1
|
Stawarska A, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Runden-Pran E, Dusinska M, Cimpan MR, Rios-Mondragon I, Grudzinski IP. Extracellular Vesicles as Next-Generation Diagnostics and Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6533. [PMID: 38928240 PMCID: PMC11204223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise for clinical application as new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This paper describes major GMP-based upstream and downstream manufacturing processes for EV large-scale production, also focusing on post-processing technologies such as surface bioengineering and uploading studies to yield novel EV-based diagnostics and advanced therapy medicinal products. This paper also focuses on the quality, safety, and efficacy issues of the bioengineered EV drug candidates before first-in-human studies. Because clinical trials involving extracellular vesicles are on the global rise, this paper encompasses different clinical studies registered on clinical-trial register platforms, with varying levels of advancement, highlighting the growing interest in EV-related clinical programs. Navigating the regulatory affairs of EVs poses real challenges, and obtaining marketing authorization for EV-based medicines remains complex due to the lack of specific regulatory guidelines for such novel products. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art regulatory knowledge to date on EV-based diagnostics and medicinal products, highlighting further research and global regulatory needs for the safe and reliable implementation of bioengineered EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical settings. Post-marketing pharmacovigilance for EV-based medicinal products is also presented, mainly addressing such topics as risk assessment and risk management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stawarska
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Elise Runden-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Biomaterials—Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien Str. 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.R.C.); (I.R.-M.)
| | - Ivan Rios-Mondragon
- Biomaterials—Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien Str. 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.R.C.); (I.R.-M.)
| | - Ireneusz P. Grudzinski
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (I.P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Radwan S, Mourad DF, Hamdy R, Kamel MM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Elkhashab DM, Kadry DY. Clinical Profiles, Laboratory Biomarkers, and Mortality in Cancer Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:901. [PMID: 38929518 PMCID: PMC11205937 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) pose a substantial health burden worldwide, especially among immunocompromised groups like cancer patients. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to explore lower respiratory tract infections in cancer patients. We followed 107 cases with clinically or radiologically suspected lower respiratory tract infections until discharge or death, comprising 65 males and 42 females across diverse age groups. Clinical evaluations, including patient history, examination, and malignancy diagnosis, were conducted. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs), sputum samples, and blood samples were collected within 24 h of symptom onset. Multiplex Real-Time PCR allowed for the simultaneous detection of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, while conventional microbiological culture methods were used for bacterial and fungal analysis. SARS-CoV-2 infection was excluded in all of the enrolled patients using real-time RT-PCR. Hematological and biochemical analyses included hemoglobin, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, along with ALT, AST, creatinine, and CRP levels. Significant differences were noted in clinical presentations, management outcomes, and prognostic markers among patients with different hematological malignancies. Distinct clinical profiles were identified for leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors, with variations in age distribution and symptom prevalence. ICU admission rates varied significantly, with solid tumor patients exhibiting higher rates. The hematological and biochemical biomarkers differed across malignancies, with notable associations between lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mortality following respiratory episodes. This study highlights the critical role of rapid pathogen detection and infection control measures in safeguarding vulnerable cancer patients from nosocomial transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Radwan
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Dalia F. Mourad
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Rana Hamdy
- Pediatric Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Kamel
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina M. Elkhashab
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Dalia Y. Kadry
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vanderboom PM, Chawla Y, Dasari S, Kapoor I, Kumar SK, Nair KS, Gonsalves WI. Differences in the proteome within extracellular vesicles between premalignant and malignant plasma cell disorders. Eur J Haematol 2024. [PMID: 38804098 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precursor plasma cell disorders such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) always precede the development of active malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM). There is a need for novel biomarkers to identify those patients with such precursor plasma cell disorders who rapidly progress to MM. Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may serve as a reservoir of potential biomarkers that can shed light on the pathogenesis and disease biology of MM. METHODS This study isolated small EVs (SEVs) and large EVs (LEVs) from the platelet-poor peripheral blood plasma of MGUS (n = 9) and MM (n = 12) patients using the size exclusion chromatography-based method and evaluated their proteome using a label-free proteomics workflow. RESULTS In total, 2055 proteins were identified in SEVs, while 2794 proteins were identified in LEVs. The transferrin receptor (or CD71) protein was upregulated in both populations of EVs derived from MM patients compared to MGUS patients and was of prognostic significance. Similarly, three isoforms of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, SAA1, SAA2, and SAA4, were also highly upregulated in SEVs within MM patients relative to MGUS patients. Finally, CD40 expression was also higher in the LEVs derived from MM patients than in MGUS patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of successfully isolating both SEVs and LEVs from the peripheral blood of patients with plasma cell disorders and quantifying protein biomarkers within these EVs that could be of prognostic and diagnostic interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Vanderboom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yogesh Chawla
