primary regions. miRNAs as the central regulatory molecules also play critical roles in BCSC self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance. Hence, targeting these pathways might be a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy. This review discusses known signaling mechanisms involved in the stimulation or prevention of BCSC self-renewal, metastasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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