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Isha Kapoor
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shaji K Kumar
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ratajczak MZ, Ratajczak J. Leukemogenesis occurs in a microenvironment enriched by extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: recent discoveries and questions to be answered. Leukemia 2024; 38:692-698. [PMID: 38388648 PMCID: PMC10997496 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In single-cell organisms, extracellular microvesicles (ExMVs) were one of the first cell-cell communication platforms that emerged very early during evolution. Multicellular organisms subsequently adapted this mechanism. Evidence indicates that all types of cells secrete these small circular structures surrounded by a lipid membrane that may be encrusted by ligands and receptors interacting with target cells and harboring inside a cargo comprising RNA species, proteins, bioactive lipids, signaling nucleotides, and even entire organelles "hijacked" from the cells of origin. ExMVs are secreted by normal cells and at higher levels by malignant cells, and there are some differences in their cargo. On the one hand, ExMVs secreted from malignant cells interact with cells in the microenvironment, and in return, they are exposed by a "two-way mechanism" to ExMVs secreted by non-leukemic cells. Therefore, leukemogenesis occurs and progresses in ExMVs enriched microenvironments, and this biological fact has pathologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications. We are still trying to decipher this intriguing cell-cell communication language better. We will present a current point of view on this topic and review some selected most recent discoveries and papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martínez LE, Magpantay LI, Guo Y, Hegde P, Detels R, Hussain SK, Epeldegui M. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259007. [PMID: 37809067 PMCID: PMC10556683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures secreted into the extracellular milieu by cells and can carry bioactive molecules. There is emerging evidence suggesting that EVs play a role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of certain cancers. In this study, we investigate the association of EVs bearing PD-L1 and molecules important in B-cell activation and differentiation with AIDS-NHL risk. Methods EVs were isolated from archived serum collected prior to the diagnosis of AIDS-NHL in cases (N = 51) and matched HIV+ controls (N = 52) who were men enrolled in the Los Angeles site of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). Serum specimens of AIDS-NHL cases were collected at a mean time of 1.25 years (range of 2 to 36 months) prior to an AIDS-NHL diagnosis. The expression of PD-L1 and other molecules on EVs (CD40, CD40L, TNF-RII, IL-6Rα, B7-H3, ICAM-1, and FasL) were quantified by Luminex multiplex assay. Results and discussion We observed significantly higher levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα in AIDS-NHL cases compared with controls. Using multivariate conditional logistic regression models adjusted for age and CD4+ T-cell count, we found that EVs bearing PD-L1 (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.38), CD40 (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.09 - 3.58), TNF-RII (OR = 5.06; 95% CI: 1.99 - 12.85) and/or IL-6Rα (OR = 4.67; 95% CI: 1.40 - 15.53) were significantly and positively associated with AIDS-NHL risk. In addition, EVs bearing these molecules were significantly and positively associated with non-CNS lymphoma: PD-L1 (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.01 - 3.72); CD40 (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.12 - 6.35); TNF-RII (OR = 9.64; 95% CI: 2.52 - 36.86); IL-6Rα (OR = 8.34; 95% CI: 1.73 - 40.15). These findings suggest that EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of NHL in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Guo
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Priya Hegde
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roger Detels
- Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dubois K, Tannoury M, Bauvois B, Susin SA, Garnier D. Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Tumor Microenvironment Messengers as a Basis for New Targeted Therapies? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082307. [PMID: 37190234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to intrinsic genomic and nongenomic alterations, tumor progression is also dependent on the tumor microenvironment (TME, mainly composed of the extracellular matrix (ECM), secreted factors, and bystander immune and stromal cells). In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B cells have a defect in cell death; contact with the TME in secondary lymphoid organs dramatically increases the B cells' survival via the activation of various molecular pathways, including the B cell receptor and CD40 signaling. Conversely, CLL cells increase the permissiveness of the TME by inducing changes in the ECM, secreted factors, and bystander cells. Recently, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the TME have emerged as key arbiters of cross-talk with tumor cells. The EVs' cargo can contain various bioactive substances (including metabolites, proteins, RNA, and DNA); upon delivery to target cells, these substances can induce intracellular signaling and drive tumor progression. Here, we review recent research on the biology of EVs in CLL. EVs have diagnostic/prognostic significance and clearly influence the clinical outcome of CLL; hence, from the perspective of blocking CLL-TME interactions, EVs are therapeutic targets. The identification of novel EV inhibitors might pave the way to the development of novel combination treatments for CLL and the optimization of currently available treatments (including immunotherapy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Tannoury
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bauvois
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Santos A Susin
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lei L, Wang Y, Liu R, Feng J, Tang J, Gou J, Guan F, Li X. Transfer of miR-4755-5p through extracellular vesicles and particles induces decitabine resistance in recipient cells by targeting CDKN2B. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:743-753. [PMID: 36825759 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Decitabine (5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, DAC), a DNA-hypomethylating agent, has been one of the frontline therapies for clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, but DAC-resistance often occurs and leads to treatment failure. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of DAC resistance is important for improving its therapeutic efficacy. The extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) have been reported to be involved in mediating drug resistance by transporting diverse bioactive components. In this study, we established the DAC-resistant cell line (KG1a-DAC) from its parental human leukemia-derived cell line KG1a and observed that EVPs released from KG1a-DAC can promote DAC-resistant in KG1a cells. Moreover, treatment with KG1a-DAC EVPs reduced the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B) in KG1a cells. miRNA-Seq analysis revealed that miR-4755-5p is overexpressed in EVPs from KG1a-DAC. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that miR-4755-5p rendered KG1a cells resistant to the DAC by targeting CDKN2B gene. Taken together, miR-4755-5p in EVPs released from the DAC-resistant cells plays an essential role in inducing DAC-resistance, and is a potential therapeutic target for suppression of DAC resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjie Gou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cariello M, Squilla A, Piacente M, Venutolo G, Fasano A. Drug Resistance: The Role of Exosomal miRNA in the Microenvironment of Hematopoietic Tumors. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010116. [PMID: 36615316 PMCID: PMC9821808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have an important role thanks to their ability to communicate and exchange information between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and have also been associated with communicating anti-cancer drug resistance (DR). The increase in proliferation of cancer cells alters oxygen levels, which causes hypoxia and results in a release of exosomes by the cancer cells. In this review, the results of studies examining the role of exosomal miRNA in DR, and their mechanism, are discussed in detail in hematological tumors: leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In conclusion, we underline the exosome's function as a possible drug delivery vehicle by understanding its cargo. Engineered exosomes can be used to be more specific for personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Cariello
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Squilla
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Martina Piacente
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giorgia Venutolo
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessio Fasano
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-724-4604
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Xu X, Liu Z, Yan Z, Fu R. The immunological role of mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1078421. [PMID: 36569863 PMCID: PMC9767949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1078421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a common hematological malignant disease, characterized by malignant hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in the bone marrow (BM); clinically, it mainly manifests clinically mainly by as pathological hematopoiesis, hemocytopenia, and high-risk transformation to acute leukemia. Several studies have shown that the BM microenvironment plays a critical role in the progression of MDS. In this study, we specifically evaluated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that exert immunomodulatory effects in the BM microenvironment. This immunomodulatory effect occurs through direct cell-cell contact and the secretion of soluble cytokines or micro vesicles. Several researchers have compared MSCs derived from healthy donors to low-risk MDS-associated bone mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and have found no significant abnormalities in the MDS-MSC phenotype; however, these cells have been observed to exhibit altered function, including a decline in osteoblastic function. This altered function may promote MDS progression. In patients with MDS, especially high-risk patients, MSCs in the BM microenvironment regulate immune cell function, such as that of T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophages, and Treg cells, thereby enabling MDS-associated malignant cells to evade immune cell surveillance. Alterations in MDS-MSC function include genomic instability, microRNA production, histone modification, DNA methylation, and abnormal signal transduction and cytokine secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Hematology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Yixuan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yan
- Department of Hematology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Rong Fu,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Enhancing the anti-leukemia immunity of acute lymphocytic leukemia-derived exosome-based vaccine by downregulation of PD-L1 expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2197-2212. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Prasad R, Conde J. Bioinspired soft nanovesicles for site-selective cancer imaging and targeted therapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1792. [PMID: 35318815 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication within the heterogeneous solid tumor environment plays a significant role in the uncontrolled metastasis of cancer. To inhibit the metastasis and growth of cancer cells, various chemically designed and biologically derived nanosized biomaterials have been applied for targeted cancer therapeutics applications. Over the years, bioinspired soft nanovesicles have gained tremendous attention for targeted cancer therapeutics due to their easy binding with tumor microenvironment, natural targeting ability, bio-responsive nature, better biocompatibility, high cargo capacity for multiple therapeutics agents, and long circulation time. These cell-derived nanovesicles guard their loaded cargo molecules from immune clearance and make them site-selective to cancer cells due to their natural binding and delivery abilities. Furthermore, bioinspired soft nanovesicles prevent cell-to-cell communication and secretion of cancer cell markers by delivering the therapeutics agents predominantly. Cell-derived vesicles, namely, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and so forth have been recognized as versatile carriers for therapeutic biomolecules. However, low product yield, poor reproducibility, and uncontrolled particle size distribution have remained as major challenges of these soft nanovesicles. Furthermore, the surface biomarkers and molecular contents of these vesicles change with respect to the stage of disease and types. Here in this review, we have discussed numerous examples of bioinspired soft vesicles for targeted imaging and cancer therapeutic applications with their advantages and limitations. Importance of bioengineered soft nanovesicles for localized therapies with their clinical relevance has also been addressed in this article. Overall, cell-derived nanovesicles could be considered as clinically relevant platforms for cancer therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng L, Zeng G, Ye Z. Bioinformatics Analysis for Identifying Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs Derived from Plasma Exosomes Associated with Radiotherapy Resistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9268206. [PMID: 35685351 PMCID: PMC9173951 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9268206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRs) derived from plasma exosomes related to radiotherapy resistance and their corresponding pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Plasma samples from NSCLC patients were retrieved and analyzed. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the tumor regression grade criteria, assessed by radiological imaging after radiotherapy. TRG1 referred to tumor shrinkage of ≤30% after radiotherapy, TRG2 as 30% < TRG < 50%, and TRG3 as TRG ≥ 50%. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to compare the DEmiRs between the three groups. The miRanda, PITA, and RNAhybrid software were used to identify potential target genes of the DEmiRs. GO function enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the target gene set. Results There were 24 DEmiRs (12 were upregulated and 12 downregulated) between the TRG1 and TRG2 groups, 11 between the TRG1 and TRG3 groups (6 upregulated and 5 downregulated), and 35 between the TRG2 and TRG3 groups. The common DEmiRs between the three groups were miR-92a-3p. GO analysis showed that the target genes of the DEmiRs were mainly enriched in unicellular organism processes, cell transformation, cell localization, and their establishment. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that target genes were significantly enriched in the Ras signaling pathway and associated with endocytosis. Among the 135 identified target genes of miR-92a-3p, 4 were involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (the downstream pathway of the Ras gene) and 3 in the cAMP signaling pathway (the upstream pathway of the Ras gene). Further, 2 other target genes were involved in the Rap1 signaling pathway (the upstream pathway of PI3K-Akt). Conclusion By assessing the expression and functional profile of DEmiRs in the plasma exosomes of NSCLC patients after radiotherapy, miR-92a-3p was identified as a promising target affecting radiotherapy outcomes through the Ras signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zeng
- Chengdu Railway Health School, Chengdu, China
| | - Guilin Zeng
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong Ye
- Chengdu Railway Health School, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brambilla D, Mussida A, Ferretti AM, Sola L, Damin F, Chiari M. Polymeric Coating of Silica Microspheres for Biological Applications: Suppression of Non-Specific Binding and Functionalization with Biomolecules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040730. [PMID: 35215642 PMCID: PMC8877092 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of micro- and nanoparticles in biological applications has dramatically grown during the last few decades due to the ease of protocols development and compatibility with microfluidics devices. Particles can be composed by different materials, i.e., polymers, inorganic dielectrics, and metals. Among them, silica is a suitable material for the development of biosensing applications. Depending on their final application, the surface properties of particles, including silica, are tailored by means of chemical modification or polymeric coating. The latter strategy represents a powerful tool to create a hydrophilic environment that enables the functionalization of particles with biomolecules and the further interaction with analytes. Here, the use of MCP-6, a dimethylacrylamide (DMA)-based ter-copolymer, to coat silica microspheres is presented. MCP-6 offers unprecedented ease of coating, imparting silica particles a hydrophilic coating with antifouling properties that is able to provide high-density immobilization of biological probes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsu MT, Wang YK, Tseng YJ. Exosomal Proteins and Lipids as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030732. [PMID: 35158999 PMCID: PMC8833740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes (or extracellular vesicles) are known to mediate intercellular communication and to transmit molecular signals between cells. Molecules carried by exosomes have their own molecular roles in affecting surrounding and distant environment, as well as recipient cells. Molecular components of exosomes can be used as cancer biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, being promising therapeutic targets for the interruption of cellular signals. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular compositions and their functional indications of exosomes has the potential to help doctors to diagnose and monitor diseases and to allow researchers to design and develop potential targeted therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive protein and lipid characterization of lung cancer exosomes and to explore their molecular functions and mechanisms regulating physiological and pathological processes. This organization offers informative insight for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Exosomes participate in cell–cell communication by transferring molecular components between cells. Previous studies have shown that exosomal molecules derived from cancer cells and liquid biopsies can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The exploration of the molecules transferred by lung cancer-derived exosomes can advance the understanding of exosome-mediated signaling pathways and mechanisms. However, the molecular characterization and functional indications of exosomal proteins and lipids have not been comprehensively organized. This review thoroughly collected data concerning exosomal proteins and lipids from various lung cancer samples, including cancer cell lines and cancer patients. As potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, exosomal proteins and lipids are available for clinical use in lung cancer. Potential therapeutic targets are mentioned for the future development of lung cancer therapy. Molecular functions implying their possible roles in exosome-mediated signaling are also discussed. Finally, we emphasized the importance and value of lung cancer stem cell-derived exosomes in lung cancer therapy. In summary, this review presents a comprehensive description of the protein and lipid composition and function of lung cancer-derived exosomes for lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Hsu
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ke Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Yufeng Jane Tseng
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Allegra A, Di Gioacchino M, Tonacci A, Petrarca C, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Multiple Myeloma Cell-Derived Exosomes: Implications on Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:2865. [PMID: 34831088 PMCID: PMC8616233 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disease that is still not curable. The bone marrow milieu, with cellular and non-cellular elements, participate in the creation of a pro-tumoral environment enhancing growth and survival of MM plasma cells. Exosomes are vesicles oscillating in dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm in size that can be released by various cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM. Exosomes enclose proteins, cytokines, lipids, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs able to regulate interactions between MM plasma cells and adjacent cells. Through exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells confer chemoresistance to MM cells, while myeloma cells promote angiogenesis, influence immune response, cause bone lesions, and have an impact on the outcome of MM patients. In this review, we analyze the role played by exosomes in the progression of monoclonal gammopathies and the effects on the proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells, and discuss the possible employment of exosomes as potential targets for the treatment of MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Clinical Physiology Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Clinical Physiology Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Azkargorta M, Iloro I, Escobes I, Cabrera D, Falcon-Perez JM, Elortza F, Royo F. Human Serum Extracellular Vesicle Proteomic Profile Depends on the Enrichment Method Employed. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011144. [PMID: 34681804 PMCID: PMC8540106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomic profiling of serum samples supposes a challenge due to the large abundance of a few blood proteins in comparison with other circulating proteins coming from different tissues and cells. Although the sensitivity of protein detection has increased enormously in the last years, specific strategies are still required to enrich less abundant proteins and get rid of abundant proteins such as albumin, lipoproteins, and immunoglobulins. One of the alternatives that has become more promising is to characterize circulating extracellular vesicles from serum samples that have great interest in biomedicine. In the present work, we enriched the extracellular vesicles fraction from human serum by applying different techniques, including ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and two commercial precipitation methods based on different mechanisms of action. To improve the performance and efficacy of the techniques to promote purity of the preparations, we have employed a small volume of serum samples (<100 mL). The comparative proteomic profiling of the enriched preparations shows that ultracentrifugation procedure yielded a larger and completely different set of proteins than other techniques, including mitochondrial and ribosome related proteins. The results showed that size exclusion chromatography carries over lipoprotein associated proteins, while a polymer-based precipitation kit has more affinity for proteins associated with granules of platelets. The precipitation kit that targets glycosylation molecules enriches differentially protein harboring glycosylation sites, including immunoglobulins and proteins of the membrane attack complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Iraide Escobes
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Juan M. Falcon-Perez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (F.R.)
| | - Felix Royo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khalife J, Sanchez JF, Pichiorri F. The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicle-Associated RNAs in the Multiple Myeloma Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689538. [PMID: 34235082 PMCID: PMC8255802 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells (PCs) that develop at multiple sites within the bone marrow (BM). MM is treatable but rarely curable because of the frequent emergence of drug resistance and relapse. Increasing evidence indicates that the BM microenvironment plays a major role in supporting MM-PC survival and resistance to therapy. The BM microenvironment is a complex milieu containing hematopoietic cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, all contributing to the pathobiology of MM, including PC proliferation, escape from immune surveillance, angiogenesis and bone disease development. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous lipid structures released by all cell types and mediate local and distal cellular communication. In MM, EVs are key mediators of the cross-talk between PCs and the surrounding microenvironment because of their ability to deliver bioactive cargo molecules such as lipids, mRNAs, non-coding regulatory RNA and proteins. Hence, MM-EVs highly contribute to establish a tumor-supportive BM niche that impacts MM pathogenesis and disease progression. In this review, we will first highlight the effects of RNA-containing, MM-derived EVs on the several cellular compartments within the BM microenvironment that play a role in the different aspects of MM pathology. We will also touch on the prospective use of MM-EV-associated non-coding RNAs as clinical biomarkers in the context of “liquid biopsy” in light of their importance as a promising tool in MM diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Khalife
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - James F Sanchez
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng Q, Zhang S, Guo WZ, Li XK. The Unique Immunomodulatory Properties of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659621. [PMID: 33889158 PMCID: PMC8055852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for suppressing the host immune system over the long term and improving transplantation tolerance remain a primary issue in organ transplantation. Cell therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy for immunomodulation after transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells with wide differentiation potential and immunosuppressive properties, which are mostly used in regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. In addition, emerging research suggests that MSC-derived exosomes have the same therapeutic effects as MSCs in many diseases, while avoiding many of the risks associated with cell transplantation. Their unique immunomodulatory properties are particularly important in the immune system-overactive graft environment. In this paper, we review the effects of MSC-derived exosomes in the immune regulation mechanism after organ transplantation and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from various perspectives, including immunosuppression, influencing factors, anti-inflammatory properties, mediation of tissue repair and regeneration, and the induction of immune tolerance. At present, the great potential of MSC-derived exosomes in immunotherapy has attracted a great deal of attention. Furthermore, we discuss the latest insights on MSC-derived exosomes in organ transplantation and GvHD, especially its commercial production concepts, which aim to provide new strategies for improving the prognosis of organ transplantation patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Forte D, Barone M, Palandri F, Catani L. The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030416. [PMID: 33805807 PMCID: PMC7999060 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cancers are a heterogeneous group of disorders including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. They may derive from the clonal evolution of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment or from the transformation of progenitors with immune potential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanovesicles which are released by cells into body fluids with a role in intercellular communication in physiology and pathology, including cancer. EV cargos are enriched in nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and these molecules can be delivered to target cells to influence their biological properties and modify surrounding or distant targets. In this review, we will describe the “smart strategy” on how blood cancer-derived EVs modulate tumor cell development and maintenance. Moreover, we will also depict the function of microenvironment-derived EVs in blood cancers and discuss how the interplay between tumor and microenvironment affects blood cancer cell growth and spreading, immune response, angiogenesis, thrombogenicity, and drug resistance. The potential of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers will be also discussed. Lastly, we discuss the clinical application viewpoint of EVs in blood cancers. Overall, blood cancers apply a ‘vesicular intelligence’ strategy to spread signals over their microenvironment, promoting the development and/or maintenance of the malignant clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Forte
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Barone
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesca Palandri
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-5121-43044 (F.P.); +39-5121-43837 (L.C.)
| | - Lucia Catani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-5121-43044 (F.P.); +39-5121-43837 (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bernardi S, Farina M. Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloid Neoplasia: The Multiple and Complex Roles Played by These " Magic Bullets". BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020105. [PMID: 33540594 PMCID: PMC7912829 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by the majority of cell types and can be isolated from both cell cultures and body fluids. They are involved in cell-to-cell communication and may shuttle different messages (RNA, DNA, and proteins). These messages are known to influence the microenvironment of cells and their behavior. In recent years, some evidence about the involvement of EVs and exosomes, an EV subgroup, in immunomodulation, the transfer of disease markers, and the treatment of myeloid malignancies have been reported. Little is known about these vesicles in this particular setting of hematologic neoplasia; here, we summarize and critically review the available results, aiming to encourage further investigations. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (exosomes, in particular) are essential in multicellular organisms because they mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of secreted molecules. They are able to shuttle different cargo, from nucleic acids to proteins. The role of exosomes has been widely investigated in solid tumors, which gave us surprising results about their potential involvement in pathogenesis and created an opening for liquid biopsies. Less is known about exosomes in oncohematology, particularly concerning the malignancies deriving from myeloid lineage. In this review, we aim to present an overview of immunomodulation and the microenvironment alteration mediated by exosomes released by malicious myeloid cells. Afterwards, we review the studies reporting the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and their influence in response to treatment, together with the recent experiences that have focused on the use of exosomes as therapeutic tools. The further development of new technologies and the increased knowledge of biological (exosomes) and clinical (myeloid neoplasia) aspects are expected to change the future approaches to these malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0303998464
| | - Mirko Farina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adenine-Based Purines and Related Metabolizing Enzymes: Evidence for Their Impact on Tumor Extracellular Vesicle Activities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010188. [PMID: 33477811 PMCID: PMC7832900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly classified as small and large EVs according to their size/origin, contribute as multi-signal messengers to intercellular communications in normal/pathological conditions. EVs are now recognized as critical players in cancer processes by promoting transformation, growth, invasion, and drug-resistance of tumor cells thanks to the release of molecules contained inside them (i.e., nucleic acids, lipids and proteins) into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, secretion from donor cells and/or uptake of EVs/their content by recipient cells are regulated by extracellular signals present in TME. Among those able to modulate the EV-tumor crosstalk, purines, mainly the adenine-based ones, could be included. Indeed, TME is characterized by high levels of ATP/adenosine and by the presence of enzymes deputed to their turnover. Moreover, ATP/adenosine, interacting with their own receptors, can affect both host and tumor responses. However, studies on whether/how the purinergic system behaves as a modulator of EV biogenesis, release and functions in cancer are still poor. Thus, this review is aimed at collecting data so far obtained to stimulate further research in this regard. Hopefully, new findings on the impact of adenine purines/related enzymes on EV functions may be exploited in tumor management uncovering novel tumor biomarkers and/or druggable targets.
Collapse
|